广西桑赤锈病病原菌的生物学特性

桑春孢锈菌(Aecidium mori Barclay)是引起广西桑赤锈病的主要病原菌。本研究以改良的PDA培养基为基础配方,研究了不同碳源、氮源、pH值和温度对该菌株菌丝生长和孢子产生情况的影响。研究发现,在改良的PDA培养基中,桑春孢锈菌最适碳源为葡萄糖,最适氮源为硝酸钠,最适pH值为7~8;致死温度为60℃经10 min。     

日本结缕草叶斑病病原鉴定及其生物学特性研究

从日本结缕草Zoysia japonica发病叶片上分离得到病原菌,对病原菌进行形态特征观察、致病性测定及其生物学特性研究.结果表明,该病原菌为Bipolaris hawaiiensis.该菌能利用多种碳源和氮源,其中以蔗糖为最适碳源,以KNO3为最适氮源;菌丝生长最适温度为25～30 ℃;最适pH值7～9.菌丝的致死温度为70℃/15 min.PDA平板药剂筛选结果表明,30%爱苗的抑菌效果最好,15%三唑酮的效果最差.     

尖孢镰刀菌生物学特性及杀菌剂毒力测定

为了明确苜蓿根腐病致病菌尖孢镰刀菌的生物学特性和最佳杀菌剂,本试验采用不同培养基、温度、pH、光照和碳氮源的条件培养尖孢镰刀菌,测定菌落生长速率和孢子萌发率;用4种杀菌剂与PDA培养基混合制成含药培养基培养尖孢镰刀菌,测定菌落生长速率和抑制率。结果表明:适宜培养尖孢镰刀菌培养基有PSA、SNA和YMM;适宜生长温度为20～30℃、pH为7～8;黑暗条件适于生长。其中菌丝生长和孢子萌发的最适温度分别为25℃和20℃,最适pH分别为7和5,最适碳源分别为可溶性淀粉和麦芽糖,最适氮源分别为尿素和蛋白胨,菌丝和孢子的致死温度分别为52℃(10min)和50℃(10min)。在供试的4种杀菌剂中,75%百菌清抑制效果最好,在稀释500倍时抑制率为89%,EC_(50)为4.5279mg/L。     

4种暖季型草坪草币斑病病原菌鉴定及其生物学特性

2011-2013年对海南省多个高尔夫球场及校园绿化草坪进行调查期间发现一种类似于草坪币斑病且可严重危害4种暖季型草坪草的草坪病害。根据科赫法则验证、形态学观察以及ITS序列分析的结果,确定引起海南省币斑病的病原菌为Sclerotinia homoeocarpa,这是我国首次报道S. homoeocarpa危害杂交狗牙根和地毯草。生物学特性研究表明: S. homoeoparpa生长的适宜温度为25~30℃,最适温度为28℃;适宜pH值为4~6,最适pH值为5;菌丝的致死温度为55℃水浴处理10 min;光照有利于菌丝生长。S. homoeoparpa能够利用多种碳氮源:碳源测试中,对可溶性淀粉利用率较高,对D-甘露醇和D-阿拉伯糖利用率较低;氮源测试中,病菌对硝酸铵、磷酸二氢铵的利用效果最佳,对脲利用效果最差。     

桑褐斑壳丰孢菌Phloeospora maculans的主要生物学特性研究

桑褐斑壳丰孢(Phloeospora maculans)是近几年鉴定的云南蚕区桑园发生桑褐斑病的主要病原菌之一。采用菌丝生长速率法研究不同培养基及碳源和氮源、p H值、温度、光照条件对该病原菌菌丝生长与产孢量的影响。结果表明,桑褐斑壳丰孢的菌丝适宜在PDA培养基和PDA+1%桑叶碎片培养基(简称PDA桑叶培养基)上生长,其中PDA桑叶培养基是最佳的产孢培养基;菌丝生长最佳培养基中的碳源和氮源物质分别是麦芽糖、蛋白胨,以可溶性淀粉为碳源的培养基产孢量最大,而在所有有氮源和无氮源物质的培养基上均不产孢;菌丝生长的最适培养基p H值为6~9,而p H 6时产孢量最大;在22~28℃培养条件下,菌丝生长最快,产孢量最大;连续黑暗条件适合菌丝生长和产孢;菌丝的致死温度条件为50℃水浴处理10 min。上述研究结果提示桑褐斑壳丰孢有很强的营养利用和环境适应能力。     

苜蓿根腐病菌(Fusarium solani)生物学特性研究

主要研究了温度、湿度、pH值、光照、营养对苜蓿根腐病菌(Fusarium solani)生长、产孢和孢子萌发的影响.该病菌菌丝生长的温度范围为8～38℃,最适20～28℃;产生分生孢子的温度范围为10～38℃,最适25℃;分生孢子萌发的温度范围为8～38℃,最适25～32℃.在pH值5～10的范围内该菌均能生长和产孢,菌丝生长最适pH值5～9;分生孢子产生和萌发最适pH值6～7.分生孢子在饱和湿度或水滴中萌发快,相对湿度低于85%时不能萌发.光照处理对该菌生长无显著影响.分生孢子的致死温度为50℃,10 min或55℃,5 min,菌丝体的致死温度为60℃,30 min或65℃,5 min.     

