软枣猕猴桃雄性优系‘NH003’选育初报

‘NH003’是从湖北宜昌野生软枣猕猴桃资源中选育出的软枣猕猴桃雄性优系。该优系树势强,花枝率96%,花白绿色,呈多歧聚花序;花冠直径2.4cm;花瓣5瓣,基部分离;花柄长2.9cm,萼片5~6枚,绿色;花粉萌发率为56.1%。染色体倍性为四倍体。对软枣猕猴桃品种‘金香红’授粉坐果率高,果实品质优良。在武汉市,‘NH003’在3月上旬萌芽,4月下旬开花,花期长9-12d,能够覆盖本地早熟软枣猕猴桃雌性品种（‘红宝石星’、‘金香红’和‘金红贝’等）的开花期。     

银杏人工授粉技术

银杏是雌雄异株风媒花植物 ,雌花必须经过授粉受精才能结实。银杏自然授粉受到多种因素的制约 ,如雌雄树花期是否相遇 ,雌雄树比例是否恰当花期天气是否适宜等 ,因而生产中往往自然授粉效果不佳 ,产量低而不稳。银杏人工授粉能显著提高银杏产量 ,达到丰产稳产目的。笔者 10多年来总结了一套人工授粉方法 ,供大家参考。1　采集优质花粉　　银杏雄树较雌树开花早。一般年份灵川县的银杏雄树盛花期早花品种为 4月 1— 4日 ,中花品种为4月 4— 8日 ,迟花品种为 4月 9— 13日。采集花粉充分成熟的雄花序 ,其标志是由青色转为淡黄色 ,能见到少量的…     

江永杨梅雌雄花期不遇应予重视

本刊讯(特约通讯员卢胜进)杨梅雄株始花期一般比雌株始花期早5～7天,雌株盛花期基本在雄株盛花期内。今年湖南省江永县雌雄花期明显不相遇,雄株始花期较雌株晚8天,雄株盛花期较雌株晚19天,谢花盛末期与雌株相同。     

贵州猕猴桃主栽品种柱头可授性研究

【目的】为探寻红阳、贵长猕猴桃的高效授粉时间,应对优质授粉雄株与待授雌株花期不遇问题。【方法】分别于一日内不同时间及不同开花天数,用联苯胺-过氧化氢法测试红阳与贵长的柱头可授性。用流式细胞仪检测授粉雄株倍性。离体培养法检测授粉雄株花粉活力。【结果】红阳和贵长整个花期内柱头均有可授性,红阳和贵长均在开花第一天和第二天柱头可授性较强,一天内红阳11:00-16:00,贵长09:00-16:00柱头可授性较强。4种花粉在-80℃干燥保存一年后花粉活力(49.6%-70.1%)可满足猕猴桃生产需求。【结论】红阳和贵长整个花期内柱头均有可授性,可在花开较多时,集中在11：00-16:00对红阳授粉,09:00-16:00对贵长授粉,不必频繁授粉。花粉在-80℃干燥保存,可用于次年授粉以应对雌雄花期不遇问题。     

耐热型西番莲品种‘钦蜜9号’花器官发育特征与繁育系统研究

为明确耐热型西番莲品种‘钦蜜9号’花器官发育进程特性和繁育系统类型,测定其花器官表型性状、花粉活性、柱头可授性、杂交指数和花粉/胚珠比。结果发现,‘钦蜜9号’花器官发育进程可分为：现蕾期-花冠发育期-雌雄蕊发育期-裂蕾期-开花授粉期-谢花期,时间持续25-27d,开花时间为下午13︰00-15︰00,单花开放时长约24 h,开花前3 d左右（花药即将开裂时）至裂蕾时柱头可授性最强;花粉数量为7.94x105个/花药,活性为90.11%,繁育系统类型为异交型,自交亲和,异交需要传粉者。这些特征为‘钦蜜9号’在35℃以上高温还能正常开花并结实提供了重要的基础条件。     

优质早熟白肉枇杷新品种‘榕早3号’选育研究

以红肉枇杷‘早钟六号’为母本、‘东湖早’为父本进行等量花粉混合授粉,从而获得大量F1代杂种,从中选育获得优质早熟白肉枇杷品种 ‘榕早3号’（系谱代号：ZDF1-3）。其主要特征为：果实椭圆形,果皮淡黄色,果肉黄白色,肉质细嫩,味浓甜,有香气,较易剥皮。母树和子代历年种植结果显示,优株‘榕早3号’的无性后代保持了母树优良性状,丰产性表现稳定,平均单果重51.2g,纵径4.99cm,横径4.48cm,果形指数1.11,可溶性固形物含量13.8%,可滴定酸含量为0.16%,固酸比84.7,每个果实有果核4.18枚,可食率72.6%,成熟期在4月上旬至4月中旬。与亲本‘早钟6号’相比,‘榕早3号’具早熟早产、丰产稳产、果大味甜等优点。经所在省市专家现场多次检测,优株‘榕早3号’表现突出,现已在福州、莆田、泉州等地进行中试。     

金魁猕猴桃适配雄株筛选研究

经过连续三年观察试验研究,从10个参试雄株中初选出了美味猕猴桃雄性株系3222,该雄株初花期较金魁早1-2天,盛花期与金魁猕猴桃相当,花期长达7天以上,花量大、花粉多、花粉萌发率高、与金魁授粉后获得的果实大、外观美、品质优,是“金魁”猕猴桃的初选适配授粉雄株。     

龙眼开花习性和果实生长及落果动态比较研究

以早熟龙眼品种(桂冠早,暂定名)、中熟龙眼品种(石硖)、晚熟龙眼品种(桂明一号)为研究对象,观测并分析3个不同熟期龙眼品种开花习性和果实生长及落果规律,为早熟新品种桂冠早的审定工作及后期推广奠定基础。结果表明:桂冠早雌雄比为1：1.69,比石硖和桂明1号多两倍,且桂冠早雌雄花开放动态曲线表现出同步性,相遇期长达14天,而石硖和桂明1号雌雄花开放错开,石硖相遇期为12天,而桂明一号相遇期仅8天,树体不同方位雌雄开放规律性不强;果实发育第二阶段(假种皮发育期)桂冠早果实相对生长速率较快,生长周期仅77天;三个龙眼品种落果率均集中在花后前三周,桂冠早累积落果率达71.05%,且采前1个月日均至少有1个果实脱落;桂冠早和桂明1号果个较大与其库强和库活性较大有关;石硖属于高糖小果型,桂明1号属于低糖大果型,桂冠早属于高糖中果型。     

中花猕猴桃雄性新品种——磨山雄5号

正中花猕猴桃雄性新品种"磨山雄5号"是从野生资源中选育而成,属于中华猕猴桃。2014年12月通过国家林木品种审定委员会认定(国R-SV-AC-005-2014)并命名。该品种树势强旺,成花容易,花枝率95%~100%,中、短花枝占整个花枝的65%~70%。花为     

白肉枇杷优株‘榕早13号’选育研究初报

2005年10月我们以‘早钟六号’为母本,用‘早钟六号’和‘东湖早’两个枇杷品种的等量花粉混合进行授粉受精,获得杂种F1,从中选育出优良早熟株系 ‘榕早13号’（代号F113）,果实椭圆形,果皮淡黄色,果肉乳白色,不流汁,肉质细嫩,味浓甜,有香气,易剥皮。综合母树和子代历年结果性状来看,优株‘榕早13号’无性后代保持了母树的优良性状,表现较一致,平均单果重58.7g,纵径5.45cm,横径4.59cm,果形指数1.19,可溶性固形物含14.9%,可食率74.1%,不流汁,肉质细嫩,味浓甜,有香气,母树成熟期逐年提前,近3年成熟期4月上中旬,子代成熟期4月上中旬,丰产稳产。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein