菠萝蜜种子淀粉体外消化酶解动力学及血糖值分析

以菠萝蜜种子为原料提取淀粉,以木薯淀粉、大米淀粉、玉米淀粉和马铃薯淀粉为参照,采用体外消化试验测定菠萝蜜种子淀粉的快速消化淀粉、慢消化淀粉和抗性淀粉含量,并进行酶解动力学实验。结果表明:菠萝蜜种子淀粉快速消化淀粉、慢消化淀粉和抗性淀粉的含量分别为4.50%、19.65%和75.85%,酶解速率为0.60 h-1,平衡浓度为36.93%,酶解指数为41.43,血糖指数为62.45,属于中等血糖食物;菠萝蜜种子淀粉消化性、平衡浓度、酶解指数与血糖指数均高于马铃薯淀粉,而低于其他三种淀粉,酶解速率比马铃薯淀粉、木薯淀粉快,比大米淀粉、玉米淀粉慢。      

小麦淀粉膨胀体积和直链淀粉含量的研究

为了了解陕西关中小麦品种与澳大利亚西部小数点麦品种间淀粉品质的差异，以参加陕西关中小麦品种区域试验的15个小麦品种（系）、西澳8个面条用小麦品种为材料，通过比较和相关分析的方法研究了小麦淀粉的膨胀体积、直链淀粉含量及春相互间的关系。结果表明，陕西关中和澳大利亚西部小麦品种的淀粉膨胀体积平均值分别为28.91和28.72ml/g，直链淀粉含量平均值分别为26.39%和26.14%；小偃503、小偃137和西农383表现出较高的淀粉膨胀体积（依次为31.90、31.67和29.59ml/g）和较低的直链淀粉含量（依次为20.39%、23.85%和24.25%），已达到了澳大利亚小麦品种的水平；膨胀体积与直链淀粉含量呈极显著负相关。     

酶解法制备大豆小肽的工艺研究

以豆粕为发酵原料,利用复合酶酶解方法制备大豆小肽,筛选碱性、中性蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶进行复配酶解豆粕。结果表明:复合酶的最佳配比为碱性蛋白酶∶中性蛋白酶∶胰蛋白酶为3∶2∶1;酶解条件:p H8.5,反应温度50℃,反应时间4.5 h,水解度为94.55%,苦味值为3;小肽显示分子量分布范围:≤1 000 Da可达74.67%以上,其中≤500 Da占55.61%以上。综上试验结果可知,对比单酶、双酶及3种酶酶解豆粕的水解度和苦味值两项指标,3种酶组合使用更适合于制备水解度高、苦味低的大豆小肽。     

A Continuous Measurement of Swelling of Rice Starch During Heating

The changes in size distribution of rice starch granules during heating have been determined continuously using a polarised light microscope in combination with a hot stage and an image analysis system. The size of starch granules increased slightly as the temperature was raised from 35°C to 55°C, with a 3·9% increase in average area; however, a dramatic increase in size of starch granules occurred at 65°C. The swelling of the starch granules reached a maximum 54·7% increase in average area at 75°C which is coincidental with the peak temperature (T_p) of DSC thermograms. Starch granules proceeded to disrupt/dissolve above 75°C. Loss of birefringence occurred at a lower temperature than granule rupture.T_pappeared to be the critical point in the phase change between the stages of swelling and disruption/dissolution of rice starch granules during heating.     

大豆小分子多肽制备工艺和质量标准的研究

采用酶法水解脱脂豆饼粕制备具有生物活性的大豆小分子多肽,确定了先以粗胰酶预酶解5%豆饼粕蛋白,再以中性微生物蛋白酶进一步水解提取大豆小分子多肽的工艺流程.粗胰酶酶解最佳条件:添加量为9 000 U·g-1,酶解温度55℃,pH 8.5,时间6 h.中性微生物蛋白酶水解粗胰酶乳最佳条件为:加酶量8 500 U·g-1,pH 7.5,温度45℃,时间2 h.在此条件下,肽得率可达到73.98%.同时还构建了大豆小分子活性多肽的质量检测标准.     

复合酶法制备澳洲坚果蛋白肽及其抗氧化活性研究

本研究以前期制备的澳洲坚果蛋白为原料,经复合酶（木瓜蛋白酶和中性蛋白酶）酶解制备澳洲坚果蛋白肽,采用水解度为指标,利用单因素试验与正交试验考察各酶解因素对澳洲坚果蛋白水解度的影响,同时通过不同分子量（3、10、30 kDa）的超滤离心管对制备的蛋白肽进行初步的分离,并基于DPPH自由基清除能力对不同分子量的澳洲坚果蛋白肽的抗氧化活性进行评价。结果表明：各酶解因素对复合酶酶解制备澳洲坚果蛋白水解度的影响依次为酶解初始pH>复合酶配比>酶添加量>酶解时间;最佳复合酶酶解条件为复合酶配比1∶5、酶添加量12 000 U/g、酶解液初始pH 9.0、酶解时间360 min,在此条件下澳洲坚果蛋白的水解度为21.88%;同时,通过分析不同分子量的澳洲坚果蛋白肽组分发现,不同分子量的澳洲坚果蛋白肽均具有抗氧化活性,分子量在3~10 kDa的肽段组分具有较强的抗氧化能力,其DPPH自由基清除能力达到80.97%,且随着蛋白肽组分浓度的增加,其抗氧化能力也逐渐增强。     

酶解菠萝蜜种子淀粉制备油脂模拟品的研究

以菠萝蜜种子淀粉为原料制备油脂模拟品,在单因素的基础上,采用响应面方法优化菠萝蜜种子淀粉油脂模拟品的制备工艺。结果表明,最佳制备工艺为：淀粉浓度为15.11％,酶用量为0.14％,酶解时间为17.10  min,酶解温度为50.10  ℃,在此工艺条件下制备的油脂模拟品的DE值为4.38;并确定了该油脂模拟品的糊化温度为80 ℃和糊化时间为10 min。     

剪切乳化辅助酶法提取咖啡果皮可溶性膳食纤维

本文以咖啡果皮为原料,优化剪切乳化辅助酶法提取可溶性膳食纤维的工艺条件。在单因素实验基础上,采用Plackett-Burman（PB）设计筛选出显著影响咖啡果皮可溶性膳食纤维提取得率的因素,包括剪切时间、酶解时间、酶解温度和酶解pH;采用中心组合试验设计及响应面法,得到最佳提取工艺条件为固液比1∶30（g/mL）、剪切速率7000 r/min、酶添加量0.2%、剪切时间24.0 min、酶解pH 4.90、酶解温度57.0 ℃、酶解时间1.96 h,在此条件下咖啡果皮可溶性膳食纤维提取率为13.96%,与理论预测值14.00%之间无显著性差异。本研究可为咖啡果皮的高值化利用和功能产品研发提供理论支撑。     

Performance of Granular Starch with Controlled Pore Size during Hydrolysis with Digestive Enzymes

Studies on porous starch have been directed to explore different industrial applications as bio-adsorbents of a variety of compounds. However, the analysis of starch digestibility is essential for food application. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of porous structure on in vitro starch digestibility. Porous starches were obtained using a range of concentrations of amyloglucosidase (AMG), α-amylase (AM), cyclodextrin-glycosyltransferase (CGTase) or branching enzyme (BE). Porous starches exhibited major content of digestible starch (DS) that increased with the intensity of the enzymatic treatment, and very low amount of resistant starch (RS). Porous starches behaved differently during in vitro hydrolysis depending on their enzymatic treatment. AMG was the unique treatment that increased the digestive amylolysis and estimated glycemic index, whereas AM, CGTase and BE reduced them. A significant relationship was found between the pore size and the severity of the amylolysis, suggesting that a specific pore size is required for the accessibility of the digestive amylase. Therefore, pore size in the starch surface was a limiting factor for digestion of starch granules.     

Foaming and Emulsifying Properties of Fractions of Gluten Peptides Obtained by Limited Enzymatic Hydrolysis and Ultrafiltration

Gluten hydrolysates were prepared by limited enzymatic hydrolysis with a protease having a chymotryptic activity in the presence or in the absence of cysteine during the dispersion phase of the process. The hydrolysates were fractionated by ultrafiltration, using two inorganic membranes with different molecular weight cut-off (MWCO), 50 kg/mol and 150 kg/mol. The retentates were enriched in hydrophobic peptides and the permeates were enriched in hydrophilic peptides. The foaming and emulsifying properties of hydrolysates, retentates and permeates were analysed at two pHs (4 and 6·5) and two salt concentrations (0·2 and 2% NaCl). Hydrolysates displayed a foaming capacity, but the foams were not stable. Permeates generated foams at pH 6·5 only, and these foams had a very short life-time. Permeates displayed no emulsifying properties. Retentates yielded foams with a good stability and were more efficient than whole hydrolysates to stabilise emulsions. They provided a strong resistance to coalescence. The functional properties of retentates were only sightly influenced by pH and ionic strength. Neither cysteine addition, which helps gluten dispersion and increases the yield of soluble hydrolysate, nor the MWCO of the ultrafiltration membranes influenced the functionality of the hydrolysate fractions.     

微波辅助酶解花生粕同步提取多糖和抗氧化肽的工艺研究

本文以花生饼粕为原料通过微波辅助碱性蛋白酶(Alcalase)水解技术同步提取花生多糖和抗氧化肽,研究了提取反应时间、底物浓度、加酶量及pH值等因素对提取花生多糖和抗氧化肽抗氧化活性的影响。在单因素实验基础上,进行响应面分析实验。结果表明,花生多糖和抗氧化肽的最佳同步提取条件为:底物浓度12%,加酶量0.8mL,反应液pH值8.0,温度50℃。     

Effect of Starch Hydrolysis Products on the Determination of Limit Dextrinase and Limit Dextrinase Inhibitors in Barley and Malt

The activity of purified malt limit dextrinase was apparently increased by maltodextrins when enzyme activity was assayed by dyed pullulan substrates. At higher maltodextrin levels (different for each maltodextrin), the enzyme was inhibited. The apparent enzyme activation was not detected when assays were carried out with amylopectin β-limit dextrin, a more natural substrate for limit dextrinase, as substrate. Pullulanase (Aerobacter aerogenes) activity, when assayed with dyed pullulan, was not activated in the presence of maltodextrins. Barley extracts contained material that appeared to increase the activity of limit dextrinase. Results indicated that this material was a mixture of starch dextrins, which lost their activating ability when treated with amyloglucosidase. Treatment of malt extracts with amyloglucosidase prior to assaying for limit dextrinase significantly lowered the apparent limit dextrinase activities (when measured by dyed pullulan) and allowed for a more accurate estimate of both limit dextrinase and limit dextrinase inhibitor levels in the extracts. Enzyme and inhibitor levels in malt extracts, obtained using amyloglucosidase pre-treatments, showed that there was a strong relationship between inhibitor disappearance in malt extracts and the appearance of fully active limit dextrinase. These results confirm earlier conclusions that limit dextrinase is largely ineffective during the mashing stage of brewing because it is inhibited by two barley proteins still present in malt.     

微波辅助酶法提取燕窝唾液酸及其益智功能性的研究

为优化燕窝唾液酸微波结合木瓜蛋白酶提取工艺,并研究燕窝对幼鼠学习记忆能力的影响。在单因素试验的基础上,选取微波处理时间,酶解温度和pH三个因素进行响应面实验设计,优化燕窝唾液酸的提取工艺;采用水迷宫试验,测试燕窝对正常幼鼠学习记忆能力的改善作用。确定了燕窝唾液酸微波结合木瓜蛋白酶提取的最优工艺,工艺参数为微波时间100 s,酶解温度60℃,pH 7,在此条件下唾液酸提取率为12.58%;水迷宫试验表明,燕窝唾液酸提取液灌胃组幼鼠寻找平台平均潜伏期均缩短,穿越平台次数都增加。响应面法优化微波结合木瓜蛋白酶提取得到燕窝唾液酸的工艺,燕窝对幼鼠的学习记忆能力有一定的改善作用。     

紫薯淀粉与卡拉胶共混体系糊化及流变学特性的研究

为考察亲水性胶体与紫薯淀粉之间互作机理,以紫薯淀粉为原料,加入不同比例的卡拉胶,研究紫薯淀粉/卡拉胶共混体系糊化及流变学特性的影响。布拉邦德黏度曲线表明,与单独紫薯淀粉相比,添加卡拉胶可增加共混体系的峰值黏度、终值黏度、崩解值及回生值;静态流变学特性研究表明,紫薯淀粉/卡拉胶共混体系均属典型的非牛顿流体,具有假塑性流体的特征,添加卡拉胶后,可提高共混体系的增稠性,降低其流动性,有助于提高体系的假塑性与剪切稳定性;动态流变学特性研究表明,紫薯淀粉/卡拉胶共混体系具有更高的储存模量(G′)和损耗模量(G″),表现出较优越的黏弹特性;在剪切结构恢复力试验中,随着卡拉胶的比例增大,共混体系的恢复力增大。这提示卡拉胶的加入,能改善紫薯淀粉的稳定性,对紫薯产品生产具有一定的应用价值。     

Cropping Systems and Water Quality Concerns

SUMMARY

The impact of cropping systems on water quality is uncertain, and its interpretation depends heavily upon our definition of acceptable risk. As a means of determining net effect, both classical and precautionary approaches to assessing risk have their strengths and weaknesses. Relating the impact of cropping practices to human health outcomes can be particularly difficult. A variety of guidelines and standards are used to assess water quality, and recent methods for assessing water quality seek to incorporate more than water chemistry alone. An understanding of the derivation of water quality guidelines and standards is essential to their effective application, and meaningful interpretation.

In addressing water quality concerns, it is essential to first clarify that there is indeed a problem, and whether agriculture makes a significant contribution. Compound interactions and modes of chemical movement can render this troublesome. Yet, because farmers live on the land and drink the water, they want to be among the first to know what is happening and to take appropriate action when problems are identified.

Agriculture must be proactive in addressing water quality concerns. However, effective land management strategies depend greatly upon regional differences and may be highly site-specific. Hence, it is best to apply a set of common sense concepts at the local level. Because soil and water degradation are closely related, practices first developed to help conserve the soil (i.e., crop rotations, reduced tillage, cover crops) may also tend to conserve water quality. As well, restricting the loss of agricultural inputs (e.g., fertilizer nutrients, pesticides) from off farmland, and reducing the amount of those that might be available to do so, can assist in effectively reducing potential pollution. Buffer zones are a promising means of using plants and wetlands as a filter towards intercepting escaping contaminants.     

Identification of the Major ACE-Inhibitory Peptides Produced by Enzymatic Hydrolysis of a Protein Concentrate from Cuttlefish Wastewater

The aim of this work was the purification and identification of the major angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory peptides produced by enzymatic hydrolysis of a protein concentrate recovered from a cuttlefish industrial manufacturing effluent. This process consisted on the ultrafiltration of cuttlefish softening wastewater, with a 10 kDa cut-off membrane, followed by the hydrolysis with alcalase of the retained fraction. Alcalase produced ACE inhibitors reaching the highest activity (IC₅₀ = 76.8 ± 15.2 μg mL⁻¹) after 8 h of proteolysis. Sequential ultrafiltration of the 8 h hydrolysate with molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) membranes of 10 and 1 kDa resulted in the increased activity of each permeate, with a final IC₅₀ value of 58.4 ± 4.6 μg mL⁻¹. Permeate containing peptides lower than 1 kDa was separated by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). Four fractions (A–D) with potent ACE inhibitory activity were isolated and their main peptides identified using high performance liquid chromatography coupled to an electrospray ion trap Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance-mass spectrometer (HPLC-ESI-IT-FTICR) followed by comparison with databases and de novo sequencing. The amino acid sequences of the identified peptides contained at least one hydrophobic and/or a proline together with positively charged residues in at least one of the three C-terminal positions. The IC₅₀ values of the fractions ranged from 1.92 to 8.83 μg mL⁻¹, however this study fails to identify which of these peptides are ultimately responsible for the potent antihypertensive activity of these fractions.     

丙烯酰胺接枝天然胶乳制备吸水橡胶研究

在常温常压下,用氧化还原引发体系(过硫酸钾/硫代硫酸钠),使丙烯酰胺与天然胶乳接枝共聚,制备腻子型吸水膨胀天然橡胶。研究了反应温度,反应时间,引发剂用量等对接枝反应的影响,用索氏抽提法测定接枝效率和接枝率,并测定了单体用量、交联剂用量等对吸水性能的影响。     

低温胁迫对玉米种子萌发及淀粉分解酶类活性的影响

采用玉米品种郑单958和先玉335为供试材料,研究适温(25℃)和低温(10℃、6℃)胁迫下玉米种子萌发特性及淀粉分解酶(α-淀粉酶、β-淀粉酶、总淀粉酶、淀粉磷酸化酶和淀粉去分支酶)活性的变化,探讨低温胁迫对玉米种子萌发及淀粉分解酶活性的影响。结果表明,大多数淀粉分解酶的活性在适温下随萌发天数先升后降,在低温胁迫下随萌发天数逐渐升高但未达到最适酶活。低温显著抑制玉米种子的发芽率,降低各淀粉分解酶活性,其中,6℃低温处理对两个品种的淀粉分解酶活性的影响最严重,尤其是对郑单958。在各类淀粉分解酶中,淀粉去分支酶活性下降幅度最大(先玉335和郑单958下降幅度最高可达75.5%和83.0%)。低温胁迫对玉米种子萌发和淀粉分解酶活性均有重要影响。     

水氮对冬小麦花后籽粒淀粉含量及产量的影响

为进一步探索水分和氮肥对小麦淀粉含量和产量的影响,以冬小麦品种矮抗58为材料,在小麦全生育期不灌水(W0)和拔节期灌水(W1)两种水分条件下,分析了不同施氮处理间(0、180、240和300kg·hm 2,分别用N0、N1、N2、N3表示)冬小麦花后籽粒淀粉含量和产量的差异.结果表明,N2处理获得较高小麦籽粒产量、支链淀粉和总淀粉含量及较低直/支比,不施氮或施氮过多均不利高产和籽粒淀粉积累.与W0相比,W1处理有利于小麦籽粒产量提高及支链淀粉和总淀粉积累.水、氮互作对小麦籽粒产量和淀粉含量影响明显.在8个处理中,以W1N2处理对提高小麦籽粒产量和改善籽粒淀粉品质有利,为比较理想的水氮运筹方式.     

酵母DV10发酵低醇度椰子水的动力学研究

用酵母DV10发酵成熟椰子水并研究发酵过程中菌体浓度、底物浓度和产物浓度等变量随发酵时间的变化规律。应用Logistic方程和Leudeking-Piret方程建立了低醇度椰子水发酵过程中菌体生长、底物消耗和产物生成动力学模型,并对动力学拟合方程一阶求导,求出其发酵过程中菌种增长速率、酒精生成速率和底物消耗速率。方差分析结果表明:3个模型的拟合度分别为0.994、0.997、0.997,理论值和实验值的误差平均值分别为4.75%、4.36%和4.42%。因此,3个模型均可很好地阐明酵母DV10发酵低醇度椰子水过程的动态变化。