杨梅种质资源遗传多样性分析

摘要：利用SRAP标记技术对66 份杨梅种质资源进行遗传多样性分析。从64对SRAP引物组合中筛选出57对多态性较好,扩增清晰的引物组合,共扩增出431条带,其中213条具有多态性,多态性占49.4%。采用NTSYS-pc 2.0分析软件对数据进行UPGMA聚类分析,结果表明66份杨梅种质间的遗传相似系数在0.59～0.85。在相似系数0.618处可划分为3大类：分别代表福建杨梅、浙江杨梅和江苏杨梅,地理来源相近的品种相对聚合,少数浙江品种与江苏品种间出现交叉聚类。SRAP分子标记的聚类分析揭示了杨梅品种间亲缘关系与地理分布以及来源相关。     

基于SRAP的部分柿砧木遗传多样性分析

柿（Diospyros kaki Thunb.）常见的砧木有君迁子（D. lotus L.）、浙江柿（D. glaucifolia Met.）、油柿（D. oleifera Cheng）及本砧,其遗传关系尚不完全清楚。以20份柿属砧木资源和5份栽培柿品种及1份金枣柿种质为试材,利用SRAP分子标记技术分析供试材料之间的亲缘关系。SRAP扩增结果表明：（1）筛选出9对多态性较好的引物,共扩增出113条清晰、可重复谱带,其中多态性带111条,多态性比例分别为98.23%;（2）UPGMA聚类分析结果显示两份本砧种质‘小果甜柿’和‘牛眼柿’与5份柿栽培品种聚类较近,台湾鸟柿与浙江柿、油柿及金枣聚类成组,而与其他君迁子类型的遗传关系相对较远。以上结果表明,柿砧木遗传多样性丰富,有望进一步从中挖掘新的种质类型。     

基于SSR分子标记的油梨种质遗传多样性分析

基于SSR分子标记技术分析油梨种质的遗传多样性,旨在为油梨种质资源的鉴定保护及开发利用提供科学依据。选用23对SSR多态性引物对收集的54份油梨种质材料进行PCR扩增,利用Popgene 1.32计算遗传多样性参数,采用NTSYSpc 2.1计算种质间的遗传相似系数,并进行UPGMA聚类分析和主成分分析。结果显示,23对SSR引物共扩增出119个多态性位点,每对引物扩增的多态位点个数在2-10之间,平均为5.17,多态性位点百分比(PPL)为100%;多态性信息量(PIC)、有效等位基因数(Ne)、Nei’s基因多样性指数(H)、Shannon’s信息指数(I)分别为0.33、1.3219、0.2059、0.3356。54份油梨种质资源的遗传相似系数在0.59-0.97之间,在0.71处,聚类分析结果可划分为4大类群,Fuerte单独归为第Ⅰ类,Hass、Bacon为第Ⅱ类,第Ⅲ类的种质包括Y1-10、Y3-1、Y6-5、Y10-1,第Ⅳ类的种质为47份,占参试材料的87.04%,主成分分析结果与聚类分析结果基本一致。油梨种质资源具有较丰富的遗传多样性,SSR分子标记对其有较高的多态性检测能力,适用于油梨种质资源鉴定和亲缘关系分析。     

22份果桑种质亲缘关系的SSR分析

利用SSR标记对22份果桑种质进行了基因组多态性分析,从20对引物中筛选出6对用于这些果桑种质的SSR扩增。结果是共扩增出60条DNA条带,其中A10引物多态性最好,有40条多态性带。单条引物扩增的条带数量范围为1～40条,平均10条。扩增产物长度分布在500～2 000 bp之前,大多集中在500～1 500 bp。利用VISIONWORKS软件进行Jaccard相似性系数分析,并通过非加权配对算术平均法(UPGMA)进行聚类分析,建立亲缘关系图。22份果桑种质资源的遗传相似系数为0.25～0.68,其中种质8-奶油蜜和23-桂椹92L38遗传相似系数最大,为0.68;1-珍珠白和12-桂花蜜遗传相似系数最小,为0.25。在NG法测定下,在遗传相似系数为0.58处,22份果桑种质亲缘关系分为两个大类群。     

