石油烃污染对陇东黄土高原土壤生物学及非生物学特性的影响

[目的]探索石油污染与土壤生物学及非生物学特性间相互关系,为陇东黄土高原地区石油污染土壤的综合治理提供基础数据和背景资料。[方法]采用常规方法测定甘肃省庆阳市5县,1区,8个采油区油污土壤化性质、酶活性和土壤微生物遗传多样性。[结果]土壤总石油烃含量(TPHs)与碱解氮、速效磷、pH值和脲酶呈负相关(p0.01),与土壤多酚氧化酶、脱氢酶和过氧化氢酶呈正相关(p0.01);样地土壤TPHs含量低的土壤微生物Shannon-Wiener指数明显高于TPHs含量高的样地;NMDS排序结果显示,石油污染对该地区土壤影响最大的因子为土壤碱解氮和速效磷,其次为TPHs,pH值、脲酶、ShannonWiener指数及过氧化氢酶。[结论]陇东地区石油烃污染对土壤环境因子的影响主要表现在包括氮、磷等营养元素的有效循环、土壤脲酶活性和微生物群落多样性,而对土壤微生物群落丰富度、均匀度和速效钾的影响未达到显著水平。     

陕北石油污染对土壤理化性质的影响

为了研究石油污染对土壤理化性质的影响,对安塞县8个类型油井井场周围土壤中的石油烃含量和理化性质进行分析测定。结果表明,井场周围土壤石油烃含量变化范围为0.08~71.49 g/kg,其中井场外0~5 m区域和5~20 m区域内土壤污染严重。石油污染导致土壤含水率、pH值、硝态氮、速效磷、全钾和速效钾含量显著降低,容重、有机质和铵态氮含量显著升高,全氮和全磷含量无显著变化;石油污染土壤中的石油烃含量与含水率、容重、有机质、铵态氮、速效磷和速效钾均呈极显著相关,与pH值和全钾呈显著相关,与全氮、硝态氮和全磷无显著相关关系。     

两株真菌的分离及其在石油污染土壤修复中的作用

从石油污染的盐碱土壤中分离获得2株真菌,并对其生理生化性质进行初步研究。将2株菌扩大培养,制成混合菌剂,通过盆栽试验,以石油烃降解率、脱氢酶活性和土壤的微生物多样性等为指标,研究了不同剂量的混合菌剂对石油污染土壤修复的作用。结果表明,添加菌剂各处理的石油烃降解率、脱氢酶活性和微生物多样性明显高于对照;石油烃降解率随菌剂加入剂量的增大而提高,加入8%的菌剂,70 d石油烃降解率可达63%,是对照组的1.44倍。     

石油污染物对山东省三种类型土壤微生物种群及土壤酶活性的影响

利用胜利油田开采区的含油污泥,对山东省三种主要类型的土壤混入不同含量的含油污泥后造成的微生态变化进行了试验研究,从土壤微生物种群数量和土壤酶活性的角度评价了含油污泥对土壤生态系统的影响。结果表明三种不同类型的土壤,其微生物区系和部分土壤酶活性受不同含量的石油污染物影响程度不同。其中棕壤的微生物区系受土壤总石油烃TPH(Total petroleum hydrocarbon)的变化影响较小,对石油烃造成的微生态影响的修复能力较强,可以作为植物修复石油污染土壤的首要选择土壤类型。石油烃含量对三大类微生物类群变化的影响,以放线菌最为显著,当土壤石油烃含量为500mgkg-1时,潮土、褐土和棕壤的放线菌总数分别下降了80%、85%和89%,石油烃含量对褐土和棕壤真菌数量的影响较小。三种类型土壤淀粉酶和脲酶酶活性随石油烃含量的变化表明,潮土和褐土的淀粉酶酶活性受石油烃含量影响显著,可以作为这两类土壤石油污染程度的敏感生化指标。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区石油污染草地土壤抗蚀性研究

以安塞石油开采区梁峁和沟坡石油污染草地为研究对象,在测定土壤石油烃含量和土壤抗蚀性指标的基础上,采用主成分分析法综合分析评价不同石油污染草地土壤抗蚀性。结果表明:当石油污染土壤石油烃含量达1g/kg以上时,无污染土壤抗蚀性强于石油污染土壤抗蚀性;石油污染土壤石油烃含量小于1g/kg时,石油污染土壤抗蚀性强于无污染土壤抗蚀性;在相同立地条件下,无污染土壤抗蚀性强于石油烃含量在1g/kg以上的中度污染土壤,强于石油烃含量在13g/kg以上重度污染土壤;无污染土壤的抗蚀性大小排序为铁杆蒿草木樨冰草;污染土壤的抗蚀性大小排序为草木樨铁杆蒿冰草。     

陇东黄土高原地区石油污染土壤微生物群落及其与环境因子的关系

为了认识和评价石油开采对陇东地区土壤环境的影响,采用平板培养和多元分析法研究了不同石油污染程度下的土壤微生物群落特征及其与土壤环境因子的关系。结果显示:(1)微生物3大类群的数量以距污染源30m的样地S1-3最高,200m的S7-9次之,100m的S4-6最低;放线菌数量变化对Shannon—Wiener指数影响较大。(2)土壤有机质、含油量、含盐量、速效磷均为S1-3最高,S4-6次之,S7-9最低;土壤pH值、碱解氮及速效钾含量均以S7-9最高,S4-6次之,S1-3最低。(3)PCA结果显示TPHs含量在8种环境因子中作用最大,其含量的上升导致了土壤含盐率、有机质和速效磷的增加,进而影响到了土壤含水量、pH值、土壤细菌、放线菌、微生物总数及其他环境因子。研究表明,陇东黄土高原地区开展生物修复石油污染时,应充分开发利用土壤细菌及放线菌资源,并外源投加N,K等营养元素,从而刺激土著石油降解菌的生长,进而提高石油烃的降解效率。     

热活化过硫酸盐氧化污染土壤中的石油烃

石油的开采、运输、储存和使用等过程会导致一些土壤受到石油烃的污染。土壤中的石油烃会对生态安全和人类健康造成潜在危害，因此需要开展土壤修复。本研究采用热活化过硫酸钠氧化处理污染土壤中的石油烃，考察了氧化剂剂量和超声结合热活化对石油烃去除效率的影响，并对石油烃氧化产物以及氧化后土壤理化性质进行了分析。结果表明，当过硫酸钠的用量为2.4 mmol/g土壤时，石油烃的含量从3 800 mg/kg降至1 175 mg/kg，石油烃的去除效率可以达到69%。石油烃的去除效率随着氧化剂增加呈上升趋势。但当氧化剂的剂量超过2.4 mmol/g土壤时，石油烃的去除效率不再增加。使用超声结合热活化，石油烃的去除效率可以进一步提高。过硫酸盐氧化会使土壤p H显著下降，造成土壤酸化。气相色谱质谱(GC/MS)和傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)分析表明石油烃氧化后可能会生成一些醇和羧酸类含氧产物。石油烃和土壤有机质被氧化成极性小分子更易进入水相，导致水中总有机碳(TOC)含量从52.4 mg/kg增加至79.8 mg/kg。扫描电镜和粒度分析表明氧化处理会改变土壤形貌，使土壤的粒径变小。氧化导致土壤的碳、氢含量减...     

通气对石油污染土壤生物修复的影响

为了探讨石油污染土壤的生物修复的有效方法,本研究就通气对石油污染土壤生物降解的影响,在自制反应器中进行了为期50天的堆腐试验。结果表明,通气可为石油烃污染土壤中的微生物提供充足的电子受体,可保持土壤pH稳定,从而促进了微生物的生物活性,强化了它们对石油污染物的氧化降解作用。通过在反应器中,调控通气量使污染土壤中石油烃的降解率进一步提高,为石油污染土壤生物修复技术的应用奠定了科学基础。     

黄河三角洲生态区土壤石油污染及其与理化性质的关系

基于黄河三角洲生态区内部分油田生产区石油污染土壤的调查取样,研究了土壤的石油污染特性及其与理化性质的关系。结果表明,油田区土壤受到了不同程度的石油污染,溢油处油泥含油率最高达6230mg/kg。石油污染土壤总有机碳(TOC)含量与含油率呈正相关关系,研究区TOC为0.22%～1.14%,其中老油井含量大于新油井。但值得注意的是本次研究发现部分石油污染区域土壤的TOC反而低于未污染区,这可能与碱蓬的覆盖状况有关。石油污染对土壤的全氮含量没有显著影响,所研究的石油生产区土壤总氮含量为207.74～870.20mg/kg,未受石油污染的生态核心区该值为591.02～938.28mg/kg。土壤有机碳、全氮及C/N随土壤深度的增加皆呈下降趋势,土壤各层中有机碳和全氮含量的变化趋势基本一致,呈极显著线性相关。石油烃污染导致石油污染土壤中C、N比例严重失调,因此在进行石油污染土壤修复时需要添加相应的N营养元素来增强土壤中微生物的营养来增强土壤中微生物的活性,加快其对石油的分解。     

外源菌群及与植物联合修复华北中度石油污染土壤效果研究

为探讨不同微生物菌群对华北地区中度石油污染土壤的修复效果,在实验室模拟条件下分别进行优势外源石油降解菌群的筛选和优势菌群与植物联合修复试验。结果显示:4种外源石油降解菌群中,PDC-3菌群对中度石油污染土壤总石油烃(TPH,total petroleum hydrocarbons)去除率为84.07%,在各菌群中效果最优;该优势菌群与植物联合修复中度石油污染土壤比单独使用优势菌群修复可获得更好的效果,优势菌群与黑麦草联用及优势菌群与紫花苜蓿联用120 d TPH的去除率分别为91.58%和89.30%,修复后土壤中TPH含量均小于500 mg/kg;同时优势菌群与黑麦草联合修复在90 d即可去除89.32%的土壤TPH,相比选用紫花苜蓿可有效缩短修复周期;优势菌群对土壤TPH的去除起主要作用,其贡献率远高于土著微生物菌群或植物的贡献率;植物对土壤TPH去除的贡献率为4.09%～6.48%,且其作用主要发生在修复过程的中后期;优势菌群单独使用或与植物联合修复中度石油污染土壤120 d均可有效去除C10～C12及C22～C40石油烃组分,去除率为85.14%～100.00%;然而,C13～C21石油烃组分含量表现出阶段性的积累效应;除对土壤石油烃的去除作用外,使用优势菌群进行生物修复存在一定的调节土壤pH、增加土壤肥力,且有利于恢复修复后的土壤功能。     

红松人工林腐殖质组成及其结合形态研究

 运用野外调查与实验分析相结合的方法,对不同生长发育阶段红松人工林（林龄25、45、58、68 a）和红松混交林（林龄60a）根际与非根际土壤有机质含碳量、腐殖质组成与结合形态进行了研究。结果表明:不同年龄阶段红松人工纯林、红松混交林土壤有机质含碳量、腐殖质各组分含碳量随土层深度的加深而降低,并且根际土壤高于非根际土壤。就土壤腐殖质组成而言,除林龄58a红松人工林根际土壤和45a红松人工林非根际土壤外,其他林型土壤胡敏酸含碳量均高于富里酸含碳量;胡敏酸与富里酸比值（HA/FA）在1.00～2.45之间;土壤重组腐殖质、松结态腐殖质、稳结态腐殖质含碳量大小顺序为林龄58>68>25>45a;红松混交林除紧结态腐殖质外,其他腐殖质各组分含碳量均高于红松人工林。     

Enzyme activities and microbial biomass in topsoil layer during spontaneous succession in spoil heaps after brown coal mining

Changes in the activity of extracellular enzymes (cellobiohydrolase, β-glucosidase, β-xylosidase, chitinase, arylsulfatase and phosphatases) and the changes in microbial community and abiotic properties in the topsoil layer, as well as soil abiotic properties during primary succession were investigated in a brown coal mine deposit area near Sokolov, Czech Republic. The study considered the chronosequence of 4 post-mining plots, 4-, 12-, 21- and 45-year old. The 4-year old site had no vegetation cover. Herbs and grasses (mainly Calamagrostis epigeios) were present on the 12-year old plot, shrubs (Salix caprea) occurred on the 21-year old plot and tree cover (Betula spp. and Populus tremuloides) developed on the 45-year old plot. Soil pH gradually decreased with site age, while the content of P, K, C and N peaked in the 21-year old site, being significantly lower in the 45-year old site and much lower in the 4- and 12-year old sites. Phosphatase activities were strongly affected by seasonality while the activities of all the other enzymes measured were more influenced by the effects of succession age and soil layer than by seasonality. Succession age was also the most important factor affecting the total and bacterial PLFA contents, followed by the effects of soil layer and season while for the fungal biomass content-related properties (ergosterol, fungal PLFA and the fungal/bacterial PLFA ratio), season was the most important. Activities of individual enzymes in the topsoil (0–5 cm depth) were significantly affected by both site age and season. Cellobiohydrolase and β-xylosidase were more affected by site age while chitinase and phosphatases were more affected by season. Enzyme activity increased with succession age. Comparison of the effect of site and season on enzyme activity showed that season played a principal role in the enzyme activity of the entire 0–5 cm component of topsoil, as well the soil layers when evaluated separately.     

黄土高原苹果园地深层土壤氮素含量与分布特征

在黄土高原的凤翔、 白水、 长武、 西峰、 延安和静宁等6个苹果产区,测定了628龄苹果园地0300 cm土层土壤的全氮、 铵态氮和硝态氮含量,分析和比较了不同地区和不同树龄果园土壤全氮、 铵态氮和硝态氮含量及其剖面分布特征。结果表明: 1）不同地区和不同树龄果园土壤全氮含量为0.19 g/kg（延安）1.28 g/kg（白水）,土壤铵态氮含量为5.19 mg/kg（静宁）39.46 mg/kg（长武）,土壤硝态氮含量为3.97 mg/kg（延安）352.86 mg/kg（白水）,除延安点土壤明显较低外其它试点果园土壤全氮含量差异不大,各类果园土壤硝态氮含量差异较大,而铵态氮含量差异较小; 2）不同地区和不同树龄果园60 cm以上土层土壤全氮含量明显高于深层土壤,高龄果园土壤硝态氮含量明显高于低龄果园,并在100 cm以下土层出现不同程度的土壤硝态氮累积现象; 3）延安果园土壤全氮、 铵态氮和硝态氮含量均低于其它试点,需要增施氮肥以提高苹果产量,而凤翔、 白水、 长武、 静宁和西峰苹果园深层土壤硝态氮积累量较高,应维持或适当减少氮肥施用量。     

Soil fertility breakdown in a subtropical South African vertisol site used as a home garden

Soil samples were taken at three depths (0–10, 10–20, 20–30 cm) from an old home garden site, subtropical South Africa (KwaZulu Natal Province), exhibiting symptoms of soil fertility breakdown, and from a new garden site, used formerly as extensive grassland. The aims of our study were to investigate (1) whether soil fertility breakdown is reflected by soil biological indices and (2) whether these indices provide information for improving the situation. The bulk density was significantly larger at the old garden site, with an average of 1.25 g cm^-3 in comparison to 1.04 g cm^-3 at the new garden site. Also the soil pH was significantly higher at the old garden site, with an average of 5.6 in comparison to 4.0 at the new garden site. Soil organic C and all soil microbial indices declined markedly with depth. If the concentrations were converted to the total amounts stored per hectare at 0- to 30-cm depth, soil organic C was only 10% greater (18.9 versus 17.2 t) at the new garden site, but microbial biomass C was 110% (1,680 vs 790 kg) and ergosterol even 220% greater (5.1 vs 1.6 kg). The microbial biomass C to soil organic C ratio ranged from 0.25% to 1.10%, declined markedly with depth and was almost twice as high at the new garden site. The metabolic quotient qCO₂ revealed strong depth-specific variations of between 18 and 38 mg CO₂-C day^-1 g^-1 microbial biomass C at the old garden site on a two to three times higher level than at the new garden site. Soil micro-organisms are much more strongly affected by compaction than by acidification at the present two sites. Whether land use practices led to the increase in bulk density at the old garden site or to the decrease in soil pH at the new garden site is still not fully understood. For these reasons, it is very difficult to recommend a feasible melioration plan.     

陇东黄土高原油污土壤环境因子对场地生态修复的季节响应

[目的]探讨陇东黄土高原地区油污土壤场地修复过程中土壤环境因子对季节变化的响应机制,为油污土壤植物微生物联合生态修复的推广应用提供参考。[方法]利用陇东适生植物"金盏菊"联合土著石油降解菌剂开展为期285d的场地原位修复试验,采用常规方法测定不同季节土壤理化特性、酶活性和微生物群落特性等环境指标。[结果](1)场地修复过程中土壤TPHs降解率在夏(24.62%±3.96%)秋(29.93%±1.94%)两季明显高于春(3.82%±0.91%)冬(9.24%±0.87%)两季;(2)季节变化和强化处理对油污土壤酶活性和理化特性存在显著交互效应(p0.05)。土壤pH值、含盐率和有机质含量在秋季明显降低(p0.05),而土壤速效养分均在夏秋含量最高(p0.05);(3)春季土壤微生物群落Evenness指数偏低(p0.05),夏季Richness指数明显增加(p0.05),Shannon-Wiener指数在夏秋两季明显高于其他季节(p0.05);(4)NMDS排序结果显示,夏秋两季分异于其他季节主要与土壤微生物群落Richness指数(r2=0.706 3,p=0.002)和速效磷(r2=0.615 7,p=0.005)有关;(5)低温季节影响土壤TPHs降解率的因素主要是土壤理化特性和土壤酶活性的叠加效应(54%),而夏秋两季土壤理化特性、土壤酶活性和土壤微生物特性三者的共同作用可解释土壤TPHs降解率变异的74%。[结论]土壤微生物群落Evenness指数和土壤酶活性偏低是造成春冬两季土壤TPHs降解率偏低,而土壤微生物群落ShannonWiener指数、Richness指数、速效磷含量和生物强化处理有效化水平是陇东地区夏秋两季土壤TPHs降解率明显增加的主要环境因素。     

长期施肥对稻田土壤活性有机碳和氮的影响

土壤活性有机碳、氮是土壤有机碳、氮中最活跃的组分,在土壤碳、氮循环过程中具有重要作用。以湖南3个长期定位试验点（桃源、宁乡、桃江）为研究对象,分析测定表层土壤MBC、MBN、DOC、DON,研究长期施肥对土壤活性有机碳、氮（MBC＋DOC,MBN＋DON）的影响。结果表明,长期施用化肥及配施有机肥均能提高土壤活性有机碳、氮的含量。与对应的无肥处理（CK）相比,长期单施化肥（NPK）使土壤活性有机碳、氮的提高幅度分别为3.3%~21.0%和3.3%~27.1%,长期有机肥施用提高幅度分别为48.7%~84.8%和17.9%~105.8%,且土壤活性有机碳、氮含量随有机肥施用量的提高而增加,3个试验点活性有机碳大小顺序为桃源〉宁乡〉桃江。土壤活性有机碳与土壤有机碳（SOC）的累积速率呈显著正相关关系（P〈0.05）,而与SOC的含量关系不大。桃源土壤粘粒含量较高可能是土壤SOC累积速率快的主要原因;宁乡和桃江的粘粒含量和有机碳投入量相差不大,桃江较高的初始SOC水平影响了SOC积累速率;桃源和宁乡试验点的土壤活性氮含量相差不大,约是桃江的1.8倍。与土壤全氮（TN）相比,全氮的积累速率与土壤活性氮的关系更为密切,两者间有极显著的相关关系（P〈0.01）。     

The influence of Mg fertilization on growth and mineral contents of fine roots in (Picea abies [Karst] L.) stands at different stages of decline in NE-Bavaria

The effect of various Mg-fertilizers (MgSO₄; calcined dolomite) on root growth and mineral composition of 40 yr old Norway spruce at different sites and stages of decline was studied. Two years after fertilization, density of living fine roots of Mg-deficient trees had significantly increased on fertilized compared to non-fertilized plots. Only fertilization of calcined dolomite appeared to induce new root formation in the upper mineral soil. No such changes were observed for healthy looking trees at a second experimental site, where base saturation of the bulk soil was also low but trees were sufficiently supplied with Mg. At the third experimental site where foliar analyses reflected a luxurious Ca and Mg but an insufficient K nutrition at high Mg and Ca saturation of the bulk soil, calcined dolomite caused an increase of root growth due to a reinforced antagonism between Ca and Mg competing with K uptake. In general, at the experimental sites the fine root necromass decreased when base saturation of the bulk soil increased. The elemental contents of fine roots from the minenal soil of all three sites under investigation indicated that fine root growth in the mineral soil is strongly related to the root Ca and Mg contents. Root Ca contents seemed to be mainly a function of the Ca availability in the soil. Since there was no close relationship between fine root growth and the Ca/Al molar ratio in living fine roots, Al toxicity may not completely account for the differences in root growth and nutrition on the experimental sites.     

Spatial pattern and heterogeneity of soil properties in sand dunes under grazing and restoration in Horqin Sandy Land, Northern China

Applying a combination of classical and geostatistical methods, we identified soil properties and their spatial variation in a 5-year grazed sand dune (GSD5) and a 20-year recovered sand dune (RSD20) in Horqin Sandy Land, northern China. The paper assesses the effect of grazing, topography and vegetation restoration on spatial heterogeneity of soil properties. The results showed that soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, very fine sand (0.1–0.05 mm) content and their coefficients of variation were lower in GSD5 than in RSD20, while soil water contents (0–20 cm and 20–40 cm depths) were higher in GSD5 than in RSD20. Geostatistical analysis revealed that the spatial structured variance accounted for the largest proportion of total sample variance in soil properties at the measured scale under grazing and restoration. The spatial autocorrelation ranges were 66.30 m for soil organic carbon and 50.80 m for total nitrogen in GSD5 less than those in RSD20 (70.00 m and 76.10 m, respectively), while the spatial autocorrelation ranges of soil particle size fractions and soil water contents in RSD20 were less than those in GSD5. Kriging-interpolated maps also showed that the heterogeneity of soil organic carbon and total nitrogen and their degree of patch fragmentation were higher in GSD5 than in RSD20. These results suggested that continuous grazing resulted in an increase in spatial variability of soil nutrient and a decrease in spatial variability of soil particle size fractions and soil water content. Soil organic carbon and total nitrogen of sand dunes are associated closely with soil particle size fractions, relative height of sampling site and vegetation cover. Spatial patterns of soil properties are most strongly related to grazing, topography and plant-induced heterogeneity in sand dune ecosystems prone to wind erosion.     

The influence of Mg fertilization on growth and mineral contents of fine roots in (Picea abies [karst] L.) stands at different stages of decline in NE-Bavaria

The effect of various Mg-fertilizers (MgSO₄; calcined dolomite) on root growth and mineral composition of 40 yr old Norway spruce at different sites and stages of decline was studied. Two years after fertilization, density of living fine roots of Mg-deficient trees had significantly increased on fertilized compared to non-fertilized plots. Only fertilization of calcined dolomite appeared to induce new root formation in the upper mineral soil. No such changes were observed for healthy looking trees at a second experimental site, where base saturation of the bulk soil was also low but trees were sufficiently supplied with Mg. At the third experimental site where foliar analyses reflected a luxurious Ca and Mg but an insufficient K nutrition at high Mg and Ca saturation of the bulk soil, calcined dolomite caused an increase of root growth due to a reinforced antagonism between Ca and Mg competing with K uptake. In general, at the experimental sites the fine root necromass decreased when base saturation of the bulk soil increased. The elemental contents of fine roots from the mineral soil of all three sites under investigation indicated that fine root growth in the mineral soil is strongly related to the root Ca and Mg contents. Root Ca contents seemed to be mainly a function of the Ca availability in the soil. Since there was no close relationship between fine root growth and the Ca/AI molar ratio in living fine roots, Al toxicity may not completely account for the differences in root growth and nutrition on the experimental sites.