浙江柑橘全爪螨对炔螨特的敏感性变化

2004年比较了浙江省4个橘园柑橘全爪螨对炔螨特的敏感性差异,仅发现LC50相差1.1～1.4倍。同一地区的全爪螨田间种群在1998-2004年间对该杀螨剂的敏感性也基本保持不变。结果表明:浙江橘区的柑橘全爪螨对炔螨特仍未产生明显的抗性,仅部分用药较多、用药历史较长地区的敏感性有所下降。连续4年停用炔螨特后的橘园,其柑橘全爪螨对炔螨特的敏感性得到明显恢复。     

几种药剂对桔全爪螨防效试验

金霸螨等5种杀螨剂对桔全爪螨防效表明：贵州独山柑桔产区桔全爪螨对金霸螨(2500倍)和金霸螨加氧化乐果(3000倍 1000倍)较为敏感，药后l～14d田间防效均在90％以上。三氯杀螨醇可作为桔全爪螨防治中的轮换用药．     

柑桔害虫田间药效试验

为了控制桔全爪螨,矢尖蚧两种重要害虫的危害,综合防治措施中,其中之一是选择施用好农药,减少抗性产生。为此,我们开展了如下试验。一、用四种杀螨剂对桔全爪螨进行田间定株、定叶片喷药试验。其结果表明：１５％扫螨净乳油３０００倍防效最好,药后２天、５天、７天...     

复方茶皂素对哒螨灵杀灭桔全爪螨的增效作用

作者就复方茶皂素对哒螨灵杀灭桔全爪螨(Panonychus citri McG.)的增效作用,进行了室内及田间药效试验。按茶皂素和哒螨灵有效成分比为22:5混配成27％416杀螨剂乳油。室内试验结果表明:茶皂素单剂LC_(50)452.2μg/ml,哒螨灵单剂LC_(50)0.3685μg/ml,混剂LC_(50)0.3733μg/ml,增效18.67倍。室内杀卵及田间药效试验结果表明:27％416乳油稀释2000、3000、4000、5000、6000倍液,卵校正死亡率分别为94.92％、93.03％、89.09％、85.90％、81.51％,20％速螨酮WP4000倍液为90.44％。田间施药后第28天分别为89.36％、97.64％、90.99％、97.95％、97.38％。而20％速螨酮WP4000倍液为98.90％。最后讨论了茶皂素的增效机制,并认为茶皂素在农药乳油中的增效作用,具有极大的开发与生产价值,有显著的社会、生态和经济效益。     

二甲氧香酯对柑橘全爪螨的毒力测定及田间防效

利用玻片浸渍法测定了二甲氧香酯对柑橘全爪螨的室内毒力,并严格按照田间药效规范,开展田间药效试验评价了5％二甲氧香酯EC对柑橘全爪螨的防治效果.结果 表明,处理48 h后,二甲氧香酯及其制剂LC50分别为174 mg/L和114 mg/L,其对柑橘全爪螨的毒力是螺螨酯原药的1.61倍和2.46倍.田间药效结果表明,施药后...     

苏云金素对智利小植绥螨及其猎物二斑叶螨的毒力测定

苏云金素处理后第3天智利小植绥螨和二斑叶螨幼螨的LC_(50)分别为211.33μg/ml和114.58μg/ml。两种雌成螨的产卵量第2天即明显减少,高剂量处理后3～4天,导致产卵停止。处理后第5天,智利小植绥螨和二斑叶螨成螨的LC_(50)分别为843.19μg/ml和279.88μg/ml。试验结果表明,苏云金素对两种幼螨是一种高效、无选择性的杀螨剂,对智利小植绥螨的卵和成螨毒性相对较低,但能抑制其雌成螨的产卵量,降低种群趋势指数,在释放智利小植绥螨期间应尽量避免用药。     

黄皮新肉桂酰胺B对柑橘全爪螨 Panonychus citri的生物活性

为探究黄皮新肉桂酰胺B对柑橘全爪螨Panonychus citri的生物活性,分别采用载玻片浸渍法、叶片残毒法和叶圆片法研究了黄皮新肉桂酰胺B对柑橘全爪螨雌成螨及其卵的触杀活性和驱避作用。结果表明,黄皮新肉桂酰胺B对柑橘全爪螨雌成螨及其卵具有较强的触杀活性,在10~500μg/m L浓度范围内,对柑橘全爪螨雌成螨处理24 h的LC50和LC90分别为62.92μg/m L和346.02μg/m L,其触杀毒力分别是鱼藤酮的3.7和5.4倍、印楝素的3.2和8.1倍;在100μg/m L时杀卵活性达到了42.9%,优于同浓度的鱼藤酮和印楝素;在100μg/m L和500μg/m L浓度下,处理36 h时对柑橘全爪螨的驱避率均大于80.0%,与同浓度的鱼藤酮和印楝素相当。表明黄皮新肉桂酰胺B对柑橘全爪螨具有较好的触杀、驱避作用,可作为杀螨活性的先导化合物。     

棉铃虫对虫酰肼的抗药性汰选

以虫酰肼25～80μg/mL汰选棉铃虫种群26代,用两种生物测定方法对汰选后的棉铃虫种群测定其抗药性。以浸叶法测定的LC₅₀值汰选前为33.816 8μg/mL,汰选24代后达到914.181 3μg/mL,抗性指数为27.03倍,与对照种群的LC₅₀102.427 4μg/mL比较,校正抗性指数为8.93倍;用饲料混合法测定的LC₅₀值汰选前为73.8416μg/mL,汰选24代后达到833.027 8μg/mL,抗性指数为11.26倍,与对照种群的LC₅₀105.889 9μg/mL比较,校正抗性指数为7.87倍,表明棉铃虫汰选种群对虫酰肼的抗性水平呈现上升趋势。     

尼氏钝绥螨抗有机磷自然种群的研究

我们从1989年以来调查柑园中植绥螨自然种群抗药性,一年来调查研究三个地方的四个种群,发现江西赣州的尼氏钝绥螨自然种群对亚胺硫磷、水胺硫磷和乐果的 LC50分别达1299.6ppm、875.3ppm 和529.2ppm,比尼氏钝绥螨敏感种群分别高59.1倍,31.3倍和21.3倍。赣州种群的酯酶同工酶电泳分析发现抗药性的 E_2带特别宽且色深,与毒性测定结果相应。且在赣州当地果园的虫口密度相当高,平均达0.36头/叶,比同期桔全爪螨的0.28头/叶还高。赣州种群与广州种群能自然交配繁殖后代,说明尚未达到种和亚种级分化,可用助迁手段来使其他地方尼氏钝绥螨提高抗药性。     

Cry1Ba3、Cry1Ia8蛋白对Cry1Ac抗性小菜蛾的杀虫活性研究

利用2种苏云金芽胞杆菌原毒素Cry1Ba3、Cry1Ia8及其组合,分别对Cry1Ac抗性种群小菜蛾幼虫进行生物活性测定。结果表明Cry1Ba3、Cry1Ia8对2种目标试虫均有高毒力,LC50分别为0.2175、0.6706μg/mL;Cry1Ba3毒力3倍于Cry1Ia8。2种蛋白混配的结果也表现出高毒力,LC50为0.4375μg/mL,没有显著的协同增效作用,也不存在拮抗。敏感与抗性小菜蛾种群生测结果统计分析比较,结果表明这2种蛋白及其组合与Cry1Ac并无交互抗性。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Tumours of Begonia and some other ornamentals,induced by Corynebacterium fascians

In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.