广西:火龙果补光诱导产期调节技术取得进展

据广西农业科学院网站有关消息,2018年12月16日,由广西农业科学院园艺研究所主持的“优势特色水果生态高效栽培技术研究与应用”的“火龙果产期调节技术研究与应用”课题在南宁市实验基地实施的“补光诱导火龙果秋延后结果产期调节技术示范”通过了现场查定。据查定结果显示,示范区秋延后结果2个大批次,其中第一批次冬季果比对照同批次产量高340.0%,第二批次冬季果将于2019年1月上中旬成熟,预计产量可达600~800kg/667m^2,而对照同批次未有挂果。     

反季节宝岛蕉果实生长发育规律研究

以抗香蕉枯萎病品种宝岛蕉为对象,结合反季节栽培技术,在断蕾后每隔20天采集果实样品直至收获,测定每梳的果指性状、产量及其构成,探讨反季节宝岛蕉果实生长发育规律,为宝岛蕉生产提供参考。结果表明,宝岛蕉果实留8梳,果穗果指数平均为149.3个,且每梳果指数呈现逐渐减少的趋势,第一梳果指数最高,平均为26.3个;每梳果指长、果指围和单果重均随着生长期逐渐增加,断蕾后20天至40天增幅均表现最大,平均分别为34.22%、18.28%、106.54%。宝岛蕉同一采收期果梳间相邻果梳间果指长无显著差异,但是每相隔一梳的两梳果指长有明显差异,果指围间差异甚微。就产量而言,反季节宝岛蕉产量为18.491 kg/株,进一步分析可知,香蕉果梳产量从第一梳到第八梳呈现降低趋势,其中第一梳香蕉产量最高,第二梳次之,均显著高于其他果梳,分别高达3.371kg/梳和2.521kg/梳,前四梳产量占单株果实产量的62.40%。综合以上结果,反季节宝岛蕉断蕾后20天至40天是反季节宝岛蕉果实快速、关键生长的阶段,应注重营养供应以确保宝岛蕉产量。     

疏果对中桃红玉果实品质、产量的影响及效益分析

摘要：以4年生中桃红玉丰产树为试验对象,设每株不同留果量（40个果、60个果、80个果、100个果）4个处理,以不疏果为对照,连续3年研究疏果对中桃红玉产量、果实品质及经济效益的影响。结果表明,疏果提高了单果质量、优质果率、可溶性固形物含量较对照提高了1～2 %,显著提高了果实品质与产量,有效解决了中桃红玉果实整齐度不高、优质果率低的问题,每667m2 可增收1000 元以上。     

果桑反季栽培试验初报

桑椹成熟采摘期一般在4月下旬至5月底,而反季栽培是通过给桑树一定的处理,促使桑芽打破休眠,提前萌芽结出果实。初步试验表明,在秋季选择用50%单氰胺15~20倍稀释液喷雾果桑促使果桑反季节结果,其他措施处理得当,反季结果率可达60%以上,可溶性固形物较高,667 m^(2)产量可达1056.29 kg,具有较好的推广与应用价值。     

菠萝反季节高产栽培“四改”要诀

菠萝反季节栽培新技术具有以下优点：①果实采收期在２～４月,时值市场水果淡季,价格看好,１．５元／ｋｇ,是正造果的两倍以上。②果实大、产量高、效益好。反造果单果重平均１２５０～１５００ｇ,比正造果增加 ７５０～１０００ｇ,一般每６６６．７ｍ２产量可达３ ０００～４ ０００ｋｇ,产值４ ０００～５ ０００元,比正造果经济效益提高５～６倍。③耐贮运。反造果采收期处于低温季节,贮藏期长达７～１０天,利于远销,果品滞销风险小。④反季节栽培可当年种当年结果,比传统栽培提早一年结果,提高土地单位面积产出率,增加农…     

印度采用树冠修剪和地膜覆盖技术保障杜果丰收

对于出口丰亡果到海湾国家的印度种植户来说，过去几年中由于采用了修剪和覆膜技术，出口取得了良好效果。一般来说，丰亡果树要4年后才开始投产，盛产期每株健康的杳亡果树产量200～300kg。近两年采用新技术以后，桩果株产可达400～500kg，并可以提前半个月成熟，市场销售方面占优势。     

中华猕猴桃不同时期疏花疏果的效应

疏花疏果是确保中华猕猴桃优质丰产的关键措施之一。于1996～1997年在浙江省庆元县白岭头村猕猴桃园进行试验,园地为丘陵山地,株行距3m×4m,平顶大棚架,管理条件好。试材为7年生金丰品种。设5种处理:蕾期疏蕾,即现蕾后15天疏蕾,花后10天疏果;花期疏花,花后10天疏果;不疏花,花后10天疏果;不疏花,花后20天疏果;不疏花,花后30天疏果。对照,不疏花疏果。每小区雌树2株(雄树另配),重复5次。疏花时一个花序中先疏侧花(蕾),一个结果枝中先疏基部和先端的花(蕾),长果枝留5～6朵花,中果枝留3～4朵花,短果枝留2～3朵花。疏果时先疏残果、病果、畸形果和小果,一个叶腋中先疏侧果留主果,一个结果枝     

火龙果氮肥优化管理的环境影响综合评价

为了评价火龙果优化施氮对产量及环境的影响,本研究通过大田试验的形式结合生命周期评价的方法对不同氮肥施用量（CK：0 kg/hm2;优化施氮处理490 kg/hm2;优化施氮下调处理345 kg/hm2;优化施氮上调处理640 kg/hm2;传统施肥处理880 kg/hm2）下1年生火龙果的产量及温室气体排放、酸化效应及富营养化效应等进行了跟踪和评价。结果表明,优化施氮相较农户传统施肥,可以在保证产量的前提下,减少氮肥用量390 kg N ha-1,同时减少温室气体排放3.85%,降低酸化效应潜值16.65%,降低富营养化效应潜值22.22%,证明在现有火龙果生产体系中,可以通过优化施用氮肥,提高氮肥利用效率,减小环境压力。     

不同硒生物强化方式对火龙果硒含量的影响

为探究适用于提高火龙果硒含量的含硒肥料种类和施肥方式,以“金都1号”火龙果为试验材料,增施含硒有机肥和氨基酸硒肥,氨基酸硒肥又设置喷施（3种浓度）和淋施（3种浓度）两种施用方式,研究火龙果产量、果肉和茎硒含量的变化特征。结果表明,施用含硒肥料对火龙果产量无显著影响（p>0.05）。增施含硒有机肥和淋施氨基酸硒肥均显著提高火龙果果肉、茎硒含量（p<0.05）。所有处理组中,含硒有机肥料处理组果肉硒含量最高,达到0.019 3 mg/kg,是空白对照的5.7倍,淋施氨基酸硒肥处理组果肉硒含量范围在0.006 1 ~0.007 9 mg/kg。所有喷施氨基酸硒肥处理组果肉、茎硒含量与对照无显著差异（p>0.05）。结论：土壤施硒是火龙果更为有效的硒生物强化方式;在酸性土壤中,施用碱性含硒有机肥能更好地达到硒生物强化效果。     

如何使富士苹果不偏斜

果形高桩端正是高档富士苹果的重要指标，但我国果农生产的富士苹果偏斜率是非常高的，产生此现象的主要原因是：授粉受精不良。果实内发育成熟的种子多，且各心室分布均匀，其偏斜率低；反之若种子少，分布不均，形成空心室，其果实偏斜率就高。花序留果量多。每花序留单果者，果个大，果形指数高；留双果则果个大小和果形指数下降。果实着生状态不好。果顶向下即果实呈下垂状态，端正果率最高。贮藏营养不够。如果树体营养贮存充足，则能提高果实受精率，促进幼果发育。前期肥水条件好，则果形呈高桩。拉长素的影响。果农花期喷施高桩素，若在花托上着药不均，则会发生偏斜。针对以上问题，应采取如下措施：要合理配置授粉树。花期应采取人工辅助和放蜜蜂、壁蜂授粉，也可进行喷雾授粉。还应严格疏花疏果，每60～70片叶留1个果，时间要早。疏果不如疏花，疏花不如疏蕾，疏蕾不如疏芽；距25～35cm留一个果，尽量留中长果枝顶芽上的花，果枝长度至少达到5cm，使果处于下垂状态。早秋施基肥，配合叶面喷肥。幼果期应加强肥水管理。如何使富士苹果不偏斜@王彦章     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein