雾灵山天然油松林群落研究

从种群数量特征、群落结构特征、生物多样性指数3个方面,对雾灵山天然油松群落进行了研究。该群落由29科46属53种维管植物构成。乔木5种,灌木11种,草本37种,群落Simpson指数是2．96,Shannon—Wiener指数是2．7339,种间随遇率PIE=0．6622,相对应的均匀度指数Js=0．0502,Jsw=...     

秦岭林区天然油松林结构研究初报

对秦岭林区天然油松林年龄结构，直径结构分析研究表明，天然油松林按林层和林龄可划为单层异龄林和复层异龄林两类。单层异龄林的天然更新表现出明显的连续性和阶段性，而复层异龄油松林的年龄结构出现多世代波动现，直径结构的波动随林龄的增加，其偏度具有一定的方向性。     

燕山北部山地人工落叶松林与天然次生林物种多样性的比较

为了解燕山北部山地华北落叶松人工林植被物种多样性维持功能的高低，选取13a和30a生人工落叶松林，以13a和28a生天然次生杨桦林作为对照，对两种林分的植被多样性进行调查和分析，并研究了间伐对人工落叶松林植被物种多样性的影响。结果表明，林龄相同或相近的两种林分类型相比，无论是乔木层、灌木层或是草本层，人工落叶松林丰富度、Simpson指数、Shannon—Weiner指数均表现出相当或略高于天然次生杨桦林（30a生人工落叶松林乔木层多样性指数除外）；间伐对人工落叶松林植被物种多样性的短期影响主要体现在乔木层，对林下灌木层和草本层无明显影响。燕山北部山地人工落叶松林具有较高的植物多样性维持功能，没有导致物种多样性的降低。     

内蒙古乌拉山天然油松林土壤呼吸特征研究

用Li-820测定并研究内蒙古乌拉山天然油松林生长季土壤呼吸速率的日及季节变化规律,分析土壤呼吸与土壤水热因子的关系.结果表明:土壤呼吸速率有明显的日及季节变化规律.在季节变化尺度上,各月土壤呼吸平均速率大小为:8月＞9月＞7月＞6月＞5月,总体表现为:雨季和秋季的呼吸速率大于早春和夏季干旱月份.土壤呼吸速率日变化规律为:在干旱月份呈双峰曲线,雨季则呈单峰曲线.在旱季,土壤呼吸速率与土壤温度呈负相关关系,雨季则呈正相关关系.土壤呼吸速率与土壤水分含量之间的正相关关系极显著,相关回归方程为y =0.501e0.13x(R2=0.953),表明土壤水分含量是影响干旱区森林土壤呼吸作用的主导因子.     

雾灵山的人工油松林

为了加强天然林保护，在标准地调查和统计分析的基础上，分析研究了雾灵山人工油松林的分布、区系成分、外貌特点、结构特征和群落的更新演替规律，并提出了群落的经营保护措施。     

辽河源国家森林公园的天然油松林

对辽河源国家森林公园天然油松林的结构、林木蓄积、死地被物贮量及其最大持水量进行了调查与研究.结果表明：油松林的植物种数为25种;林木蓄积量为655.410 m3/hm^2,死地被物贮量为17.7 t/hm^2 ;最大持水量为37.3 t/hm^2.     

山西省天然油松林根径立木材积表的编制

通过采集山西省天然油松林的根径、胸径样本数据,依据《根径立木材积表编制技术规程》的技术要求,利用数理统计和回归关系建立天然油松林根径-胸径数学模型,同时进行数学模型检验,最后建立根径材积表,以达到支持生产的目的。     

黄龙山林区天然油松林直径结构规律

为研究黄龙山林区天然油松林直径结构规律,在陕西省黄龙山林区蔡家川林场的油松天然林示范区设置4块0.2hm2的标准地。实测各项因子后应用Weibull分布函数和迈耶负指数分布函数对其进行直径结构模拟,分析了研究区林分的树种组成和直径结构规律。     

人工油松林抗旱能力与环境因子灰色关联分析

通过应用灰色关联分析方法,分析人工油松林抗旱能力与环境因子的关系,结果得关联度为:R1(海拔高度)=0.638,R2(坡向)=0.682,R3(坡度)=0.626,R4(坡位)=0.726,R5(土层厚度)=0.680。关联序为:R4R2R5R1R3。说明在一定干旱条件下,油松林的死亡率与坡位的关系最大。     

旅游对清西陵古油松林节肢动物群落结构及其多样性的影响

2005年5~10月对清西陵古油松林的节肢动物群落进行了调查,分析了古油松林节肢动物群落组成结构和多样性,讨论了旅游干扰对古油松林节肢动物群落的影响。结果表明,旅游活动对古油松林节肢动物群落的结构和多样性有显著影响,从而为保护和合理利用古油松资源提供理论依据。     

The effects of stand structure on specific needle area in closed-canopy Chinese pine plantations

The specific leaf area (SLA) is an important variable reflecting the carbon gain strategy of tree growth, but the relationships between SLA and other environmental factors have not been studied extensively at the stand level. The aim of this study was to define the relationships between stand structure and SLA in order to improve the predictive value of SLA for forest management models. Various parameters of stand structure and specific needle area (SNA) were measured in 14 different even-aged and closed-canopy stands of Chinese pine (Pinus tabulaeformis Carr.). Correlation and regression analysis revealed several significant relationships between stand structure and SNA. Stand density exerted a significant effect on mean-canopy SNA (SNA_mean). Stand density was also strongly correlated to mean-layer SNA (SNA_L), especially at lower canopy layers. SNA_L increased at lower canopy layers within each stand, and the increase was greater in higher density stands. Within the range of stand densities examined in this study, the SNA_mean initially increased sharply with increasing stand density, but the rate of rise declined as the density increased. Finally, it reached stability when the stand density was above about 3,000 trees ha^?1.     

郁闭度在不同坡向对油松人工林天然更新的影响

为了促进油松林的天然更新,选择河北省木兰林管局克勒沟林场不同坡向、不同郁闭度的油松林,在郁闭度分别为<0.3、0.3～0.6、>0.6的地块,设置5m×5m的样方,调查2年生以上实生苗数量。结果表明:阴坡郁闭度在0.3～0.6最适宜人工油松林天然更新。     

Belowground carbon allocation in unfertilized and fertilized red pine plantations in northern Wisconsin

We estimated carbon allocation to belowground processes in unfertilized and fertilized red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) plantations in northern Wisconsin to determine how soil fertility affects belowground allocation patterns. We used soil CO(2) efflux and litterfall measurements to estimate total belowground carbon allocation (root production and root respiration) by the carbon balance method, established root-free trenched plots to examine treatment effects on microbial respiration, estimated fine root production by sequential coring, and developed allometric equations to estimate coarse root production. Fine root production ranged from 150 to 284 g m(-2) year(-1) and was significantly lower for fertilized plots than for unfertilized plots. Coarse root production ranged from 60 to 90 g m(-2) year(-1) and was significantly lower for fertilized plots than for unfertilized plots. Annual soil CO(2) fluxes ranged from 331 to 541 g C m(-2) year(-1) and were significantly lower for fertilized plots than for unfertilized plots. Annual foliage litterfall ranged from 110 to 187 g C m(-2) year(-1) and was significantly greater for fertilized plots than for unfertilized plots. Total belowground carbon allocation ranged from 188 to 395 g C m(-2) year(-1) and was significantly lower for fertilized than for unfertilized plots. Annual soil CO(2) flux was lower for trenched plots than for untrenched plots but did not differ between fertilized and unfertilized trenched plots. Collectively, these independent estimates suggest that fertilization decreased the relative allocation of carbon belowground.     

Predicted leaf area growth and foliage efficiency of loblolly pine plantations

Foliage dynamics research is helpful for better understanding the process of forest production and improving silvicultural practice. However, the difficulty of measuring foliage amount has slowed down the research progress. Since leaf area of an individual tree can be reliably predicted from its diameter, growth and yield models that provide detailed information for each diameter class can be used to benefit foliage dynamics research. Simulation results from a growth and yield system for unthinned loblolly pine plantations indicated that foliage area increased with stand age, peaked between ages 36 and 51, and decreased after that. Volume growth increased with leaf area for young stands and decreased for older stands, whereas foliage efficiency consistently decreased with age. Better sites supported higher levels of leaf area index, volume growth, and foliage efficiency. Higher planting densities led to higher maximum leaf area indices and shorter time to reach that level. Initial density had no effect on foliage efficiency through time.     

Incidence of Cronartium ribicola in Finnish botanical gardens and five-needle pine plantations in northern Finland

Abstract

Stump removal procedure increases the extent of exposed mineral soil in the clear felled areas. In this study, our aim was to find out whether the early growth and mycorrhization of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) seedlings differ between stump removal and mounding sites. Stumps were harvested from five one-hectare study sites and other five sites were mounded after clear felling. Twenty seedlings were planted on mounds at each study site. Although the height of spruce seedlings did not differ between the treatments after three growing periods, their mean growth was ca. 10% higher at the stump removal sites. The community of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) in the seedling roots did not differ between the treatments. The high mycorrhization rate in the nursery still remained after two and three growing seasons in the field and diversity of ECM community slightly increased during the first years. Our results indicate some positive although rather small and transient effects of stump removal on the performance of planted spruce seedlings. Longer-term studies are needed to fully understand the effects of stump removal on the later seedling development and their symbiotic interactions with mycorrhizal fungi.     

河北省塞罕坝地区樟子松人工林的生物量

为了解塞罕坝地区樟子松人工林生长状况及生物量大小,给该地区樟子松林的经营及生态功能的评价提供科学依据,建立了该地区樟子松生物量模型,并对樟子松林生物量的大小及其分配规律进行了探讨。研究结果表明,该地区单株各器官生物量的最优模型形式均为CAR类型,且均达到显著或极显著水平,分别为W_干=0.026 8 D~(2.643 6)、W_枝=0.061 2 D~(1.862 7)、W_叶=0.112 4 D~(1.542 9)、W_果=0.000 04 D~(3.311)和W_整=0.093 D~(2.342 9);I地位级樟子松平均单株生物量明显高于II地位级,但林分总生物量则相反;与其他分布地区相比,该地区樟子松林生物量处于较高水平;樟子松生物量分配由高到低依次为干、枝、叶、果,其所占比重分别为50.87%~80.66%、10.76%~23.54%、7.31%~24.28%和0.34%~1.25%;树干生物量所占比重随林分年龄及胸径的增加而增加,枝和叶所占比例则随林分年龄和胸径的增加而逐渐下降。     

Individual-tree diameter growth models for black spruce and jack pine plantations in northern Ontario

Individual-tree distance independent diameter growth models were developed for black spruce and jack pine plantations. Data used in this study came via stem analysis on 1170 black spruce (Picea mariana [Mill.] B.S.P.) and 800 jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) trees sampled from 75 stands of 25 even-aged monospecific plantations for each species in the Canadian boreal forest region of northern Ontario. Of the 75 stands, 50 were randomly selected for each species and all trees from these stands were used for model development. Trees from the remaining stands were used for model evaluation.A nonlinear mixed-effects approach was applied in fitting the diameter growth models. The predictive accuracy of the models was improved by including random effects coefficients. Four selection criteria - random, dominant or codominant, tree size close to quadratic mean diameter, and small sized - were evaluated for accuracy in predicting random effects for a new stand using the developed models. Random effects predicted based on trees selected using the random selection criterion provided more accurate diameter predictions than those using trees obtained via other selection criteria for both species. The models developed here are very important to forest managers as the diameters predicted by these models or, their stand-level summaries (i.e., basal area, average diameter), are used as inputs in any forest growth and yield models. In addition, individual-tree diameter growth models can be used to directly forecast changes in diameter distribution of stands.     

Stand basal area modelling for Chinese fir plantations using an artificial neural network model

Artificial neural network models are a popular estimation tool for fitting nonlinear relationships because they require no assumptions about the form of the fitting function,non-Gaussian distributions,multicollinearity,outliers and noise in the data.The problems of backpropagation models using artificial neural networks include determination of the structure of the network and overlearning courses.According to data from 1981 to 2008 from 15 permanent sample plots on Dagangshan Mountain in Jiangxi Province,a back-propagation artificial neural network model(BPANN)and a support vector machine model(SVM)for basal area of Chinese fir(Cunninghamia lanceolata)plantations were constructed using four kinds of prediction factors,including stand age,site index,surviving stem numbers and quadratic mean diameters.Artificial intelligence methods,especially SVM,could be effective in describing stand basal area growth of Chinese fir under different growth conditions with higher simulation precision than traditional regression models.SVM and the Chapman–Richards nonlinear mixed-effects model had less systematic bias than the BPANN.     

Carbon dynamics and stability between native Masson pine and exotic slash pine plantations in subtropical China

Afforestation and ecological restoration have often been carried out with fast-growing exotic tree species because of their high apparent growth and yield. Moreover, fast-growing forest plantations have become an important component of mitigation measures to offset greenhouse gas emissions. However, information on the long-term performance of exotic and fast-growing species is often lacking especially with respect to their vulnerability to disturbance compared to native species. We compared carbon (C) storage and C accumulation rates in vegetation (above- and belowground) and soil in 21-year-old exotic slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) and native Masson pine (Pinus massoniana Lamb.) plantations, as well as their responses to a severe ice storm in 2008. Our results showed that mean C storage was 116.77 ± 7.49 t C ha^?1 in slash pine plantation and 117.89 ± 8.27 t C ha^?1 in Masson pine plantation. The aboveground C increased at a rate of 2.18 t C ha^?1 year^?1 in Masson pine and 2.23 t C ha^?1 year^?1 in slash pine plantation, and there was no significant difference in C storage accumulation between the two plantation types. However, we observed significant differences in ice storm damage with nearly 7.5 % of aboveground biomass loss in slash pine plantation compared with only 0.3 % loss in Masson pine plantation. Our findings indicated that the native pine species was more resistant to ice storm because of their adaptive biological traits (tree shape, crown structure, and leaf surface area). Overall, the native pine species might be a safer choice for both afforestation and ecological restoration in our study region.     

黑龙江省东南部山区人工型生态经济林的建立

针对黑龙江省东南部山区水土流失严重的问题 ,结合“八五”国家攻关的成果和经验 ,提出了本地区建立人工型生态经济林的方法和步骤 ,以促进生态环境和经济向可持续方向发展