基于均匀设计与支持向量回归的柑橘大实蝇成虫诱杀剂配方优化

为了提高诱杀剂对柑橘大实蝇的诱杀能力,本研究以柑橘大实蝇Bactrocera minax（Enderlein）成虫为供试对象,通过Y型嗅觉仪试验,利用均匀设计（Uniform Design,UD)和支持向量回归(Support Vector Regression,SVR)对优化配方的柑橘大实蝇成虫诱杀剂进行了筛选与研究。经过两轮室内筛选优化,柑橘大实蝇成虫诱杀剂对柑橘大实蝇雌虫的引诱效率由之前的50%提高到了76.7%,提高了26.7%,优化效果明显。通过单因子效应分析发现,引诱成分中,柠檬烯、柠檬酸、乙酸对柑橘大实蝇雌虫的引诱有更加重要的作用。其单位配方（按100mL水溶剂算）,最适的量分别为1.5 mL,1.0 g,1.0 mL。     

柑橘大实蝇诱杀防控技术研究进展

摘 要：柑橘大实蝇是我国柑橘产区主要虫害之一,使柑橘生产损失巨大。由于其卵、幼虫、蛹具有隐蔽为害的特点,成虫期的诱杀防控成为该虫预测预报和防治的重要手段之一,应用广泛。本文从诱杀剂筛选（食物引诱剂、信息素引诱剂和杀虫剂）和诱杀方式（诱器法和点喷法）两个方面综述了国内外最新研究成果,旨在为柑橘大实蝇诱杀剂筛选、诱杀方式改进以及成虫预测预报和防治方面提供理论参考。     

柑橘大实蝇食物诱剂的诱杀特性研究

在田间测定了点喷和瓶诱两种施药方式下柑橘大实蝇4种常用食物诱剂的诱杀能力与诱杀持续期,结果表明,果瑞特、桔丰和糖醋液对柑橘大实蝇成虫均有较强的诱杀活性,其点喷施药的诱杀持效期为5-8d,并以6月中旬施药时的持效期最长,但挂瓶施药的持效期与施药时期相关,前（6月上旬）、中（6月中旬）、后期（6月下旬）施药的持效期逐渐缩短。建议在进行柑橘大实蝇成虫诱杀时,前期以挂瓶诱杀为主,中后期以点喷诱杀为主。     

不同诱剂配方对柑橘小实蝇的引诱作用

测试了不同诱剂配方对柑橘小实蝇成虫的诱杀效果,试验结果表明,引诱效果最好的是甲基丁香酚 水解蛋白 红糖 敌百虫,7d内对柑橘小实蝇的引诱数量为:15.3333?6.514头/瓶,雌虫率占总虫量的18.9 %;其次为乙酸乙酯 甲基丁香酚,7d内引诱数量为:11.9667?7.4597头/瓶;另外,添加一定量的红糖、乙酸乙酯可显著提高引诱率,猎蝇、异丁香酚诱瓶诱杀效果不理想。     

诱蝇球对柑橘大实蝇防治的研究进展

柑橘大实蝇是危害我国柑橘产业发展的重大害虫之一。传统物理防控、化学防控和理化诱控方法难以清除虫源,易增强实蝇抗药性,诱杀效果不强,而诱蝇球作为一款新型理化诱控产品,能有效克服常规防控方法的不足。本文综述了诱蝇球的起源,并从诱蝇球的制作材料、球体直径、球体颜色和诱杀策略等方面分析了其诱杀效果的改良。与其它防控方法相比,改良后的诱蝇球成本低,操作简单,绿色环保,效果直观,在柑橘病虫害监测和防治中取得了良好成效,对促进我国柑橘产业健康可持续发展具有重要意义。     

好粘等粘胶对柑橘小实蝇的诱杀作用分析

采用黄色粘虫板对梨园内柑橘小实蝇成虫的诱杀效果进行了研究,结果表明：好粘对柑橘小实蝇的诱杀效果最好,试验期间7d内虫量达52.7头/板,雌虫比例为1.5%;其次为附有甲基丁香酚、甲基丁香酚 乙酸乙酯 乙醇的纽康牌黄板,7d内诱虫量分别为25.7头/板和24.6头/板;附有异丁香酚的黄板和单一黄板效果最差。另外,附有诱蝇酮的黄板对南瓜实蝇的效果较好。     

