桥北林业局林地保护利用规划初探

针对桥北林业局林地资源现状和林地保护取得的成效,分析了该林区林地保护利用面临的问题,根据2010年国家林业局对全国林业系统编制县级林地保护利用10年规划的要求,阐述了桥北林业局林地保护利用规划的总体目标,提出通过严格控制林地用途、实行林地分级管理和加强森林资源保护等一系列措施,确保林地保护利用规划目标的顺利实现。     

对实施森林健康工作的一些探讨

本文针对中美合作陕西省佛坪森林健康示范项目,探讨了森林健康理念和在林业生产中的作用.在实施过程中要因地制宜,分类指导,要科学造林,从源头营造健康森林;要科学经营,保持生物多样性,维持森林的稳定性,加强对现有天然林及天然次生林的保护,提高森林质量.     

天然林保护工程投入政策、存在问题及对策

天然林保护工程是一个复杂的社会系统工程,它不只是对现在天然林资源实施严加保护,而且还包括木材产量调减、公益林建设、企业富余人员分流安置、企业银行债务以及地方政府财政减收等问题。工程涉及范围广、任务重、资金量大,实施困难。为保证工程预期目标的实现,政府在工程资金使用、税收和银行贷款偿还方面制定了一系列优惠政策。尽管如此,由于我国缺乏天然林经营管理经验,又无现成的模式可供采用,随着工程的实施,工程政策的不完善、不配套、不健全日益暴露出来,政府应根据工程实际需要及时调整有关政策,推动工程的顺利实施。     

Maximum entropy modeling of mature hardwood forest distribution in four U.S. states

In the eastern United States, mature hardwood forest provides habitat for many species of native flora and fauna, but is much less common now than historically. This study examined the utility of maximum entropy modeling and spatial application to identify ecosystem types like mature hardwood forest. I performed pilot modeling in Charles County, Maryland, where I compared fine-scale geographic data available locally to coarse-scale data available nationally. As expected, a model constructed with the best locally available data, including LiDAR-derived canopy height and fine-scale soil maps, outperformed a model constructed with nationally consistent data. However, the model using national data nevertheless accurately identified most mature hardwood forest sites and excluded most young forest. I then applied the coarse-scale approach to four states: Pennsylvania, Ohio, Kentucky, and Tennessee. Average test AUC (area under the receiver operating curve) based on 10 replicates varied from 0.76 to 0.80 when comparing mature hardwood forest locations to general forest locations. The maximum training or test sensitivity plus specificity threshold, depending on the state, captured 78-79% of positive locations while rejecting 74-81% of negative locations. The maximum entropy approach is versatile, and can be applied to other ecosystems and species.     

Drivers and Barriers to Change to Governance in Small-Scale Forestry

The progressive introduction of new modes of governance promoted by the international dialogue on forests during the last 20 years has resulted in a concrete change of the management of the forests, with a new style of relationship between the public authority and the local actors. The change has been considerable in some specific situations, for instance when the State plays a major role in public decisions and when the continuing economic transformation increases the importance of private estates. In both cases, small-scale forestry is especially concerned. Based on detailed examples selected in various situations where this change is significant, in western Europe (Belgium, France, Germany) and in transitioning (Kyrgyzstan, Ukraine) and developing (Marocco) countries, this special issue of the Small-scale Forestry sheds a new light on the capability of small-scale forestry to adapt to a transformation of the system of public decision-making. In most cases analysed, the barriers to adaptation, usually presented as resulting from fragmentation of the management decisions and a great number and diversity of stakeholders, also appear as drivers to change, in a global process where networks of actors are recomposed and power redistributed along a new scheme of national and regional links.     

Use of LiDAR and supplemental data to estimate forest maturity in Charles County,MD, USA

This study evaluated the utility of remotely sensed data to estimate forest maturity within Charles County, MD. We calculated tree canopy height using airborne scanning LiDAR (light detection and ranging) data over the entire county, and compared this to crown top height, stand age, and other data collected from randomly selected plots on the ground. Canopy height was a strong predictor of forest age, and we improved predictive power by including other variables such as land cover, slope, stream proximity, wetlands, and floodplains. These comparisons allowed us to construct a spatial model classifying forest in the study area into three age categories: ≤30 years old, 30–70 years old, and >70 years old, corresponding to young, intermediate, and mature. This spatial model was used to help characterize ecosystem condition and wildlife habitat, and help prioritize conservation decisions in the study area.     

Songgye,a traditional knowledge system for sustainable forest management in Choson Dynasty of Korea

Throughout the history of the world, the best-orchestrated and publicly cohesive reforestation event occurred in South Korea. One of the best-known causes for such a success was the leadership of the government at that time, in particular the president Park Chung Hee. However, from forestry point of view, it evolved from Songgye, a traditional method of forest management evolved in late Choson Dynasty of Korea in reaction to rapid privatization of national forests by the elite class and government officials. Songgye was a unique social institution to promote sustainable use of local forests by local citizens. The primary goals of Songgye were to determine the annual amount of harvest and assign certain areas for specific uses and activities. Songgye also organized various activities within the community to prevent wild fires and illegal logging and smuggling, besides setting up rules and regulations to control activities as well as infringements. Songgye, remembered today as a cultural reminiscence, played a significant role in the success of reforestation of denuded landscapes after colonization and war.     

侧柏水土保持林林分结构类型的研究

通过对侧柏林分结构特性、林地立地条件、林分密度的研究分析,证实了植被盖度、林地立地条件、林分密度对土壤侵蚀有重要影响。采用挑选主导因子分析的方法,筛选出郁闭度、草本盖度、灌木盖度三个主导因子,并将其林分划分出高结构型、高中结构型、中结构型、中低结构型、低结构型５个水土保持结构类型,为河南省太行山区营造水土保持林提供了依据。     

泉阳林业局森林资源现状与林地保护利用措施

本文分析了吉林省泉阳林业局的森林资源现状及存在问题,并针对这些问题,提出了增加森林面积、提高森林质量以及科学实施林地保护利用的措施。     

森林浴及森林浴场的开发

开展森林浴活动,既是对森林的一种新的利用途径,又能满足人们渴望“回归大自然”、休闲保健的需求。开发森林浴场具有广阔的发展前景,但必须具备一定的资源环境条件,在森林浴场的选址和项目设施建设方面,也必须综合考虑森林浴的保健、休闲旅游功能。     

提高设计质量是实施天然林保护工程的基本保证

在天然林保护工程实施过程中,森林调查设计具有重要作用。本文从合理区划、蓄积量调查、采伐强度、更新方式等方面,论述了提高调查设计质量应采取的措施。     

Forest Taxes,Timber Concessions,and Policy Choices in the Amazon

Abstract

In many countries of Africa and Asia, timber production is dominated by concession contracts in public forests. In the neo-tropics, however, timber production occurs on both public and private lands; a mixture that moves countries of the neo-tropics towards the complex systems of forestry sectors in the developed world. Therefore, much of the forest taxation and public forest management literature that currently exists is pertinent to new forest policy decisions in developing countries. Unfortunately, the similarities between forest policies in the neo-tropics and those of developed countries have largely been ignored. This paper begins the process of bridging that gap to show how existing literature is important to the design of timber concessions and accompanying policy instrument design. Although the principles we discuss here apply in any mixed harvest forest economy, we use Brazil as an example because it is in the process of adopting a system of timber concessions in national forests. In our discussion, we suggest that concessions are not a perfect substitute for private forestry in the neo-tropics; concession and other instrument policies must be designed jointly; and because concession policies and government revenue objectives may be linked, the expansion of concessions must be carefully monitored.     

Forest policy in aroused society: Ukrainian post-Orange Revolution challenges

With the collapse of the communist regime the market changes were introduced in Ukraine, as in other Central and Eastern European Countries, including forestry sector. Reform was not as radical as in other sectors of economy, nor in the forestry sector as in some other countries of region. Ukraine is involved in international forest policy dialogue, particularly Intergovernmental and Pan-European processes of the forest sector development on the principles of sustainability, but implementation of international agreements needs to be sounder in practice.This paper discusses the current situation in forest sector and achievements and failures in economic, environmental, and social aspects of forest sector development. Policy and institutional mechanisms to develop the sustainable forest management (SFM) approaches are discussed. We analyze preconditions for institutional building (legislature, institutions, policy actors) looking at both the existing potential and the constraints in the realization of urgent tasks that arise in the economy in a period of transition. Specific attention is given to the national forest policy conception and forest sector development prospects.     

Threshold effects of variable retention harvesting on understory plant communities in the boreal mixedwood forest

We studied the effects of six levels of dispersed green-tree retention (GTR) harvesting (clearcut (0%), 10%, 20%, 50%, and 75%, and unharvested reference (100%)) on understory plant communities in the 8th growing season post-harvest in the mixedwood boreal forest in northwestern Alberta. For the partial harvest treatments (10%, 20%, 50%, 75%) sample plots were located in the partially harvested (retention) strips as well as in the intervening machine corridors used by the harvesting equipment. The understory plant community was significantly influenced by the gradient of retention level. The cover of understory vegetation, especially graminoids, increased with increasing harvesting intensity for the retention strips and overall considering both plots types. Species richness was unaffected by retention level but did decrease as tree density increased. Lower levels of retention lead to increased abundance of early successional, shade-intolerant species. The results suggest a threshold in understory response to GTR harvesting between the 10% and 20% retention treatments. In terms of understory cover and composition, machine corridors within partially harvested forests resembled clearcuts. The results suggest that retaining more than 10% during GTR harvesting could have significant benefits in terms of maintaining understory plant communities more similar to unharvested reference forest.     

Evaluation of environmental functions of tropical forest in Kinabalu Park, Sabah, Malaysia using GIS and remote sensing techniques: Implications to forest conservation planning

Environmental functions of tropical forest can serve as criteria for forest conservation planning in the tropics. The objective of this study is to evaluate the environmental functions of tropical forest in Kinabalu Park, Sabah, Malaysia, using GIS and remote sensing techniques. Field data, statistical data, including weather data with geographic localities, maps and satellite image are collected. Linear regression models are developed for forests of different geological substrates, based on the relationships between altitude and biodiversity (Fisher’s alpha index). Biodiversity conservation function map is derived with the statistical models and a digital elevation model. Coupling with extensive literature review, an evaluation matrix for evaluating soil and water conservation functions including landslide prevention, flood prevention and drought prevention functions, is constructed. To evaluate the soil and water conservation functions, a weighted linear combination method is used with GIS layers of topography, geology, soil depth, rainfall and slope. Forest areas in Kinabalu Park are derived with land cover mapping using Landsat-TM image. Areas having high values of biodiversity conservation, flood and drought prevention functions are covered with mainly lowland rain forest. On the other hand, areas with high values of the landslide prevention function are covered with mainly subalpine forests. Using the environmental functions, a conservation index is computed to represent forests that are important to conservation. Based on theCI, the lowland rain forest receives highest priority in protection. In fact, it is located in the boundary areas of the park and thus exposed to illegal activities. This study would not be possibly accomplished without the map data as well as other data.