柱花草SRAP-PCR体系优化及其遗传多样性分析

以热研2号、热研13号柱花草为试验材料,对影响SRAP标记PCR反应的模板、Mg²⁺、dNTPs、酶及引物浓度进行了优化,建立了适合于柱花草SRAP标记的扩增体系。反应体系具体为:模板DNA 40 ng, Mg²⁺ 2.5 mmol/L,dNTPs 0.2 mmol/L,Taq酶1.0 U,引物0.3 μmol/L,反应总体积为25 μL。采用优化的扩增体系,对9份柱花草种质材料进行了遗传多样性分析。从48对SRAP引物中筛选出14对扩增清晰且多态性高的引物,共扩增出154条谱带, 其中有150条多态性谱带。多态性比率(PPB)达97.36%。应用NTSYSpc 2.1数据分析软件计算各品种间的遗传相似系数(GS),结果表明这些材料间的遗传相似系数的变化范围为0.386~0.882,平均遗传相似系数为0.631,平均遗传距离(GD)为0.369。通过UPGMA分子系统聚类法,将9份柱花草种质分为3个类群,有钩柱花草是第Ⅰ类,西卡柱花草是第Ⅱ类,热研5号、热研10号、热研13号、白花库克、热研2号、格拉姆、Tardio为第Ⅲ类。从遗传聚类图可以很明确地看出9份种源间的遗传距离及亲缘关系。对聚类结果分析显示,大部分具有亲缘关系的品种及形态学、生物学特征相近的品种聚在一类,说明聚类分析结果与系谱及生物学特征具有一定的相符性。     

60Coγ辐照柱花草M1代表型及分子水平诱变效果分析

采用不同剂量60 Coγ射线辐照处理(0,325,487,974Gy)热研13号柱花草(Stylosanthes guianensis SW.‘Reyan No.13’)种子,统计M1代植株的发芽率、株高、叶片长度和茎粗,进行SRAP分子标记分析,以期明确柱花草M1代表型与分子水平的诱变效果。结果表明:辐射处理的各项生物性状指标均低于对照,随着辐照剂量的增加,柱花草生长所受抑制作用也增强,974Gy处理下除叶长外其他生长指标均最低,显著低于另2个处理和对照(P<0.05);经SRAP分析显示,24对SRAP引物组合中共筛选出8对多态性好、条带清晰的引物组合,8对引物组合共扩增出88个条带,其中多态性条带57条,多态性比率达64.77%。柱花草的各辐照处理均与对照存在不同程度的多态性差异,相异系数随着辐照剂量的增加而增大。325Gy,487Gy和974Gy处理的相异系数分别为22.0%,38.1%和41.5%;这些材料间的遗传相似系数(GS)变化范围为0.585～0.780,平均GS为0.678。974Gy处理与对照的遗传相似系数为0.585,说明974Gy处理与对照的遗传距离较远,变异程度最大,而487Gy处理次之,325Gy处理最小。通过UPGMA分子系统聚类法,可把4个辐照梯度处理分为2大类群:对照、325Gy和487Gy处理聚在第Ⅰ大类中,而974Gy处理单独聚为第Ⅱ大类。SRAP分析结果与生物性状指标结果呈现一定程度的一致性,说明SRAP分析可以准确检测柱花草辐照材料的变异。     

引进红三叶种质资源遗传多样性的ISSR分析

为了分析从俄罗斯、美国和加拿大引进的31份红三叶(Trifolium pratense)种质资源的遗传多样性,为其进一步利用提供参考,本文采用ISSR分子标记技术对其进行了遗传多样性研究。从20条ISSR引物中筛选出多态性明显、重复性好的5条引物进行扩增,共扩增出61条谱带,其中多态性条带58条,多态性比率(PPB)高达95.08%。POPGENE分析结果表明,红三叶种质间遗传相似系数(GS)变化范围在0.5902~0.9344之间,平均Shannon信息指数(I)为0.3427,平均Nei’s基因多样性指数(H)为0.2092,平均有效等位基因数(Ne)1.3162,表现出丰富的遗传多样性。利用UPGMA聚类分析,可将31份红三叶种质分为5大类,其中来自加拿大的24号种质材料与其他材料间遗传分化最大,单独聚为一类。本文还比较了ISSR标记的聚类结果与基于形态特征的聚类结果之间的异同。     

42份紫花苜蓿种质资源遗传多样性的SSR分析

为了补充现有苜蓿(Medicago sativa)种质资源的遗传多样性信息,采用SSR分子标记技术对1份野生紫花苜蓿种质和41份栽培紫花苜蓿品种的遗传多样性进行了研究。15对引物在供试苜蓿材料中共获得231条扩增带,其中163条具有多态性。引物的多态位点百分率、Nei’s基因多样性指数和Shannon信息指数的平均值分别为71.55%、0.210 0和0.326 3。供试材料间的相似系数介于0.641~0.913,平均为0.791,栽培品种间的平均相似系数相对较大,野生种质资源与栽培品种间的平均相似系数相对较小。聚类分析表明,供试材料在相似系数0.778处可聚为五大类,单独聚为类的陇东野生紫花苜蓿、CW 200和CW 787都表现出了与其他材料间较远的亲缘关系。基于主成分分析图,可把供试材料分为四大类,其中第Ⅰ、Ⅱ类与第Ⅲ、Ⅳ类材料间的亲缘关系较远。综上,供试苜蓿种质资源具有较丰富的遗传多样性,部分种质资源表现出了相对独立的遗传特性。     

32份广东桑类型桑树种质资源亲缘关系的SRAP标记分析

广东桑类型是由分布在广西壮族自治区和广东省的广东桑种形成的桑树栽培类型。利用相关序列扩增多态性(SRAP)分子标记技术,对两广地区的部分广东桑类型桑树种质资源的亲缘关系进行分析,为地方桑树种质资源的遗传多样性保护和利用提供依据。选用22对SRAP引物组合在32份桑树种质材料中共扩增出144条带,其中有44条多态性带,多态性比率30.56%,平均每对引物组合扩增出2条多态性带。32份桑树种质材料间的遗传相似系数值变化范围为0.826 4～1.000 0,平均值0.894 4,说明供试广东桑类型桑树种质材料间存在较高遗传变异。采用UPGMA法进行聚类分析,将32份桑树种质材料划分成3类:第Ⅰ类包括了20份来自广西的地方品种资源,第Ⅱ类包括了3份来自广东的选育品种资源和7份来自广西的选育品种资源,第Ⅲ类的2份种质资源分别来自广西和广东。同一类群的各亚类群又多以同一地理来源的品种或亲本有相近、相同血缘的品种聚集。研究结果说明SRAP标记能很好地揭示同一桑种不同种质材料间的遗传多样性和亲缘关系,广东桑类型桑树种质资源的遗传多样性与地理来源有密切关系。     

基于SRAP标记的海雀稗遗传多样性及群体结构分析

采用SRAP标记对来自不同国家的49份海雀稗(Paspalum vaginatum)种质资源遗传多样性进行分析,探讨其群体结构及种质间亲缘关系,为海雀稗种质的开发利用奠定基础。结果表明:从100对引物中共筛选出20对扩增稳定、多态性好的SRAP引物,对49份种质进行PCR扩增,共扩增出169条带,其中多态性条带为118条,多态性位点百分率为69.8%。49份海雀稗种质间遗传相似系数为0.52~0.88,平均值为0.67,表明供试海雀稗种质间存在较大遗传差异。采用UPGMA聚类分析、主成分分析、群体结构分析对49份海雀稗种质进行划分,基本都分为2类,且44份材料在3种方法下均表现为较一致的分类,5份材料表现出一定程度的变异,表明此研究结果反映的种质亲缘关系基本稳定,可用于育种应用。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein