杀虫药剂对茄二十八星瓢虫及瓢虫柄腹姬小蜂的选择毒性

在室内测定了8种杀虫剂对茄二十八星瓢虫幼虫及其主要天敌瓢虫柄腹姬小蜂的毒力。结果 表明，阿维菌素对茄二十八星瓢虫和瓢虫柄腹姬小蜂具有较高的选择性，氰戊菊酯次之，而氟虫腈等则无选择性，建议在天敌较丰富的季节，优先选用阿维菌素防治茄二十八星瓢虫，氰戊菊酯可与阿维菌素交替使用。     

几种杀虫剂防治茄二十八星瓢虫田间药效评价

几种杀虫剂防治茄二十八星瓢虫田间药效评价司升云吴运锋刘小明彭超美（武汉市蔬菜科学研究所４３００６５）（湖北省农药检定所４３００７０）茄二十八星瓢虫是茄果类蔬菜主要害虫,若不及时有效地防治,便造成减产甚至毁产。为指导农民合理用药,筛选对茄果类蔬菜害虫有...     

茄二十八星瓢虫生物防治研究进展

从茄二十八星瓢虫的天敌昆虫、微生物农药、植物提取物3个方面介绍了茄二十八星瓢虫生物防治研究的概况,并提出了今后的研究方向。     

RNAi沉默HvFTZ-F1对茄二十八星瓢虫幼虫存活及发育的影响

茄二十八星瓢虫Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata是茄科植物上的一种重要害虫,对我国的作物生产造成了严重的经济损失。RNAi（RNA inteference）被认为是防控这种害虫的一种新策略。FTZ-F1是昆虫生长发育过程中重要的调控基因。本研究通过饲喂茄二十八星瓢虫1龄幼虫5 ng/μL dsHvFTZ-F1处理过的茄子叶片,发现幼虫中HvFTZ-F1表达水平显著降低了63.69%,抑制1龄幼虫蜕皮进入2龄,致死率高达65.00%。同时,沉默HvFTZ-F1使得20E相关基因（HvDIB、HvSPOOK、HvSHADOW、HvSHADE、HvE75）表达水平分别降低了85.36%、66.32%、52.74%、31.12%和20.76%;色素沉积相关基因（HvDDC、HvTH、Hvebony）表达水平分别降低了88.74%、91.97%、86.15%;20E滴度和多巴胺滴度分别降低了15.97%和21.38%。综上,HvFTZ-F1在茄二十八星瓢虫的存活和生长发育中起重要作用。HvFTZ-F1可作为一种高效靶标基因用于开发基于RNAi技术的RNA生物农药,用于茄二十八星瓢虫的生物防治。     

怎样区别马铃薯瓢虫和马铃薯甲虫

怎样区别马铃薯瓢虫和马铃薯甲虫１马铃薯瓢虫学名Ｈｅｎｏｓｅｐｉｌａｃｈｎａｖｉｇｉｎｔｉｏｃｔｏｐｕｎｔａｔａ（Ｆａｂ．）别名　二十八星瓢虫，茄二十八星瓢虫分类　鞘翅目　瓢虫科为害　茄科植物为主，最喜食马铃薯、茄、烟草等，其他还为害豆料、葫芦科、菊科...     

不同温度下茄二十八星瓢虫的实验种群生命表

近年来,茄二十八星瓢虫Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata在江汉平原地区危害严重,本研究旨在探明温度对该地区茄二十八星瓢虫生长发育和繁殖的影响,组建茄二十八星瓢虫的实验种群生命表,为该虫防治提供一定的理论依据。本研究采用室内恒温饲养方法,分别设置19℃、22℃、25℃、28℃、31℃和34℃等6个温度,测定各温度下用马铃薯饲养不同虫态的生长发育历期。结果表明,茄二十八星瓢虫在不同恒温条件下各虫态的发育历期随着温度的升高而逐渐缩短,19℃恒温下发育历期最长为32.19 d,31℃恒温下仅为13.15 d。幼虫期和蛹期的发育起点温度分别为10.93和12.13℃,日有效积温为186.04和57.06 d·℃。在19-31℃5个温区下幼虫和蛹的存活率都很高,并依据该温区内的发育起点温度和有效积温建立了发育历期预测式与Logistic模型。在25℃时单雌平均产卵量达到最大值1074.50粒,世代存活率和种群趋势指数最高,分别为93.33%和501.47,高温和低温均不利于其种群数量增加。     

饲喂法RNAi介导的HvCHS1基因沉默抑制茄二十八星瓢虫的存活和发育

几丁质的合成与降解之间的平衡关系影响着昆虫的生长发育,而几丁质合成酶1（chitin synthase 1,CHS1）是昆虫几丁质合成过程中的关键酶之一。本研究旨在使用饲喂法RNAi（RNA interference）探究CHS1对茄二十八星瓢虫Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata存活和发育的影响。基于从茄二十八星瓢虫基因组数据中获得的HvCHS1序列,通过生物信息学方法分析其理化性质及与其他昆虫之间的同源性;运用RT-qPCR技术分析该基因的时空表达特性;通过饲喂体外合成和菌液表达的dsRNAs对茄二十八星瓢虫进行RNAi,统计死亡率、化蛹率,并通过苏木精-伊红（H&E）染色观察HvCHS1基因干扰后的表皮变化。HvCHS1的开放阅读框为4680 bp,编码1559个氨基酸残基,相对分子质量为177.5 kDa。HvCHS1在表皮中的表达水平高于其他组织。此外,通过摄食体外合成的dsHvCHS1导致茄二十八星瓢虫存活率和化蛹率显著下降,存在明显的剂量依赖效应,摄食50 ng/µL、250 ng/µL和500 ng/µL dsHvCHS1的1龄幼虫死亡率分别为42.00%、82.00%和94.00%,摄食50 ng/µL、100 ng/µL和200 ng/µL dsHvCHS1的4龄幼虫化蛹率分别为17.04%、34.07%和68.52%。而摄食菌液表达的dsHvCHS1对1龄和3龄幼虫的致死率分别为64.00%和60.00%,但对成虫的存活率无影响。最后,H&E染色显示,摄取dsHvCHS1可抑制幼虫腹部新的角质层形成。本研究表明,HvCHS1参与幼虫蜕皮过程中新角质层的形成,可作为一个潜在的RNAi靶标基因,用于茄二十八星瓢虫的生物防治。     

茄二十八星瓢虫生物学特性初步观察

茄二十八星瓢虫生物学特性初步观察陈洪新（响水县植保站，２２４０００）茄二十八星瓢虫是茄子上的主要害虫，常年为害比较严重。笔者于１９９３～１９９４年对其生物学特性及为害习性进行了初步观察，现将结果整理如下：１发生规律据田间观察，每年发生３代，以成虫越冬...     

中华微刺盲蝽对茄二十八星瓢虫卵的捕食功能反应

在室内进行了中华微刺盲蝽4龄若虫、5龄若虫和成虫对茄二十八星瓢虫卵的捕食功能反应试验。采用Michaelis-Menten-Ⅱ功能反应模型进行拟合,并利用捕食潜能A、猎物半饱和密度F两个参数评价中华微刺盲蝽对茄二十八星瓢虫卵密度的功能反应。结果表明,中华微刺盲蝽4、5龄若虫和成虫对茄二十八星瓢虫卵的捕食潜能分别为161.290 3、78.740 2头/d和76.923 1头/d,猎物半饱和密度分别为155.612 9、87.007 9头和70.292 3头。本研究表明,中华微刺盲蝽4、5龄若虫和成虫对茄二十八星瓢虫卵潜在的捕食量大,控制作用强。     

茄二十八星瓢虫的生物学及有效积温

经两年饲养观察,茄二十八星瓢虫在不同温度下完成1世代的历期是:24℃为35.7天,26℃为30.1天,28℃为23.9天,32℃为23.1天。高于32℃则发育速率下降;低于22℃不能完成世代发育。世代历期T=12.0134+476.0110V,发育起点温度(℃)卵为10.685,幼虫为11.680,蛹为14.324,成虫为12.0134。有效积温(日度)依次为63.173,216.742,53.088476.011。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Tumours of Begonia and some other ornamentals,induced by Corynebacterium fascians

In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.