内蒙古生鲜乳中氨基酸含量及其地区差异比较研究

试验旨在分析内蒙古生鲜乳中氨基酸含量、乳蛋白营养价值及其在不同地区的差异，为生鲜乳营养品质评定提供理论依据。选取内蒙古呼伦贝尔市、锡林郭勒盟、乌兰察布市、赤峰市、呼和浩特市、兴安盟、通辽市7个代表地区，采集同一季节70批次奶罐奶，用于分析内蒙古生鲜乳中17种氨基酸含量，并用FAO（2011）推荐的最新氨基酸评分模式评价乳蛋白营养价值，同时比较地区差异。结果表明：内蒙古生鲜乳中氨基酸总量为3.117%，其中谷氨酸含量最高（0.593%），其次是脯氨酸、亮氨酸、赖氨酸，甘氨酸和胱氨酸含量最低（0.060%和0.061%）。内蒙古生鲜乳中必需氨基酸（EAA）构成比例及氨基酸评分均高于FAO/WHO理想蛋白质标准和模式。内蒙古不同地区生鲜乳氨基酸含量存在较大差异，主要表现为：与赤峰市生鲜乳中氨基酸含量相比，锡林郭勒盟生鲜乳中EAA、非必需氨基酸（NEAA）和总氨基酸（TAA）的含量优势明显（P<0.05），呼伦贝尔市生鲜乳中缬氨酸、赖氨酸、组氨酸、甘氨酸、丙氨酸的含量较高（P<0.05），呼和浩特市生鲜乳中亮氨酸、赖氨酸、组氨酸、丙氨酸、天冬氨酸和酪氨酸含量相对较高（P<0.05），其他几个盟市差异不显著（P>0.05）。综合上述试验结果，内蒙古生鲜乳中乳蛋白为优质蛋白，其中锡林郭勒盟、呼伦贝尔市和呼和浩特市生鲜乳氨基酸营养价值相对较高。     

Utilization of milk amino acids by the suckling Iberian piglet

Sixteen pure-bred Iberian (IB) sows were used in two trials to determine the efficiency of utilization of milk protein and amino acid (AA) for growth in suckling piglets. It was hypothesized that there may be one or more strongly limiting essential AA (EAA) responsible for the slow rate of growth of the IB piglet. This AA will show the highest fractional retention. Daily milk yield and composition were determined weekly over a 34-day lactation period. Within each litter, one piglet at birth and four piglets on d 35 of life were slaughtered. The protein content of the IB sow milk was similar to that reported for conventional breeds. However, branched-chain AA, Thr, Pro, Asp and Ala were in concentrations somewhat below the range of literature values and Arg and Met, substantially above it. Milk intake per piglet tended to be greater in Trial 2 (832 vs. 893 g/day respectively; p = 0.066). However, the IB piglets grew at 168 ± 3.3 g/day, irrespective of the trial. The whole-body protein of piglets at weaning and the protein deposited in their body during the lactating period showed very close AA pattern. Among EAA, His and Arg show the highest fractional retentions (g AA retained/g AA ingested) in whole-body tissues (1.019 ± 0.025 and 0.913 ± 0.017 respectively) and also the highest body to milk ratios (1.50 and 1.41 respectively). Gly and Ala presented, among non essential AA, the highest efficiencies of utilization for tissue deposition (1.803 ± 0.057 and 1.375 ± 0.026 respectively) and body to milk ratios (2.75 and 2.12 respectively). These results suggest that the low efficiency of utilization of milk protein and the low rate of gain of the IB suckling piglet can be explained by a marked shortage in His supply, in addition to the suboptimal milk provision of Arg, Gly and Ala.     

不同精粗饲料对泌乳中期山羊氨基酸的代谢流向及乳蛋白含量的影响

 通过检测泌乳中期山羊血浆及乳中游离氨基酸含量的变化,探讨不同精粗比饲料对机体中氨基酸（ａｍｉｎｏａｃｉｄｓ,ＡＡ）的代谢流向及乳蛋白的影响。选用泌乳中期山羊７只,随机分为２组,分别饲喂精粗比４∶６（低精料组）和６∶４（高精料组）日粮,颈静脉血管瘘采血,手工挤奶取奶样。Ｂｒａｄｆｏｒｄ法测定乳中总蛋白质浓度,ＲＰ－ＨＰＬＣ检测山羊血浆和乳中游离氨基酸的含量。结果表明,２组山羊血浆中均分离出１４种游离氨基酸,乳中分离出８种游离氨基酸,不同精粗比饲料对血液或乳中游离氨基酸谱无明显影响。不同精粗比日粮情况下,除丙氨酸外,血液中游离氨基酸的含量均高于乳中同种氨基酸的含量;且血液中生酮氨基酸（Ｌｅｕ,Ｌｙｓ）、兼性氨基酸（Ｐｈｅ,Ｉｌｅ）和支链氨基酸（Ｌｅｕ,Ｉｌｅ和Ｖａｌ）含量显著或极显著高于乳中。高精料组除Ｇｌｙ和Ａｌａ外,其余氨基酸含量均低于低精料组;乳中总蛋白浓度略高于低精料组,但无统计学差异。表明血液中游离氨基酸为乳蛋白的合成提供了原料和能量保证。饲喂高精料日粮,血液中游离氨基酸含量较低,不利于乳蛋白含量和产量的提高。     

Nitrogen balance in lactating sows fed on diets containing soybean oil meal or horsebean (Vicia faba) as a protein concentrate

An experiment was carried out on multiparous sows to study the possibility of total substitution of soybean oil meal by whole horsebean in the lactation diet. Two groups of five sows were kept in metabolism crates during a 5-week long lactation, and their total excreta were collected for 5 days each week. The animals received a diet mainly composed of barley, in which the protein concentrate was soybean oil meal (“soybean” group), or whole horsebean (“horsebean” group) supplemented with d-l methionine (Table I). The two diets were isonitrogenous (14% protein). Milk production and gros composition were estimated at different stages of lactation. The amino acid content of the milk and the plasma level of free amino acids were determined around day 21 of lactation.The performance of the two groups of sows were similar (Table II): the litters were equalized at farrowing, the number of piglets weaned (8.8) and their mean weight at different stages of lactation were identical. Milk production, composition (Table III) and amino acid content (Table IV), and the output of milk constituents were similar. There was some tendancy for the apparent protein digestibility of the “soybean” diet to be higher (81.5% vs 79.6%), partly due to the greater digestibility of dry matter (82.3% vs 81.8%) caused by the lower crude fibre content of this meal. The nitrogen retention coefficient and nitrogen production in the milk were the same in the two groups of sows (Table V). The amino acid availability, estimated with the plasma level of free amino acids, did not show important differences between the diets. The similarity of the results allows the conclusion that whole horsebean supplemented with d-l methionine can be used as the sole protein concentrate in the diets of lactating sows. Moreover, the null nitrogen balances obtained during lactation with a daily intake of 700 g protein may lead to a possible lowering of the protein recommendations, while insisting on the energy supply during the same period.     

中草药复方对断奶仔猪回肠末端食糜氨基酸含量的影响

试验选用60头21日龄断奶的三元杂交仔猪(杜×长×大),按完全区组设计分为3组,处理1饲喂添加0.2%的中草药复方日粮、处理2饲喂添加0.02%的粘杆菌素日粮及处理3饲喂基础日粮,于第7天、第14天和第28天每组随机取5头试猪,放血处死后迅速剖开腹腔,采集回肠末端食糜备测氨基酸含量,以研究中草药复方对早期断奶仔猪氨基酸消化吸收能力的影响。结果表明:中草药复方组回肠末端食糜中氨基酸的含量逐渐低于粘杆菌素组和对照组,至28d时,Leu、Ile、Val、Ala、Asp、Glu、His、Lys和Ser的含量显著低于粘杆菌素组和对照组(P<0.05)。     

Influence of emulsifiers and fat mixtures on the digestibility and sedimentation of fatty acids in calves

In a digestibility experiment with 4 X 4 calves the animals received 100 g mixture for calves, 50 g dried green fodder and either 656 g dried whole milk and 164 g dried skim milk (VM) or 656 g dried whole milk and 164 g added fat. The added fat consisted of a mixture of tallow and lard in a 1:1 ratio plus 10% emulgator ES 20 (FE) or 8% ES 20 and 2% soybean lecithin (FL) or 25% lard, 25% tallow, 40% rape/sunflower oil with 10% ES 20 (FO). The apparent digestibility of the fat amounted to 91% in group VM and in groups FE/FL/FO to 66/70/67% resp. The composition of fatty acids and the use of an unsuitable charge of dried skim milk are considered to be the causes of the low apparent digestibility. The apparent digestibility of the fatty acids decreased with their growing chain length. The higher digestibility of the unsaturated fatty acids is largely caused by changes due to bacterial activity in these fatty acids in the intestines and by the influence of metabolically changed faecal fat. The combination of the synthetic emulgator with lecithin did not improve fat digestion but diminished the total fat content in the blood.     

Transient hypersensitivity to soybean meal in the early-weaned pig

An experiment was conducted to determine whether baby pigs develop hypersensitivity to dietary soybean proteins. Thirty-two pigs were orally infused with either dried skim milk (5 g/d; control) or soybean meal (48% CP; 5 g/d) from d 7 to 14 after birth. Sows were fed a corn-corn gluten meal-based diet supplemented with lysine and tryptophan to avoid exposure of pigs to soybean proteins. Pigs were weaned at 21 d of age and fed diets containing either soybean meal or milk proteins until d 56. One half of the pigs were killed at 28 d of age and the rest at 56 d of age. Segments of small intestine were collected, and intraepithelial lymphocytes were isolated. At 28 d of age, pigs fed diets containing soybean meal had lower (P less than .05) villus height (221 vs 298 microns) and rate of gain (86 vs 204 g/d) than control pigs did. Pigs fed a diet containing soybean meal had higher (P less than .05) immunoglobulin G (IgG) titers to soybean protein than did pigs fed a milk protein-based diet. Blood and intestinal lymphocytes collected on d 28 and 56 did not exhibit any proliferative response when cultured with purified soy proteins (2.5 or 5 microns/ml). Phytohemagglutinin- and pokeweed mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferations were higher (P less than .05) at d 56 than at d 28, but there were no differences attributable to protein source. There were no differences (P greater than .05) in skin-fold thickness measurements following intradermal injection with soy or milk proteins. Decreased villus height and increased serum IgG titers to soybean proteins coinciding with inferior performance of early weaned pigs fed diets containing soybean meal indicate that conventionally processed, commercial soybean meal may retain some antigens that can cause transient hypersensitivity in piglets.     

Feed preference in pigs: effect of selected protein, fat, and fiber sources at different inclusion rates

Three double-choice feeding experiments were conducted to study the effect of different feedstuffs on feed preference in pigs. Fifteen protein sources, 6 fat sources, and 3 fiber sources were evaluated in Exp. 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Pigs were offered a series of double choices between a common reference diet and the diet with the ingredient under evaluation. The reference diet contained a soybean meal product with 56% CP (SBM-56), sunflower oil, and wheat bran, which were considered as the feedstuffs of reference for the protein, fat, and fiber sources, respectively. Preference, expressed as percentage of the tested diet to total feed intake, was affected by feedstuff nature and by its inclusion rate. In Exp. 1, feeds with fish meal at 50 and 100 g·kg?1, dried porcine hydrolyzed protein at 50 g·kg?1, and lupine, soybean meal with 44% CP, and dried skim milk at 100 g·kg?1 were preferred (P < 0.05) to the reference feed with SBM-56. On the contrary, relative to SBM-56, an avoidance (preference less than 50%) was observed for potato protein at all inclusion rates tested, rapeseed meal and acid milk whey at 100 and 200 g·kg?1, and dried porcine hydrolyzed protein, soybean protein concentrate, wheat gluten, and sunflower meal at 200 g·kg(-1). The storage of dried skim milk, soybean protein concentrate, and potato protein for 10 mo resulted in a reduction (P < 0.001) of their preference values. In Exp. 2, the feed with palm oil (at 30 g·kg?1) was preferred (P < 0.05), whereas feeds with linseed oil (at 30 and 100 g·kg?1) and soybean oil (at 100 g·kg?1) were avoided (P < 0.05) when contrasted with the reference feed with sunflower oil. Finally, in Exp. 3 diets with dehydrated alfalfa and sugar beet pulp at 130 g·kg?1 had a reduced (P < 0.05) preference compared with the reference diet with wheat bran. It is concluded that feedstuff nature, inclusion rate, and freshness affect feed preference in pigs. Feedstuff preferences should be taken into account during diet formulation, particularly at critical stages such as immediately after weaning.     

Interrelationship between hypersensitivity to soybean proteins and growth performance in early-weaned pigs.

The objective of this growth trial was to determine the interrelationship between immunological criteria, gut morphology, and performance of starter pigs fed soybean proteins processed by different methods. One hundred twenty-five pigs were orally infused with 6 g/d of either dried skim milk, soybean meal (48% CP), soy protein concentrate, extruded soy protein concentrate, or experimental soy protein concentrate from 7 to 11 d of age and then fed a diet containing the same protein sources from weaning (d 21) to 35 d of age. All pigs were fed a corn-soybean meal diet containing 10% dried whey, 1.25% lysine, and 3% soybean oil for the remaining 21 d of the experiment. Xylose absorption and anti-soy immunoglobulin G (IgG) titers were measured on d 6 postweaning, and skin-fold thickness after intradermal injection of protein extracts was measured on d 7 postweaning. A total of 25 pigs (five pigs/treatment) was euthanatized on d 7 postweaning. Villus height and crypt depth from duodenum samples were measured. These measurements were obtained to elucidate a relationship between the hypersensitivity responses to soybean products and growth performance of baby pigs. Pigs fed diets containing soybean meal had a lower (P less than .05) rate of gain (d 0 to 14) and villus height, higher (P less than .01) serum anti-soy IgG titers, and increased skin-fold thickness (d 6 and 7 postweaning) after intradermal injection compared with those fed dried skim milk. Pigs fed other soy proteins also had lower ADG from d 0 to 14 postweaning; however, pigs fed moist extruded soy protein concentrate tended (P less than .09) to have higher ADG and improved feed utilization when compared with pigs fed soybean meal (d 0 to 14).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Protein digestability and amino acid absorption in various segments of the digestive tract of pigs. 1. Methods of animal experimentation, protein content and amino acid patterns of the digesta in the small intestine and in feces after feeding different feeds]

Re-entrance cannulae were applied by way of operations at the end of the small intestine of a larger number of growing pigs. After a post-operative phase these animals were fed with various rations (N-free diet, fattening feed for pigs, rations with dried skim milk resp. wheat gluten + lysine and wheat + wheat gluten + lysine). During the main experiment periods the ileum digesta (24 hour-periods of collecting) and the feces were quantitatively registered. The protein and amino acid content ascertained in the feed rations, the digesta and feces samples are reported, comparatively evaluated and discussed. The amount of amino acids (in mg per kg intake of dry matter) contained in the ileum digesta after N-free feeding were statistically calculated with regard to differences occuring between the animals and days. For most amino acids a significant decrease in the ileum digesta could be detected during the course of the N-free feeding period. Moreover, the amount of amino acids in the ileum digesta was compared with the metabolic fecal amino acids, from which conclusions could be drawn concerning the disappearance rate of the individual amino acids in large intestine.     

Protein digestibility and absorption of amino acids in various segments of the digestive tract of pigs. 2. Protein and amino acid balances at the end of the small intestine and of the whole digestive tract (apparent and true protein and amino acid digestibility)]

Growing pigs with ileum and ileocecal re-entrant canulae were given 5 different rations (pig fattening feed 1 and 2, rations with dried skim milk, wheat gluten + lysine and wheat + wheat gluten + lysine). The crude protein and amino acid excretion was quantitatively determined with ileum chyme and feces. The calculation of the amino acid balances (apparent and true digestibility) at the end of the small intestine, at the end of the wholedigestive tract and the isolated colon showed characteristic differences for the individual amino acids. On ileum level the amino acids with relatively high endogenous quotas, threonine, tryptophane, alanine, aspartic acid and glycine showed a distinctly lower, the amino acids arginine, methionine, phenylalanine, glutamic acid, proline and tyrosine a distinctly higher digestibilityhan crude protein. In comparison of the values on the feces level, including the true digestibility, these differences are largely balanced out. At the end of the small intestine the absorption of the amino acids is in the main completed. The disappearance rate of amino acids from the colon shows large differences with reference to the different rations as well as the individual amino acids. They were particularly high for various rations as far as proline, tryptophane, glycine and cystine are concerned. If wheat gluten + lysine rations were given, a net synthesis of methionine in the colon could be proved.     

Protein utilization of mixed feed rations in the lactating pig with reference to the essential amino acid content of the feed proteins. 1. Report. Description of the study methods for protein utilization in the use of peanut extraction residues and dry skim milk in the ration]

A method is discussed which has been used to investigate protein utilization in lactating sows. Two N balance trials were carried out to establish the degree of protein utilization of mixed feed rations. The rations contained barley, oats and flaked potatoes. Extracted pea nut meal or, for comparison, dried skim milk, were added as protein sources. The average biological value achieved was 42% if extracted pea nut meal was fed and 59% if dried skim milk was added. The corresponding PPV data were 33% for the rations containing extracted pea nut meal and 49% for the dried skim milk rations. Balances made for the rate of dietary amino acid intake and amino acid excretion in the milk showed that lysine deficiency occurred when rations were fed containing the extracted pea nut meal.     

Digestibility and blood parameters in the preruminant calf fed a clotting or a nonclotting milk replacer

Eight male Holstein calves 7 to 10 d of age were fed a milk replacer containing a skim milk powder subjected to low-temperature drying either with or without addition of an oxalate-NaOH buffer known to prevent curd formation. The calves were used in a completely randomized design to study the effect of milk clotting on digestibility and blood parameters. Plasma glucose and plasma insulin were similar (P greater than .05) for the clotting and the nonclotting milk replacers. For both treatments, concentrations of glucose and insulin reached a peak 2 h postfeeding (P less than .01). Plasma triglycerides were higher (P less than .01) postfeeding for the nonclotting than for the clotting milk replacer. Plasma essential amino acids and plasma urea were higher, whereas plasma calcium was lower, for the nonclotting milk (P less than .01). Digestibility of dry matter, protein and fat was similar (P greater than .05) between clotting and nonclotting milk. The dry matter content of feces was not affected by clotting (P greater than .05). The data are interpreted to indicate that clotting of the milk replacer modifies blood concentrations of triglycerides, essential amino acids and urea without changing the digestibility of the diet.     

隐性乳房炎奶牛乳蛋白含量降低的信号转导机制探讨

乳蛋白是决定牛奶营养品质的主要乳成分之一,具有较高的营养价值,含有人体几乎所有的必需氨基酸。乳蛋白含量和组成受多种因素的影响,除品种、胎次、环境、奶牛泌乳阶段、饲粮组成与营养水平外,疾病也是影响乳汁中乳蛋白含量和组成的重要因素。其中,奶牛隐性乳房炎可以引起乳汁中乳蛋白含量的降低。本文主要探讨乳蛋白的合成机理及隐性乳房炎时乳蛋白含量降低的信号转导机制,旨在为研究在奶牛患隐性乳房炎条件下提高乳蛋白含量的方法提供一些思路和参考。     

Growth performance and health status in weanling piglets fed spray-dried porcine plasma under typical Northern European conditions

The effect of inclusion of spray-dried porcine plasma (SDPP) in diets for weanling piglets was studied. The objectives were to determine whether SDPP would have positive effects on post-weaning piglet performance and health under typical Northern European conditions. In experiment 1, 160 weanling piglets were assigned randomly to a control diet or a diet containing 3% SDPP, which was added at the expense of both fishmeal and dried skim milk. In experiment 2, 264 weanling piglets were assigned to a control diet containing whey protein, a diet without whey protein but with SDPP or a diet containing both whey protein and SDPP. In essence, SDPP was added to the test diets at the expense of either whey protein or fishmeal. Piglets were fed the diets for 3 weeks. In experiment 1, the piglets fed the SDPP diet had a 7% higher average daily gain (ADG) and a 4% lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) (p < 0.05) during the first 3 weeks after weaning than did those fed the control diet. There were no differences in leucocyte counts or γ-globulin. In experiment 2 there were no significant differences in ADG and FCR among the dietary treatments. It is concluded that low amounts of SDPP in weanling diets can have positive effects on growth performance under Northern European conditions.     

Effect of protein source and fumaric acid supplementation on apparent ileal digestibility of nutrients by young pigs

Two experiments were conducted to determine the apparent ileal digestibility of DM and N by young pigs fed diets supplemented with different protein sources or organic acids. Pigs were surgically fitted with silicone cannulas at 2 wk of age. Following surgery, pigs were allowed to recuperate with their dams while suckling normally. After weaning at 24 d, pigs were assigned to treatment diets at 28 d of age. A 3-d adjustment and 4-d collection sequence was followed for the duration of the 4-wk experiment. Four treatment diets were fed in each experiment in a weekly rotation until each diet had been fed to each pig. Diet samples and digesta collected through the ileal cannulas were analyzed for chromic oxide (used as an indigestible marker), DM, and N. Pigs in Exp. 1 were fed isolysinic (1.0%) corn-based diets supplemented with casein, soybean meal, soy protein concentrate, or isolated soy protein. Casein addition resulted in improved DM (P less than .001) and N (P less than .05) digestibility but reduced gain (P less than .05) compared with the average of the soy protein sources. Nitrogen from diets formulated with soybean meal was digested more completely (P less than .05) than N from diets based on soy protein concentrate and isolated soy protein. Experiment 2 was an evaluation of the effect of dried skim milk (25%) and fumaric acid (2%) addition on apparent ileal digestibility of N and DM in corn-soybean meal diets. Addition of dried skim milk improved DM (P less than .01) and N (P less than .05) digestibility and daily gain (P less than .001). Fumaric acid supplementation did not affect nutrient digestibility or gain (P greater than .10).     

正常及去盲肠公鸡对四种蛋白质饲料氨基酸利用率的比较研究

应用正常及去盲肠成年白来航公鸡各20只，比较了鱼粉、豆饼、菜籽饼、棉仁饼的氨基酸利用率。结果表明：鱼粉和棉仁饼的17种氨基酸的表观及真利用率在两组问差异不显著；豆饼必需氨基酸表观氨基酸利用率中有6种氨基酸两组间差异显著成极显著，真利用率中只有2种氨基酸两组间差异显著；菜籽饼必需氨基酸表观氨基酸利用率有2种氨基酸两组间差异显著，真利用率两组问差异不显著。从鸡的正常生理角度考虑，作者认为：用正常试验鸡并以氨基酸真利用率为指标，更能客观地反映常用蛋白质饲料的氨基酸利用率。     

The replacement of skim milk in the diet of young pigs with an extremely short suckling period. 1. Report. A comparison of skim milk, fish meal and extracted soy beans as a protein source in conjunction with whole wheat meal in a liquid feed]

40 piglets were reared in separate cages from the 13th to the 28th day of age and received a liquid milk diet (controls) or a substituted liquid diet. Half of the protein requirements of the young pigs were covered from skim milk, the other half was supplied through fish meal, extracted soya bean meal or a combination of both meals. Whole wheat meal was used as source of substitution energy. The ration containing extracted soya bean meal reduced all the digestibility coefficients with the exception of NFE. As a result, the levels of energy and nutrient intake and the rates of weight increase were lower in the experimental groups receiving the soya bean meal diet than in the control group. The same performance level as with the control diet was achieved when 50% of the skim milk in the experimental diet were replaced by wheat and fish meal.     

Effects of rice feeding on growth performance and protein (amino acids) metabolism in weanling piglets

We investigated the effects of rice feeding on growth performance and protein (amino acids) metabolism of weanling piglets. In all, 16 weanling piglets with an average initial weight of 7.5 kg were divided into two groups. One group was fed a corn‐soybean meal‐based diet, and the other was fed a rice‐soybean meal diet, containing around 46% of corn or rice, respectively. A two‐week growth trial was conducted. The average daily gain (p = .025) and feed efficiency (p = .011) in rice‐fed piglets were significantly higher than those in corn‐fed piglets. Liver lysine‐ketoglutarate reductase activity tended to be lower (p = .073) in rice‐fed piglets than in corn‐fed piglets. Plasma urea nitrogen concentration in rice‐fed piglets was significantly lower than that in corn‐fed piglets. Plasma glucose and insulin concentrations were significantly higher in rice‐fed piglets than in corn‐fed piglets. Plasma‐free valine, isoleucine, and tryptophan concentrations were significantly higher in rice‐fed piglets than in corn‐fed piglets. In contrast, plasma histidine concentration was significantly lower in rice‐fed piglets than in corn‐fed piglets. Overall, these results show that rice feeding improves the growth performance and affects the protein (amino acids) metabolism in weanling piglets.     

The effects on egg production and egg composition of adding supplements of amino acids and/or urea or dried auto‐claved poultry manure to a low‐protein layer diet

Thirty‐five laying hens of a medium‐weight hybrid strain, aged 10 months, were given a basal diet containing 11.5% protein or the same diet supplemented with 1.54% essential amino acids and/or with two sources of nitrogen for the synthesis of non‐essential amino acids (1.15% urea or 9.7% dried autoclaved poultry manure) for an 8‐week period.

Egg production, food intake, food conversion efficiency, the gross efficiency of nitrogen conversion and the ability of hens to maintain body weight were improved by supplementation with essential amino acids (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). Supplementation with dried autoclaved poultry manure raised food intake, total egg mass and mean egg weight (P < 0.05), but supplementation with urea alone did not result in significantly higher egg production, perhaps because it failed to increase food intake. Supplementation with essential amino acids and urea to give the equivalent of 16% protein did not result in significantly higher egg production than that obtained with urea alone. The smallest eggs were produced by hens fed on the diet supplemented with urea, and the largest by those fed on the diet supplemented with dried manure (P < 0.001).

The gross composition of eggs was not influenced significantly by dietary treatment but albumen quality was significantly lower on the basal diet and higher on the supplemented diets (P < 0.001). It was highest in eggs from hens fed on the diet supplemented with urea alone.