协同诱杀区诱蝇球捕获柑桔大实蝇的能力与适期

5月上旬至7月上旬,通过连续观测记载橘园及周边山林悬挂的诱蝇球捕获大实蝇成虫的数量,发现协同诱杀区诱蝇球捕获大实蝇成虫始盛期为6月上旬末,高峰期为6月中旬和下旬;协同诱杀区悬挂诱蝇球的适期应为6月初。     

果瑞特果实蝇引诱剂对柑橘大实蝇的防治效果研究

2011年,在三峡库区兴山县“纽荷尔”脐橙上进行了果瑞特（柑橘果实蝇专用引诱剂）和常规药剂（糖醋酒液）防治柑橘大实蝇的对比研究。结果表明,果瑞特挂瓶处理对柑橘大实蝇成虫引诱效果明显高于常规糖醋酒液,且防治效果也明显高于糖醋酒液,可显著减少柑橘大实蝇为害柑橘果实,果瑞特诱捕数量和防治效果分别为糖醋酒液的2倍和1.6倍,且两种药剂喷施药效果均好于挂瓶处理。果瑞特在各柑橘产区试验后可用于防治柑橘果实大食蝇,生产安全、无公害和绿色柑橘果品。     

实蝇粘虫板悬挂方式对桔小实蝇诱杀效果的影响

为提高实蝇粘虫板对桔小实蝇的诱杀效果,减少对天敌的诱杀,为科学悬挂实蝇粘虫板提供参考依据。采用4种悬挂方式,分别为悬挂于树冠中部胶面与地面垂直、悬挂于树冠中下部胶面朝下、悬挂于树冠中下部胶面朝上、悬挂于树冠上部胶面朝上,调查实蝇粘虫板上桔小实蝇、其它害虫和天敌的种类和数量。结果表明,4种悬挂处理的实蝇粘虫板共诱杀到20个昆虫种或类群,其中悬挂于树冠中部胶面与地面垂直的实蝇粘虫板诱杀昆虫种类、多样性指数最高,而悬挂于树冠中下部胶面朝上的实蝇粘虫板的益害比最高;悬挂于树冠中部胶面与地面垂直、树冠中下部胶面朝下的实蝇粘虫板对桔小实蝇的诱杀数量显著高于其它2种悬挂方式的实蝇粘虫板（p<0.05）;悬挂于树冠中下部胶面朝上和树冠上部胶面朝上的实蝇粘虫板均对食蚜蝇具有较强的诱杀作用。因此,采用树冠中部胶面与地面垂直、树冠中下部胶面朝下的悬挂方式均可以作为田间应用实蝇粘虫板的方法;但采用树冠中下部与地面平行朝下的悬挂方式更有利于天敌的保护。     

甲基丁香酚和蛋白铒剂添加不同杀虫剂诱杀橘小实蝇的效果

2010-2011年,在海南省热带果园进行了甲基丁香酚和蛋白饵剂添加不同杀虫剂诱杀橘小实蝇效果的比较试验。结果显示,甲基丁香酚10ml添加45%马拉硫磷0.8ml诱杀橘小实蝇雄成虫的效果最好;而添加3%甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐0.8ml的效果次之,但二者差异性不显著。蛋白水解液（45%假丝酵母20?.0g 水350ml）不添加任何杀虫剂诱捕橘小实蝇两性成虫的效果最好,而添加45%马拉硫磷1.5ml后与前者相比,尽管诱捕虫量略低,但杀雌的效果明显优于前者。综合诱捕效果、安全性和环保等因素,3%甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐可作马拉硫磷的替代药剂与引诱剂甲基丁香酚混配使用;采用麦克菲尔式或相类似的诱捕器进行橘小实蝇监测和防治时,蛋白饵剂可不添加杀虫剂进行使用。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -