香橙果实挥发性物质检测及分析

香橙果实香味浓郁,但是相关的物质基础并不清楚。采用顶空固相微萃取（HS-SPME）结合气相色谱-质谱联用（gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,GC-MS）技术开展香橙果实的挥发性物质组分检测与鉴定。结果表明,香橙果皮中主要含有61种挥发性物质,其中萜烯类物质33种,总含量82.30%。果皮中含量最高的挥发性物质是柠檬烯（14275.39 ± 1627.08 μg/g FW）,占总物质的68%;其次是γ-松油烯（2096.32 ± 235.90 μg/g FW）,占总物质的9.99%;芳樟醇（965.64 ± 14.53 μg/g FW）,占总物质的4.60%。果肉主要含有47种挥发性物质,其中萜烯类物质27种,占总含量的82.30%。果肉中含量最高的挥发性物质也是柠檬烯（46.50 ± 12.61 μg/g FW）,占总物质的65.94%;其次是芳樟醇（6.33 ± 1.48 μg/g FW）,占总物质的8.98%;γ-松油烯（4.75 ± 1.27 μg/g FW）,占总物质的6.74 %。作为香橙的特征香味物质,(+)-香橙烯在果实的果皮和果肉中的含量分别为136353.16 μg/g FW （0.65%）和 312.27 μg/g FW （0.44%）。     

冷饭团果实挥发性成分鉴定与分析

为研究冷饭团（Kadsura Coccinea）果实部分挥发性成分及含量。以其花、果皮、果肉、籽为材料,采用顶空-固相微萃取与气相色谱-质谱联用技术,对果实不同部位的挥发性有机成分进行研究。结果显示：4个部位鉴定出94种化合物,含量为92.8%;,不同部分释放物质类型及含量存在差异性,但均含有醇、烷、烯类物质,亦是主要构成种类,其中又以烯类为主;4个部位监测到6种共同含的化合物,但都不是主要构成成分。冷饭团花、果肉、果皮主要挥发性成分有石竹烯、蒎烯、大月桂烯、榄香烯、毕澄茄烯等,它们大部分具有保健和药用的功效。     

凹叶厚朴与厚朴的挥发油成分和体外抑菌活性比较分析

试验旨在对比研究凹叶厚朴与厚朴挥发油的化学组成及抑菌活性。挥发油通过水蒸气蒸馏法提取，采用气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS）对凹叶厚朴与厚朴挥发油成分进行分析和鉴定，运用峰面积归一化法确定各成分的含量，使用比浊法研究凹叶厚朴与厚朴挥发油对金黄色葡萄球菌的体外抑制作用。GC-MS结果显示，两种挥发油中芳樟醇、α-松油醇、α-桉叶醇、β-桉叶醇等12种共有成分在凹叶厚朴中的含量大于厚朴，合计占各自挥发油含量的58.25%、46.02%。抑菌试验结果表明，凹叶厚朴与厚朴挥发油对10种金黄色葡萄球菌均具有抑制作用，其中凹叶厚朴对ATCC25923等8种菌的抑菌效果显著优于厚朴。研究表明，试验结果可为中草药添加剂的开发应用及抑菌剂的研发提供一定参考。     

“金魁”猕猴桃适宜采收期探讨

以“金魁”猕猴桃为试材,对6个不同采收期“金魁”猕猴桃在常温下后熟果实品质进行比较与分析,探讨“金魁”猕猴桃最适采收期。结果表明,采收期不同猕猴桃果实后熟品质差异较大。早期采收（18/10、23/10、30/10,相应果实发育期分别为168 d、175 d、182 d）时,果实硬度和可滴定酸含量（TA）较高, 而果实可溶性固形物含量（SSC）较低（﹤6.5%）,干物质含量（DM）亦较低（﹤19%）;果实后熟品质较差,SSC偏低,TA偏高,固酸比偏低。晚期采收（20/11,相应果实发育期分别为203 d）的果实硬度和TA含量明显降低,固酸比较高,果实硬度下降较快,失重与腐烂严重,后熟软化期明显缩短。谢花后189-196 d采收的“金魁”猕猴桃果实,SSC达6.6%以上,DM 为19%以上;后熟果实固酸比较高,失重与腐烂较低,果实硬度下降平缓,后熟期较长。后熟软化后其果实仍保持较高的SSC、Vc与DM含量,表明此期为“金魁”猕猴桃的适宜采收期。     

赤芝中灵芝酸类生物活性成分含量的测定方法

为了研究不同地区栽培赤芝及野生赤芝中灵芝酸类成分含量的差异，建立了赤芝中灵芝酸类活性成分含量的反相高效液相色谱（RP-HPLC）测定方法。该方法采用YWG-C18色谱柱（250mm×4.6mmID,10μm），甲醇-水-乙酸（49.5∶49.5∶1）为流动相，流速1.0mL/min，柱温为室温，检测波长250nm。结果，灵芝酸A（Ⅰ），灵芝酸C（Ⅱ），灵芝酸D（Ⅲ），灵芝酸E（Ⅳ）4种成分的线性范围分别为0.098～3.138、0.091～2.913、0.089～2.850、0.089～2.850μg，方法灵敏、准确，重复性好，回收率分别为93.93%、96.83%、93.01%、90.40%。栽培赤芝和野生赤芝子实体中4种灵芝酸成分的总含量分别为0.799～3.555、1.619～2.360mg/g。栽培赤芝中灵芝酸含量不低于野生赤芝中灵芝酸含量。     

三种工夫红茶挥发性成分同异性分析

采用衍生化GC-MS方法对三种红茶成分进行分析,从四川红茶、祁门红茶、滇红条茶中各检出59、58、53种化合物。其中30%酸类物质、50%生物碱类,醇、酮、酚、醛、酯、呋喃吡咯吡嗪类、糖胺类含量较少均在2.5%以下。三种茶叶均检出0.03%~0.04%糠醇;0.07%~0.12%苯甲醇;0.04%~0.2%苯乙醛;0.09%~0.23%N-乙基琥珀酰亚胺;0.10%~0.17%环氧芳樟醇;0.10%~0.19%1,4-苯二酚;8.80%~15.7%焦性没食子酸;0.05%~0.12%二氢猕猴桃内酯;42.87%~51.17%咖啡因;3.02%~6.98%可可碱;4.57%~5.65%棕榈酸;0.25%~0.4%硬脂酸;0.31%~0.70%2-棕榈酰-RAC-甘油。四川红茶中主要检出成分为咖啡因、焦性没食子酸、可可碱。祁门红茶主要检出成分为咖啡因、右旋奎宁酸、焦性没食子酸。滇红条茶主要检出成分为咖啡因、焦性没食子酸、1α,2β,3α,5β-Cyclohexanetetrol。明确三种工夫红茶挥发性成分同异性将为下一步红茶品种鉴别及品质评定提供一定理论依据。     

不同颜色果袋对富士苹果果实香气组分的影响

研究不同颜色果袋对果实香气成分的影响,测定红色、蓝色和绿色果袋套袋成熟果实挥发性物质。红色、蓝色和绿色果袋处理果实分别检测到43种、40种和36种发性物质,未套袋果实有36种。挥发性物质中酯类为最主要香气成分,红色、蓝色果袋套袋处理酯类均降低,红色、蓝色和绿色果袋果实酯类含量分别占总含量的84.91%、86.35%和88.74%,主要酯类有乙酸己酯、乙酸2-甲基丁酯、2-己烯-1-醇乙酸酯、乙酸丁酯、丁酸己酯;检测出的主要烯类和醇类物质分别是α-法尼烯和正己醇。红色果袋实烯类和醇类物质的相对含量较高,酯类物质的相对含量较低,蓝色果袋果实烯类物质的相对含量较高,酯类和醇类物质的相对含量较低,而绿色果袋果实酯类和醇类物质的相对含量较高,而烯类物质的相对含量较低。     

椪柑果实品质因树龄的变化及其与叶片-土壤养分含量的关系

研究选择树龄依次为5、8、13和18年椪柑（Citrus reticulate Blanco ?Poncirus trifoliate）为对象,测定、分析椪柑果实品质及叶片养分含量、对应的土壤养分性状,旨在揭示椪柑果实品质随树龄的变化及其与叶片-土壤养分关系。结果表明,5至8年树龄椪柑果实单果重大且果形偏扁;13年树龄椪柑果实单果重小且果形偏圆;18年树龄椪柑果实单果重大且果形偏扁,果实可溶性固形物含量（10.72%）低,可滴定酸含量（1.02%）高,固酸比（10.70）低。随着树龄延长,叶片N和P含量先降低后升高,Zn含量先升高后降低,K、Mg和Mn含量上升,Ca和B含量下降。椪柑果实可溶性固形物与叶片Ca/K、Ca/Mg、Ca/Mn、Ca/(K Mg)、Ca/(Mn＋Fe)、Zn/(Mn＋Fe)呈显著正相关;可滴定酸含量与叶片Ca/K、Ca/Mn、Ca/(K Mg)呈显著负相关。结果显示,较长树龄椪柑果实可溶性固形物含量低、可滴定酸含量高与叶片低Ca、Zn含量和高K、Mg、Mn含量有关。     

SPME-GC/MS联用技术比较分析不同品种蜜柚柚花的香气成分

【目的】了解不同品种蜜柚柚花的香气成分差异,为柚花的加工利用提供参考。【方法】采用固相微萃取结合气相色谱-质谱联用分析法,对各成分质谱通过计算机谱库检索和资料分析,鉴定与比较分析了白肉蜜柚、红肉蜜柚、三红蜜柚、黄金蜜柚4种柚花的香气成分。【结果】从柚花中共检测出36种香气成分,4个品种柚花中分别为17、19、23、17种。柚花中香气成分主要均为芳樟醇,其中白肉蜜柚柚花中芳樟醇相对含量最高,达到68.65%,黄金蜜柚柚花含量次之,为67.43%,而红肉蜜柚和三红蜜柚柚花中芳樟醇含量相当,分别为65.01%和64.50%。三红蜜柚花朵的香气组成物质与其他三种比较,区别较大,萜烯类物质丰富,而酯类和烷烃类物质则较少。总之,本文初步从香气成分种类差异、共有香气成分相对含量差异以及各自特有成分上解释了4种柚花香气的区别,并分析和展望了柚花的应用前景。     

温州蜜柑花养分含量与果实品质关系的研究

本试验采用田间定点试验方法,研究宜昌市77个有代表性的温州蜜柑果园花10种营养元素含量与果实品质间的关系,探讨用花预测果实品质的可行性。结果表明：花中N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn、B元素含量的平均值分别为3.21%、0.36%、1.94%、0.53%、0.26%、64.12mg/kg、19.61mg/kg、12.19mg/kg、31.87mg/kg、29.05mg/kg;其中N、P、Ca含量为弱变异（C.V.≤10）,K、Fe、Cu、B为中变异（1020）。温州蜜柑花中的P、Ca、B含量与果实中的可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、固酸比、可食率含量显著或极显著相关,Mn含量与果实中的可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、可食率含量显著或极显著相关,N、K含量与果实可溶性固形物含量显著相关,P含量与果实Vc含量显著负相关,Fe含量与果实可滴定酸含量显著负相关。根据花中养分状况,可以对果实品质进行预先估计,并通过中期管理达到提高果实品质的目的。     

喷施低浓度NaCl对日光温室高温期草莓叶片生理特性及果实品质的影响

针对日光温室高温期草莓产量及品质下降的问题,以草莓‘红颜’为试材,采用0（CK）、5、10、15、20 mmol?L-1NaCl对日光温室高温期草莓进行每天1次的连续喷施处理,直至90%草莓成熟,测试分析草莓叶片生理特性及果实品质等指标,探索低浓度NaCl调控日光温室高温期草莓生长及品质的有益效应。结果表明：喷施低浓度NaCl显著提高了草莓叶片叶绿素含量、抗氧化酶活性、光合参数和果实单果重、色泽度、可溶性糖、Vc、游离氨基酸含量,显著降低了叶片丙二醛（MDA）含量和果实可滴定酸含量。与对照（CK）相比,10 mmol?L-1和15 mmol?L-1NaCl的品质有益调控效应最明显,可溶性糖增幅7.45%~15.45%,Vc增幅34.48%~35.34%,游离氨基酸增幅11.34%~15.05%,可滴定酸降幅9.33%~18.67%。由此可见,采用10~15 mmol?L-1NaCl喷施处理技术,保护了日光温室高温期草莓叶片细胞膜结构的完整性和稳定性,维持了叶片具有较强的光合能力,促进草莓果实营养物质的形成和累积。     

不同种类柑橘果实氨基酸组成及营养品质评价

为探明不同品种宽皮柑橘果肉的特征性香气物质,以芦柑、温州蜜柑、红桔、瓯柑、砂糖橘的果肉为研究对象,基于GC-MS共分离鉴定出65种香气物质,其中d-柠檬烯含量最高占56.34~85.98%。采用香气活性值法和主成分分析法,确定温州蜜柑的特征香气物质为反式-β-罗勒烯、(E)-2-壬烯醛、橙花醛、香叶基丙酮,红桔为香叶醛、(-)-4-松油醇、α-萜品烯、辛醛、α-萜品醇、芳樟醇、β-香茅醇、β-月桂烯、?-萜品烯,瓯柑为顺式-β-罗勒烯、d-柠檬烯、β-水芹烯,砂糖橘为β-香茅醛、癸醛、紫苏醛、(E)-2-己烯醛,而芦柑仅有α-金合欢烯。这些特征香气性物质的差异,形成宽皮柑橘独特的风味特征。     

桑椹贮藏保鲜中糖酸比变化及影响因素的研究

为达到桑椹鲜食产业化目的 ,应用新型消毒剂二氧化氯和冰温贮藏技术对桑椹贮藏保鲜中糖酸比变化及影响因素进行了研究。结果表明 :桑椹在冰温点以上温度贮藏 ,糖酸比下降明显 ,白桑椹尤甚 ;二氧化氯缓释处理能明显延缓桑椹糖酸比的下降。二氧化氯缓释处理结合冰温贮藏 15d ,白桑椹和紫桑椹的糖酸比分别下降 11 8%、17 4 % ;贮藏 2 5d后 ,分别下降 5 7 5 %、39 1%。冰温贮藏 15d ,桑椹糖酸比与pH值之间有显著的正相关关系 (P <0 0 1) ,但随贮藏时间的延长相关关系逐渐消失。     

BC蜡液涂膜和聚乙烯薄膜单果包装对冰糖橙贮藏期果实品质的影响

探讨不同采后处理方式对普通冰糖橙贮藏期间果实品质的影响,为普通冰糖橙果实采后的科学处理和贮藏保鲜提供理论依据。以成熟普通冰糖橙果实为试验材料,分别采用BC蜡液（BC）和聚乙烯薄膜单果包装（TD）处理,常温贮藏。对处理后的果实在不同时间节点检测果实腐烂率、失重率、可溶性固形物和可滴定酸含量等指标;同时对皱缩度、风味和总体满意度等指标进行感官评价。结果表明,贮藏60 d后,BC和TD处理均能显著降低果实腐烂率和失重率,并且可以延缓果实硬度的下降;常温贮藏中后期,BC处理可以明显提高果实亮度;整个贮藏过程中,处理和对照之间的固酸比差异不显著;贮藏60 d后,BC和TD处理的果实总体满意度显著高于对照。综合结果可知,BC蜡液和聚乙烯薄膜单果包装对减少普通冰糖橙果实腐烂率和保持果实新鲜度效果均较好。     

Physical and chemical treatments for enhancing seed germination of Oldman saltbush (Atriplex nummularia)

This study was conducted to improve the seed germination of Oldman saltbush (Atriplex nummularia), which is an important fodder shrub commonly used for revegetation of degraded rangelands in the West Asia and North Africa regions. Seeds with and without their bracts (fruits) were subjected to physical (scarification, water soaking, gamma radiation) and chemical (potassium nitrate, sulfuric acid and gibberellic acid) treatments. For each treatment, sets of 100 seeds with and without bracts were selected randomly, divided into four equal groups, and incubated in a germinator at 20 ± 1°C. The treatments had a highly significant (P < 0.0001) effect on seed germination. The scarification, potassium nitrate (0.2% concentration), gibberellic acid (100 and 150ppm) and sulfuric acid (25% for 10min, 50% for 10 and 20min) treatments improved seed germination significantly compared to control treatment (4.0%). The different doses of gamma radiation and high concentrations of sulfuric acid (75%) reduced seed germination significantly (P < 0.001). The removal of bracts surrounding the seeds had a highly significant (P < 0.0001) effect on seed germination and averaged 73.5% for washing, 78.0% for scarification, 80.9% and 88.0% for potassium nitrate of 2% and 4% concentration, 88.1% for gibberellic acid of 150ppm, and 70.4% for sulfuric acid of 25% concentration. The results indicate that the inhibiting factors of germination must be located in the bracts. Future work should focus on developing technologies to remove the bracts surrounding the true seed of A. nummularia.     

中国九宫山地区红肉猕猴桃新优株及其应用展望

通过野外调查和查阅现有文献,阐明了中国九宫山地区是鄂赣交界一个得天独厚的优异野生猕猴桃种质资源基因库,也是我国猕猴桃新品种选育材料采集的重要发源地之一。介绍了该地区新发现的野生红肉猕猴桃优株的主要特性：果柄较短、果实较大(最大单果鲜重约为81.2 g)、酸甜适中、内层果肉淡红色至红色;含可溶性固形物14.10%,总糖8.84%,总酸1.18%,Vc 644.3 mg/ kg;有望培育成中华猕猴桃新的食用品种(系)或观赏兼具食用品种(系),其良好的开发利用前景十分广阔。     

杧果炭疽病病原菌侵染特性研究

采用细胞组织学和扫描电镜观察杧果炭疽病菌（Colletotrichum gloeosporioides）在杧果叶片、果实上的侵染过程,并研究了温度、湿度、刺伤对其发病情况的影响。显微观察结果表明,接种后3h,病原菌分生孢子在刺伤、不刺伤的叶片及果实上均开始萌发,其孢子萌发率为36%-81%,附着胞形成率为20%-61%;接种6-12h,¬¬¬大量分生孢子开始萌发,并形成附着胞;接种后24h孢子萌发率和附着胞形成率均超过88%;接种后48h后菌丝体进一步生长呈现网膜状的菌丝团,并不断扩展。在不同温湿度下,刺伤与不刺伤的杧果炭疽病的发生情况差异显著,20°C情况下叶片和果实上的病斑平均直径最小分别为13.4mm和3.5mm。30°C情况下叶片和果实上的病斑平均直径最大分别为26.1mm和8.7mm。在7和14 天,湿度69.2%条件下,病情指数仅为12.9 和 12.9,而湿度84.5%时,病情指数分别达27.9和 87.1。刺伤处理的叶片和果实发病率均为100%,其病情指数分别为68.57和57.14,病斑直径分别为8.7mm和11.7mm。不刺伤的叶片和果实的发病率仅为70%和40%,其病情指数也只有38.57和5.71, 病斑直径分别为1.8mm和12.7mm。杧果炭疽菌在条件适宜情况下,可在3h内萌发并侵入寄主组织;伤口可促进杧果炭疽菌分生孢子的萌发,但不利于附着胞的形成。在温度20-28°C间,温度越高发病越重,湿度69.2-85.4%间,湿度越高发病越重,且伤口可加重杧果炭疽病的发生。     

Endozoochory of frugivorous birds as potential dispersal of seed parasites from Pistacia chinesis: experimental evidence

The plant–disperser–fruit pest triads involve 3 interacting animals or groups (plants, vertebrates and seed parasites), and the dispersal of both seeds and seed parasites, which can both benefit from endozoochory via defecation or regurgitation by frugivorous vertebrates. However, we have very limited knowledge about the ecological and evolutionary consequences of these plant–disperser–fruit pest triads. Across central Northern China, several seed wasps (mainly Eurytoma plotnikov attack Pistacia chinensis fruits, and seed wasp larvae can develop, diapause and finally emerge as adults inside a seed during the following 1–3 years. In this study, we experimentally investigated whether frugivorous birds discriminated P. chinesis fruits with or without seed parasites, and whether bird endozoochory (by defecation or regurgitation) affected larval survival of seed parasites. The infestation rate by seed parasites was 37% of the P. chinesis fruit crop but with up to 48% of aborted fruits. We found that all 5 bird species can discriminate and then reject all unhealthy fruits (including aborted and insect‐infested). However, 4 of the 5 bird species, in particular bulbul species, consumed 15–41% of aborted and insect‐infested fruits as complementary food only when these unhealthy fruits were provided. Moreover, all larva of seed parasites remained alive after bird defecation or regurgitation. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that endozoochory by frugivorous birds could lead to potential dispersal of seed parasites of P. chinensis but with a very low probability.     

Endozoochorous seed dispersal by golden snub-nosed monkeys in a temperate forest

Seed dispersal is essential for plant recruitment and the maintenance of biodiversity. Colobine monkeys are primarily folivorous, but they also consume fruits and are often assumed to be seed predators. Although they are known to be epizoochorous seed dispersers, their role as endozoochorous seed dispersers needs reassessment. We examined potential endozoochory in golden snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana) at Dalongtan in Shennongjia National Park, central China, by assessing potential germination of ingested seeds (n = 1806, 9 species) from fecal samples. Intact seeds were in almost all fecal samples (ranging from 5–130 seeds), and ingested seeds were from small seeded species (seed width <4.5 mm). The 2 most abundant species were Actinidia arguta (73%) and Rosa caudata (15%). The fruits of A. arguta were unripe when ingested (i.e. effective seed predation) and the ingested seeds did not germinate in the trials. Therefore, ingestion of unripe seeds does not lead to effective seed dispersal. However, germination rates of defecated R. caudata (9%) were greater than control seeds (6% and 0%), demonstrating potential endozoochorous seed dispersal. Thus, colobine monkeys do indeed disperse mainly small-seeded from multi-seeded fruits through potential endozoochory and this process enhances the recruitment of seedlings.     

Feeding Acacia etbaica and Dichrostachys cinerea fruits to smallholder goats in northern Ethiopia improves their performance during the dry season

Acacia etbaica Schweinf. and Dichrostachys cinerea (L.) Wight et Arn. are among the common woody browse plants that naturally grow in many arid and semi-arid rangelands in sub Saharan Africa. An experiment was conducted to compare the voluntary dry matter intake, body weight gain, nitrogen balance, carcass composition and sensory attributes of goats supplemented with different levels of A. etbaica and D. cinerea fruits. Average initial body weight of the goats was 20.4 kg (± 0.8SE) and received one of the following fruit supplementation regimes for 120 days (on body weight basis, n = 4 goats per group): (1) Control, no supplement; (2) 0.5% of A. etbaica; (3) 0.5% of D. cinerea; (4) 1.0% of A. etbaica; (5) 1.0% of D. cinerea; (6) 1.5% of A. etbaica; (7) 1.5% of D. cinerea. All groups were allowed to graze/browse during the day. Compared to A. etbaica, D. cinerea fruits contained higher amounts of crude protein (182 vs 135 g/kg DM), metabolizable energy (11 vs 8.4 MJ/kg DM), and in vitro dry matter digestibility coefficient (0.7 vs 0.6). The concentrations of acid detergent fiber (ADF), sulphuric acid solubulized lignin, and tannin (soluble and condensed) were lower (P < 0.05) in D. cinerea than in A. etbaica fruits. A. etbaica fruits, however, contained higher amounts of Na, K, Fe, and Zn concentrations than D. cinerea fruits. Dry matter intake was markedly higher in supplemented groups than in the control group without supplement. Similarly, body weight gain in the control group was negative and lower (P < 0.05) than any of the supplemented groups. During the course of the experimental period (120 days) the group placed in the 1.5% D. cinerea fruit diet gained 2.6 kg whereas the control group lost 2.0 kg. Thus, the difference between these two groups was 4.6 kg, which suggests about 22.5% increment of the goats' initial body weight. N retention was negative for the control group and varied little among the remaining treatment groups. Dressing percent increased with increased level of either type of fruit supplement, the highest (51.8%) being achieved at the 1.5% D. cinerea level. There was no difference in bone tissue across treatment groups. D. cinerea fruit intake also resulted in juicy/watery flavor and tender carcass. D. cinerea fruits appeared to have no adverse effects when included at the highest level (1.5%) and could be collected and stored as dry season supplement to smallholder goats. This study shows that poor farmers can increase goat performance substantially through supplement feeding with wild fruits. Areas in Ethiopia originally set aside for provision of ecological services and biodiversity protection can also be used for wild fruit production and feeding of small stock. The effect of increasing D. cinerea fruits above the 1.5% body weight level should be a focus of future investigation. Further work on deactivation mechanism of tannins is required for A. etbaica fruits included at levels higher than 1.0%.