纸浆材人工林复合轮伐期的讨论

针对我国纸浆材人工林的经营现状和存在的问题,本文提出了复合轮伐期的概念。纸浆材人工林实行复合轮伐期经营的材积收获量,将比单一轮伐期经营高出20%,再加上复合轮伐期生产的大径锯材市场价格高的因素,相应的经济收益将高出更多。复合轮伐期充分利用了地力和林木生长的潜力,它不仅是纸浆材轮伐期和大径锯材轮伐期的复合,也是经营目的的复合,体现了现代林业多目标培育林木的经营原则。     

The effect of Sirex noctilio infestation and fire damage on the chemical composition of South African-grown Pinus patula pulpwood

The infection and association between the wood wasp Sirex noctilio and the fungus Amylostereum areolatum is responsible for large-scale tree mortality in the Midlands of the KwaZulu-Natal province in South Africa. An exploratory investigation on the effect of the infestation of trees by the wood wasp and its associated fungus on the chemical composition of Pinus patula pulpwood was undertaken. Various tree classes representing different levels of physiological growth stress from this infestation were compared. Together with the above stress agents, fire damage to P. patula trees was also considered as a possible cause of changes in pulpwood chemical composition. Chemical analyses to determine the Seifert cellulose and Klason lignin contents as well as the levels of water- and solvent-soluble extractives were conducted using published Tappi standard methods. The results indicated only negligible differences between infestation levels (tree classes) with respect to Seifert cellulose and Klason lignin contents. In contrast, highly significant differences were observed for solvent- and water-borne extractives. It is evident from the results that P. patula trees engage a defence strategy to counter the effects of the infestation and the resulting physiological stress. The results of the chemical analyses suggest that trees should not be harvested any younger than the intended rotation age of 12 years and at the time of harvesting all the biomass, including the infected wood, should be sent to the pulp mill. Fire-damaged trees can be utilised in the same way as healthy trees when applying the TMP process provided the charcoal on the outer bark is removed. The usefulness of a biplot to simultaneously display the various tree classes and their chemical composition is illustrated.     

尾叶桉纸浆材化学成分等在树干高度上的变异

分析了５个试验地尾叶桉纸浆材的主要化学成分含量和ｐＨ值在树干高度上的差异和变化趋势．结果表明,在５个试验地中,尾叶桉材的化学成分含量及ｐＨ值在树干高度上的变异情况大致相同．在不同的树干高度上,木材热水抽提物含量、纤维素含量和木素含量的差异达１％显著性水平;质量分数为１％ＮａＯＨ抽提物含量和戊聚糖含量的差异达５％显著性水平;冷水抽提物含量和ｐＨ值无统计上的显著性差异．由树基向上,冷水抽提物、热水抽提物和木素的含量呈渐低趋势;戊聚糖含量和木材ｐＨ值呈渐高趋势;１％ＮａＯＨ抽提物含量树干中部较低,两端较高;纤维素含量树干中部稍高,两端稍低．     

Element concentrations and storage in the aboveground biomass of limed and unlimed Norway spruce trees at Höglwald

Twenty years after the application of dolomitic limestone to a well growing, mature Norway spruce stand at Höglwald, Southern Germany an amount of magnesium equal to the input by liming has left the rooting zone. However, 80% of the applied calcium was retained by the ecosystem. A detailed biomass investigation was carried out in order to elaborate whether the stand shows any nutritional benefits and if the aboveground tree biomass represents a sink for calcium and magnesium after liming. Stem wood, bark, branches, twigs, and needles were analysed for the major nutrients. Needles showed higher calcium and magnesium concentrations and significantly lower potassium concentrations on the limed plot. Surprisingly, limed trees had significantly lower magnesium concentrations in the bark but higher concentrations in twigs and needles than unlimed trees. In addition, significantly lower concentrations for potassium, sulphur, and phosphorus were measured in the bark of limed trees, whereas the element concentrations in the wood were rather similar between the two treatments. The low potassium concentrations in bark and needles indicate an impeded potassium uptake after liming presumably due to a calcium potassium antagonism. Magnesium is probably used to compensate the relative lack of potassium. The small differences in the calculated nutrient storage of limed and unlimed trees, however, suggest that the aboveground biomass can be excluded as a relevant sink for the applied calcium and magnesium at the Höglwald site.     

Effect of thinning intensity on tree growth and temporal variation of seed and cone production in a Pinus koraiensis plantation

Thinning of Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis Sieb. et Zucc.) is used to facilitate timber and cone production. The present study in Northeast China investigated the effects of thinning intensity on individual tree growth, temporal variation in cone yield, and seed quality in Korean pine plantation. In 2005, five thinning intensity levels (none, extreme, heavy, moderate and light) were set in 15 permanent plots in a 32-year-old Korean pine plantation at Mengjiagang Forest Farm, Jiamusi City, Heilongjiang Province. We recorded tree growth and seed cone production from 2013 to 2016, i.e., from 8 to 11 years after thinning. Except for height growth, thinning increased tree growth (diameter at breast height and crown size) and improved cone yield. The extreme thinning treatment (to 300 trees per hectare) resulted in the largest tree diameter, tree volume, crown size and 4-year cone production per tree. The highest cone yield per tree in the mast year (2014) was observed when stands were thinned to 500 trees per hectare (heavy thinning). Although the best cone and seed quality and the largest cone and seed mass per tree were recorded in the heavily thinned stand, no significant differences were found between heavy and moderate thinning stands (750 trees per hectare). At the stand level, the moderately thinned stand had the highest basal area, stock volume and seed cone production per stand. Our results suggest that thinning to 750 trees per hectare will improve timber and cone productivity in 40-year-old P. koraiensis stands.     

Thinning alters crown dynamics and biomass increment within aboveground tissues in young stands of Chamaecyparis obtusa

The stand density of a forest affects the vertical distribution of foliage. Understanding the dynamics of this response is important for the study of crown structure and function, carbon-budget estimation, and forest management. We investigated the effect of tree density on the vertical distribution of foliage, branch, and stem growth, and ratio of biomass increment in aboveground tissues; by monitoring all first-order branches of five trees each from thinned and unthinned control stands of 10-year-old Chamaecyparis obtusa for four consecutive years. In the control stand, the foliage crown shifted upward with height growth but the foliage quantity of the whole crown did not increase. In addition, the vertical distribution of leaf mass shifted from lower-crown skewed to upper-crown skewed. In the thinned stand in contrast, the foliage quantity of individual crowns increased two-fold within 4 years, while the vertical distribution of leaf mass remained lower-crown skewed. The two stands had similar production rates, numbers of first-order branches per unit of tree height, and total lengths of first-order branches. However, the mortality rate of first-order branches and self-pruning within a first-order branch were significantly higher in the control stand than in the thinned stand, which resulted in a higher ratio of biomass increment in branch. Thinning induced a higher ratio of biomass increment in foliage and lower in branch. The increased foliage quantity and variation in ratio of biomass increment after thinning stimulated stem growth of residual trees. These results provide information that will be useful when considering thinning regimes and stand management.     

Importance of soil extractable phosphorus distribution for mature Norway spruce nutrition and productivity

Phosphorus is an essential nutrient for forest growth. In this study, we assessed the impact of soil extractable phosphorus using two simple extraction methods on nutrition and productivity of Norway spruce in sixteen mature forest stands on different bedrocks and soils in Bavaria, Southern Germany. Representative trees were sampled for needles, twigs, branches, stem bark, and stem wood. Total phosphorus content in the tree parts and soil phosphorus stock extractable with citric acid and sodium bicarbonate up to a soil depth of 80 cm were determined. We found that easily soil extractable phosphorus is a suitable indicator for estimating phosphorus uptake and stand productivity in Norway spruce. In contrast, organic layer phosphorus showed no significant correlation with aboveground biomass phosphorus contents. In the biomass, the highest phosphorus contents were measured in young needles and twigs, but the highest correlation with soil phosphorus was detected for phosphorus contents in needles and bark. The stock of phosphorus extracted by citric acid down to 40 cm soil depth revealed the best correlation with phosphorus in needles and bark. Therefore, as a supplemental or alternative method to needle analysis, our study suggests the use of phosphorus contents in stem bark to evaluate tree phosphorus nutrition. These results highlight the suitability of the citric acid soil extraction method to characterize plant available phosphorus in Norway spruce ecosystems.     

The effects of partial cutting on stand structure and growth of western hemlock–Sitka spruce stands in southeast Alaska

The effects of partial cutting on species composition, new and residual-tree cohorts, tree size distribution, and tree growth was evaluated on 73 plots in 18 stands throughout southeast Alaska. These partially cut stands were harvested 12–96 years ago, when 16–96% of the former stand basal area was removed.Partial cutting maintained stand structures similar to uncut old-growth stands, and the cutting had no significant effects on tree species composition. The establishment of new-tree cohorts was positively related to the proportion of basal-area cut. The current stand basal area, tree species composition, and stand growth were significantly related to trees left after harvest (p<0.001). Trees that were 20–80 cm dbh at the time of cutting had the greatest tree-diameter and basal-area growth and contributed the most to stand growth. Diameter growth of Sitka spruce and western hemlock was similar, and the proportion of stand basal-area growth between species was consistent for different cutting intensities.Concerns about changing tree species composition, lack of spruce regeneration, and greatly reduced stand growth and vigor with partial cuts were largely unsubstantiated. Silvicultural systems based on partial cutting can provide rapidly growing trees for timber production while maintaining complex stand structures with mixtures of spruce and hemlock trees similar to old-growth stands.     

Effects of wide spacing and thinning strategies on wood quality in Norway spruce (Picea abies) stands in southern Sweden

Abstract

The initial density of a stand influences both the prethinning growth and the quality of the harvested trees. This study investigated the effects of different square spacings (2.0, 2.5 and 3.0 m) with thinning from above and thinning from below on stand development and tree characteristics in a 33-year-old Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] plantation in southern Sweden. Before thinning the total standing volume was not significantly different between treatments. Diameter at breast height (dbh) and diameter of the thickest branch were positively correlated. Before thinning, dbh of the trees and their thickest branches were significantly higher in the stands with 3.0 m spacing. After thinning, the dbh and the diameter of the thickest branch did not significantly differ between the 3.0 m spacing with thinning from above and 2.0 and 2.5 m spacing with thinning from below. Spacing did not significantly influence the presence or size of spike knots. The results suggest that a combination of wide spacing with thinning from above may yield timber of similar quality to denser spacing with thinning from below.     

梯田堰边老龄低产花椒树更新改造研究

以梯田堰边老龄低产花椒为试材,采用随机区组设计进行不同修剪试验。发现刻芽、中截、重截、疏枝修剪处理均能促进新梢生长,提高叶绿素含量,显著提高花椒单株产量、穗重,增加花椒出皮率。以疏枝处理对花椒新梢生长、果实产量品质影响最显著。平茬更新处理的花椒树的叶色浓绿、叶片肥厚、生长壮旺,果实产量和枝量明显高于对照树,复壮效果明显。     

Timber quality after thinning from above and below in stands of Pinus sylvestris

Timber quality and logging damage after different thinning types in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stands were studied in a field experiment in north Sweden. Thinning operations were mechanized and carried out according to normal Swedish practise. The treatments were thinning from below and thinning from above. The quality of the residual stand was evaluated using variables such as diameter of the thickest branch, stem taper, annual ring width, straightness and lean of trees. The only variables showing differences between treatments were lean of tree and stem straightness. No difference in the frequency of trees with logging damage was found. The conclusion of this study is that differences between thinning types in first thinning may be evened out when carried out as in commercial forestry due to extraction of strip road and damaged trees. Consequently, differences in timber quality and logging damage in the residual stand may be small.     

THE MANUFACTURE OF RAYON PULP IN SOUTH AFRICA

The utilization of plantation soils for the growing of pine pulpwood is discussed.

Different tree species make different demands on soil fertility and all tree species grown in S. Africa for commercial purposes also show a fairly wide range ofadaptability to soil fertility and site quality.

Generally plantation soils in this country have reasonable soil depth, good drainage and fair moisture supply but soil fertility levels in higher rainfall areas are often low.

Fertilization in the nursery, at planting time and at an age of 7–10 years of the stand could increase pulpwood yields by about 50 per cent.

Fertilization, cultivation thinning and other silvicultural work which promotes tree growth, all seem to have a similar influence on timber quality. Generally improved rate of growth results in higher timber yields both in total volume and total cellulose yield.

Land available for forestry purposes is limited in this country and it is of great economic and even strategic importance that this land be fully exploited.     

抚育间伐对杉木人工林生长及出材量的影响

间伐对人工林生长及木材质量具有重要影响。在浙江开化开展了间伐强度（强度、中度和对照）和间伐方式（间伐1次,间伐2次）对杉木人工林生长及出材量等的影响研究,第1试验区大径材培育林分在第7年和第14年进行了2次间伐,第2试验区中径材培育林分仅在第12年时进行1次间伐。结果表明：22年生大径材培育林分和19年生中径材培育林分不同间伐处理之间树高、总断面积的差异均不显著。间伐显著增加了林木胸径的生长,大径材培育林分强度和中度间伐处理的平均胸径分别比对照增加13.78%和9.69%,中径材培育林分强度和中度间伐处理的平均胸径分别比对照增加12.28%和7.02%。间伐显著促进了林木单株材积的增加,2组试验林分活立木材积随着间伐强度的增加而降低,第1试验区22年生林分不同间伐强度之间活立木材积的差异不显著（P>0.05）,第2试验区强度间伐活立木材积显著低于对照（P<0.05）,中度间伐林分活立木材积与对照和强度间伐之间的差异不显著（P>0.05）。2组试验林分总蓄积和出材量也随着间伐强度的增加而降低,二者在3种间伐处理之间均没有显著差异（P>0.05）。间伐强度不能有效增加林分活立木材积和林分出材量,间伐次数对林分出材量及出材规格有重要影响。试验区杉木大径材培育以2次间伐,总间伐强度50%左右较为适宜,而中径材培育则以1次中度间伐（约25%）为宜。     

Effects of thinning on nutrient content pools in two Pinus sylvestris forests in the western Pyrenees

Abstract

Nutrient content [nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg)] in needles, branches and stems before (P0, not thinned) and after thinning (P20 and P30, 20% and 30% of basal area removed, respectively) was studied in 37- and 32-year-old Pinus sylvestris L. forests in the western Pyrenees: Garde and Aspurz. Thinning significantly decreased all nutrient pools in P20 and P30 relative to P0 on both sites, but no significant differences were found between P20 and P30 owing to low statistical power. Thinning increased the differences between the two forests for total above-ground content of P and Mg, and for the content of N, P and K in the 1999 needles cohort. The former result was due in part to the higher concentration of P (needles and branches) and Mg (needles) in Garde. Therefore, the importance of needles relative to the other nutrient pools increased for N and P after thinning. This may have resulted from the fact that the removal of dead trees with low needle biomass was greater in Garde than in Aspurz. Based on the percentage of basal area removed, nutrient removal in Garde for P30 was higher than expected, apparently owing to an increase in branch removal relative to P20. These results indicate that effects of thinning on nutrient pools were influenced by differences in stand structure and nutrient tissue concentrations between sites.     

The effects of timing of pre-commercial thinning and stand density on stem form and branch characteristics of Pinus sylvestris

The effects of pre-commercial thinning on tree and branch characteristicswere analysed at two experimental sites in northern Sweden,where pre-thinning of Scots pine stands to 600, 1000 and 1800stems per hectares at heights of 1.5, 3, 5 and 7 m had beencombined in a factorial design. A total of 90 trees were cutand branches were measured in whorls sampled at 1-m intervals,starting with the whorl closest to 0.5 m above ground. Effectsof the treatments on tree and branch characteristics were analysedby a fixed-effect analysis of variance model, which was appliedseparately for each experimental site and whorl height. Diameterat breast height (d.b.h.) and living crown to height ratio decreased,while the height/d.b.h. ratio (stem form) increased with increasingstand density, and generally with increased height at thinning.No treatment effect was found on the number of branches perwhorl or branch angle, but branch diameter (BD) was significantlyinfluenced by both stand density after thinning and height atthinning. BD decreased with increases in stand density and decreasedwith increases in height at pre-commercial thinning. Relativebranch size (RBS), defined as the ratio between the sum of thediameters of branches in a whorl and stem perimeter under barkat the location of that whorl, was significantly influencedonly by stand height at the time of treatment. RBS decreasedby 4–6 per cent in whorls located below the current baseof the living crown with each step increase in stand heightat pre-commercial thinning. The results indicate that the numberof stems after pre-commercial thinning has a greater impacton tree size and shape than timing of pre-commercial thinning.Stand density after thinning also has a greater impact on branchsize, in the sense that it will affect branch size further upthe tree than the timing of pre-commercial thinning. However,by delaying the time for pre-commercial thinning it is possibleto reduce the RBS in the lower part of the stem. This mightbe an important measure to improve timber quality later in therotation period, which cannot be done solely by regulating standdensity.     

火炬松纸浆林材性变异和优质原料培育期的确定*

１６年生火炬松纸浆材性状研究表明：管胞长度径向呈递增稳定的模式，纵向呈递减变化；其长宽比变异类似于管胞长度的变化；管胞长度变化范围为１．４０３～４．４５６ｍｍ，长宽比为４６．７～７０．１，腔径比为０．７１１～０．７８６，壁腔比为０．３８１～０．４９６。基本密度径向由０．３２４ｇ／ｃｍ３递增到０．４２８ｇ／ｃｍ３；纵向递减，其均值变动于０．３１４～０．４０１ｇ／ｃｍ２；株间木材密度均值与管胞长度两性状不相关。纤维素含量由髓心附近３７．０４％递增到树皮附近４３．９１％，木素、多缩戊糖含量分别由２８．７８％、１４．５９％递减到２５．７４％、１２．０５％，其苯醇抽出物含量变化在２．１２％～８．３８％之间。火炬松木材幼龄期约为１０～１３ａ。基于火炬松木材各树龄材性的变化，结合生长量指标，确定其短周期纸浆林适宜采伐树龄约为１２～１３ａ。     

Growth effects of thinning damage in a Corsican pine (Pinus laricio Poiret) stand in central Italy

Damage to residual stand after partial harvesting or thinning may lead to serious economic losses in terms of both timber quality at the final harvest, and tree growth reduction. Logging damages and their effect on tree growth were studied in a long term experiment on Corsican pine in central Italy. Damage frequency, agent (felling, skidding), position (root damage, stem base, between 0.3 and 1 m a.g.l., >1 m a.g.l.) and severity (light, severe) and tree growth were measured after selective thinning from below and at 10 years after the treatment. In detail, we aimed at: monitoring mechanical damages to trees at the end of thinning and after 10 years; and assessing stand stability, growing stock, ring width and basal area at 10 years after the thinning. The thinning removed about 20% of volume, 38% of trees and 26% of basal area. The basal area decreased from 56 m² ha⁻¹ to 42 m² ha⁻¹ but after 10 years it increased again to 56 m² ha⁻¹. Immediately after thinning, 13.6% of the standing trees was damaged, out of these 36.17% showed severe injuries. Damages to standing trees were mainly due to skidding. Ten years after thinning, the percentage of damaged trees was about 17%, out of which 86.67% showed severe wounds. An increase of damaged trees and of trees with severe wounds was observed suggesting that a deeper knowledge on long-term effect of logging damages is needed. This study did not highlight any effect of logging damage on tree growth. In fact, no difference in ring width was recorded between damaged and undamaged trees.