紫花苜蓿根腐病原菌--拟枝孢镰刀菌的鉴定及其生物学特性研究

本文对从内蒙古赤峰巴雅尔草业基地紫花苜蓿根部分离到的菌株 BYE27-2-5进行了致病性测定、形态学和rDNA-ITS 序列分析鉴定及生物学特性测定。结果表明,该菌菌丝生长、产孢和孢子萌发的最适温度分别为25,30和28℃;pH 值5．0～11．0均宜于菌丝生长,产孢最适 pH 8．0,孢子萌发最适 pH 7．0;光暗交替利于菌丝生长,光照利于产孢和孢子的萌发;孢子在相对湿度低于75％不萌发,高于95％萌发较快;葡萄糖蛋白胨培养基利于菌丝生长和孢子萌发,马铃薯蔗糖琼脂培养基利于产孢;碳源中葡萄糖利于菌丝生长和孢子萌发,蔗糖利于产孢;氮源中蛋白胨利于菌丝生长,酵母膏利于产孢和孢子萌发;菌丝致死温度为54℃（10 min）,分生孢子的致死温度为48℃（10 min）;根据其形态特征和 rDNA-ITS 序列分析结果,鉴定其为拟枝孢镰刀菌（Fusarium sporotrichioide ）。     

贡柑黑腐病病原菌生物学特性研究

摘要：在贡柑黑腐病病原菌分离鉴定的基础上,对其病原菌的生物学特性进行研究。结果表明,该病原菌（Alternaria citri Ellis & Everhart）在PDA培养基上生长最佳。菌丝生长和分生孢子萌发的适宜温度分别为21~30 ℃和18~30 ℃,适宜pH值分别为5~12和4~7。供试的6种碳源中,葡萄糖和可溶性淀粉较利于菌丝生长,蔗糖较利于孢子萌发;供试的6种氮源中,牛肉膏较利于菌丝生长,酵母膏较利于孢子萌发。光照条件对病原菌产孢影响不大,完全光照与光暗交替12 h较利于菌丝生长和孢子萌发。分生孢子致死温度为51 ℃水浴10 min。     

俄罗斯木霉菌株GAU 1-X-2的生物学特性

从碳氮源、酸碱度及生长温度等方面对俄罗斯木霉(Trichoderma rossicum)菌株GAU 1-X-2的生物学特性进行了研究。结果表明,俄罗斯木霉菌株GAU 1-X-2的生长温度范围为10~35℃,最适温度为20℃;菌落在pH值为5.0~12.0的培养基上能够生长,pH为7.0时,生长最快,pH值为8.0时产孢量最大;营养生长最好的碳源为甘露醇,产孢量最好的碳源为葡萄糖;营养生长最适氮源为蛋白胨,在供试的7种氮源中,培养6d未观测到该菌株产孢;完全黑暗条件有利于菌丝生长和产孢;孢子致死温度为68℃,10min。     

紫花苜蓿12种镰刀菌的菌落生长和产孢条件

为明确紫花苜蓿不同镰刀菌的生长和产孢条件,以采自内蒙古不同地区紫花苜蓿根部的锐顶镰刀菌、茄病镰刀菌、木贼镰刀菌、变红镰刀菌、尖孢镰刀菌、燕麦镰刀菌、轮枝镰刀菌、层出镰刀菌、镰形镰刀菌、三线镰刀菌、F. virguliforme和芬芳镰刀菌为研究对象,测定其在不同温度、pH值、碳源和氮源培养条件下的菌落直径、产孢量及其菌丝致死温度。结果表明,不同种类镰刀菌的菌落生长和产孢均受温度、pH值、碳源和氮源的影响,不同菌种在同一培养条件下的菌落直径和产孢量存在显著性差异,同一菌种在不同培养条件下的菌落直径和产孢量也存在显著性差异。不同菌种的最佳培养条件各不相同,但其最适生长温度范围为20～30℃,最适产孢温度范围为15～30℃,最适生长和最适产孢pH值范围较广,最适生长碳源有蔗糖、可溶性淀粉、D-甘露醇、丙三醇和可溶性淀粉,最适产孢碳源有D-山梨醇、可溶性淀粉、羧甲基纤维素钠、D-半乳糖、D-果糖和丙三醇,最适生长氮源有牛肉膏、甘氨酸和硝酸钠,最适产孢氮源有牛肉膏、L-脯氨酸、硝酸钠、胰蛋白胨和硫酸铵。菌丝致死温度范围为50～70℃。在多数供试培养条件下,12个菌种中燕麦镰刀菌和芬芳镰刀菌菌落直...     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …