北疆棉区打顶调控棉纤维生态位适宜度的研究

以北疆高产棉田棉纤维作为研究对象,引入生态位适宜度理论,对三个打顶次数不同的处理的棉花群体棉纤维生态位适宜度进行分析研究,结果表明:用生态位适宜度来评价棉纤维品质是切实可行的,三个打顶处理中7月10日和7月25日打顶棉株棉纤维生态位适宜度均为中部最高,并且随着棉花群体打顶次数的增加,其下部棉纤维生态位适宜度较上部有逐渐增高的趋势,与一次打顶相比较,其二、三次打顶棉株上、下部棉纤维生态位适宜度均升高。二、三次打顶处理中的6月25日打顶棉株棉纤维生态位适宜度最大值所在部位上移至棉株上部。     

北疆棉区打本调控棉纤维生态位适宜度的研究

以北疆高产棉田棉纤维作为研究对象,引入生态位适宜度理论,对三个打原次数不同的处理的棉花群体棉纤维生态位适宜度进行分析研究,结果表明用生态位适宜度来评价棉纤维品质是切实可行的,三个打顶处理中7月10日和7月25日打顶棉株棉纤维生态位适宜度均为中部最高,并且随着棉花群体打顸次数的增加,其下部棉纤维生态位适宜度较上部有逐渐增高的趋势,与一次打顶相比较,其二、三次打顶棉株上、下部棉纤维生态位适宜度均升高.二、三次打顶处理中的6月25日打顶棉株棉纤维生态位适宜度最大值所在部位上移至棉株上部.     

北疆棉纤维品质气候生态位适宜度研究

 以北疆高产棉花纤维品质形成为研究对象,引入生态位适宜度理论对与棉纤维品质形成发育相关的7个生态因子进行生态位适宜度测算,对比实际收获棉纤维品质的灰色关联度分析,结果表明,北疆高产田棉纤维生态位适宜度值第3~6果枝较高,第1～2、第7～8、第9～10果枝相继下降。影响棉纤维发育的生态因子的生态位适宜度值（F_i）与棉花纤维品质之间存在极显著的线性相关关系,不同果枝节位棉纤维品质的生态位适宜度值对棉花纤维品质具有较好的预测性,生态位适宜度分析法可以作为指导棉花生长调控、建立高产高效棉花群体的重要依据。     

棉花化学打顶剂的配制与筛选

化学打顶对于抑制棉花顶端的无限生长和实现轻简化栽培具有重要意义,而合适的打顶剂则是简化栽培管理的关键。采用自主配制的3种化学打顶剂（Z1、Z3和Z4）和市场上购买的氟节胺（Z2）、增效缩节胺（Z5）和缩节胺粉剂（Z6）3种化学药剂于花铃期（7月26日）进行喷雾（对照为不打顶）,于吐絮期对棉花株高、果枝始节高、植株上部（第9果枝）、中部（第5果枝）和下部（第2果枝）3个部位果枝长度、产量性状及纤维品质进行考察和统计分析。结果表明,不同化学打顶剂均对棉花的株高和果枝始节高有抑制作用,并且降低了上部果枝长度,增加了棉株的有效结铃数,增加了纤维产量,部分打顶剂对棉花纤维品质有轻微的影响,其中Z4处理在株型、产量和品质方面效果最佳。     

化学打顶对棉花群体容量的拓展效应

以常规人工打顶为对照,在大田条件下设置不同种植密度(18万、22.5万和27万株·hm-2),研究化学打顶对棉株形态、群体器官数量和经济产量等的影响.结果表明,化学打顶棉花株高显著高于人工打顶,平均高出17％,中上部果枝显著变短,尤其是上部果枝平均比人工打顶短75％.冠层中部透光率平均提高约13％.在相同密度条件下,化...     

棉花按花位适时打顶试验简报

棉花在有效蕾终止期之前适时打顶心是生产上常用的栽培措施。打顶增产的关键技术是适时去掉顶端优势。若打顶过早,上部果枝生长过长,封行过度,冠层截光量大,群体底层透光率低[1],造成蕾铃脱落率高、烂铃,打顶反而减产;若打顶过迟,上部果枝已成空枝,打顶失效。打顶时机受棉花中后期自身生育规律和环境条件的综合影响。抓住主要矛盾和主要指标适时打顶,才能提高打顶的成功率[2]。本试验探讨适时打顶时棉株长势长相的主要标志,旨在为棉花打顶增产提供关键适用技术。     

喷施氟节胺对棉花农艺性状及产量的影响研究

通过小区试验探究喷施氟节胺对棉花农艺性状及其产量的影响,为研究区开展化学打顶技术提供科学依据。以主栽棉花品种新陆早42号为供试材料,设置3个处理,测定了棉花生育期的农艺性状及产量,对氟节胺化学打顶技术进行了综合的技术评价,结果表明:化学打顶棉花株高显著高于人工打顶,但显著低于不打顶处理(P0.05);主茎平均节间长度与人工打顶处理差异不显著,但打顶后显著降低了棉株的主茎节数,且化学打顶显著高于人工打顶(P0.05);化学打顶后植株果枝数比人工打顶提高59.9%,棉花上部果枝结铃数及内围铃数略高于人工打顶,但铃重显著高于人工打顶(P0.05),籽棉产量和皮棉产量与人工打顶处理相比没有差异。     

面对气候变化 及早预防棉粉虱

正今年入伏以来,南方棉区持续放晴,部分棉区经历渍涝之后又遇高温干旱天气,这样的生态环境是很易诱发棉粉虱为害的。棉粉虱有的地方叫烟粉虱或者白粉虱,5月份开始迁入棉田为害棉花幼苗,最宜发生气温为25℃~30℃,8~9月是为害高峰期。棉花大田一般在8月中旬开始为害棉株上部嫩叶,9月上旬迅速扩散蔓延,能殃及各类不同的棉苗。起初,嫩叶上只是点片为害,气候适宜时,短短几天棉株上中下部均可发生为害。下部叶     

水溶有机肥对棉花产量和品质的影响研究

通过开展水溶有机肥小区试验,研究水溶有机肥代替常规化肥施用对棉花产量及品质的影响。结果显示:(1)随着水溶有机肥施用量的增加,棉株根系和地上部生物量均呈现出增加趋势,不施肥处理根冠比最高;(2)施用水溶有机肥增加了棉花产量,且随着液体有机肥施用量的增加,产量呈现增加的趋势;(3)施用水溶有机肥的3个处理,棉纤维马克隆值均在A级,而不施肥处理和常规化肥处理棉纤维马克隆值则处在B级。     

覆膜棉田主要病害综合防治系列技术研究

作者1985—1988年研究结果:采用五氯硝基苯拌种可有效地防治覆膜棉田立枯病死苗.种植中抗枯萎病品种,并协调组配五氯硝基苯拌种诱发自然串珠镰刀菌对枯萎病的减轻作用和塑膜覆盖对枯萎病的生态防治作用,其综合防病效果达到高抗品种的水平.摘除棉株下部3个果枝上的棉蕾或下部3个果枝可协调棉株成铃结构,恶化发病生态位,从而使铃病明显减轻,棉花大幅度增产.     

辽河流域棉区棉花化学封顶技术应用研究

为了探索化学封顶技术在辽河流域棉区的应用可行性和配套技术,2015-2020年,在辽宁省经济作物研究所进行比较试验。选用中国农业大学植物生长调节剂教育部工程研究中心提供的化学封顶剂（简称封顶剂）,设置7月12日（T1）和7月17日（T2）2个封顶时间,750、1125和1500mL/hm² 3个封顶剂用量,同时设120g/hm²高浓度甲哌鎓（DPC）处理,以不打顶为对照,以人工打顶和打大顶为副对照。结果表明,化学封顶处理能够有效控制植株长势,使株型更加紧凑,构造合理冠层结构;处理时间越早,控长效果越好。不同浓度药剂处理的效果也有差别,但差异不显著。不同化学封顶处理对产量及其构成因素影响程度不同,各处理之间纤维品质差异不显著。结论认为,化学封顶剂的种类、喷施时间和用量都会影响封顶效果,辽河流域棉区建议在7月17日左右进行化学封顶处理,封顶剂浓度以1125mL/hm²为宜。     

Effects of Seeding Date and Topping Date on Yield and Fiber Quality of Short-Season Cotton Field-Seeded after Barley(Rape)/Wheat Harvest

[Objective] The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of seeding date and topping date on yield, yield characteristics and fiber quality of short-season cotton (CCRI 50) field-seeded after barley(rape)/wheat harvest. [Method] A split-plot design with three replicates was used for the study in Nanjing, Jiangsu province of China in 2014-2015. The main plots comprised two seeding dates (S₁: 25th May and S₂: 10th June), while topping dates (T₁: 30th July, T₂: 7th August and T₃: 15th August) constituted the subplots. [Result] The lint yield, the ratio of yield before frost, boll number, boll weight and lint percent of S₂ were lower than those of S₁. The number of fruit branches and fruit nodes of S₂ were less than those of S₁ while it was the opposite for the boll setting ratio. The lint yield and the ratio of yield before frost decreased with the delay of topping date. The number of fruit branches and fruit nodes, the ratio of them increased with the delay of topping date while the boll setting ratio decreased. The interaction of sowing date × topping date showed that the treatment of S₁T₁ achieved higher value in lint yield and the ratio of yield before frost. The higher number of fruit branches and fruit nodes were found at the treatment of S₁T₁, S₁T₂ and S1T3 and higher boll setting ratio were found at the treatment of S₂T₁ and S₁T₁. Correlation analysis showed that the lint yield positively and significantly correlated with the number of fruit branches and fruit nodes and boll number, but did not significantly correlate withboll setting ratio and the ratio of fruit branches number to nodes number. In addition, the boll distribution ratios of middle and low fruit branches of S₂ were more than those of S₁ while it was the opposite for that of up fruit branches. The boll distribution ratios of middle and low fruit branches decreased with the delay of topping date while it was the opposite for that of up-fruit branches. The treatment of S₁T₁ could be better to improve fiber length and fiber strength of different fruit branches and the micronaire value of middle fruit branches. [Conclusion] The treatment of S₁T₁ is conducive to high yield and fiber quality of short-season cotton field-seeded after barley(rape)/wheat harvest in lower reaches of the Yangtze River.     

北疆植棉区滴灌量对化学打顶棉花植株农艺性状及产量的影响

【目的】探索滴灌量变化对化学打顶棉花农艺性状及产量的影响,为棉花化学打顶技术的应用提供依据。【方法】2016年,田间自然条件下,以人工打顶作为对照,选用氟节胺复配型和缩节胺复配型两种打顶剂,分别设3种不同滴灌量,通过测定不同处理棉花农艺性状、机采前脱叶效果及产量变化,分析不同滴灌量条件下棉花化学打顶株型变化及产量效应。【结果】打顶处理与滴灌量处理对棉花株高及果枝长有显著的互作效应,其中化学打顶×中滴灌量组合较化学打顶×高滴灌量组合株高平均降低6%,果枝长平均变短12%,产量差异不大;而较化学打顶×低滴灌量组合株高增加13%,果枝长平均增加14%,籽棉产量却增加7%。化学打顶与人工打顶之间脱叶率及杂叶率无显著差异,而较低的滴灌量可以加快化学打顶棉花的脱叶进程。与人工打顶相比,化学打顶虽显著降低了上部果枝铃重,但对衣分及产量无显著影响。【结论】喷施打顶剂后的2次灌水控制在中滴灌量(32 m3·667 m~(-2)),不仅可以调节化学打顶棉花的株型和脱叶进程,还可以在不降低籽棉产量的同时减少滴灌量,生产上具有一定的应用价值。     

长江流域麦(油)后直播棉增效缩节胺化学封顶技术研究

【目的】明确长江流域麦(油)后直播棉应用增效缩节胺(25%DPC水剂,简称DPC+)进行化学封顶的可行性。【方法】于2015―2017年在江苏大丰、安徽宿松和湖北武汉开展田间试验,采用随机区组设计,以人工打顶为对照,研究化学封顶时期(人工打顶同期、人工打顶后5 d)和封顶剂DPC+剂量(750,1 125,1 500 m L·hm^-2)对麦(油)后直播棉农艺性状及经济性状的影响。【结果】与人工打顶相比,DPC+化学封顶处理的株高和果枝数增加(最多分别增加21.6 cm和4.8个),中部和上部果枝(尤其是上部果枝)缩短,除个别点次外果节数不受影响。在不同环境条件下,化学封顶处理的产量多与人工打顶相当,低剂量DPC+处理的产量在降水量大的年份有一定程度下降,化学封顶时期对产量影响较小。【结论】应用DPC+对长江流域麦(油)后直播棉进行化学封顶有较好的可行性,未来需进一步优化技术参数、建立稳发稳长的配套栽培技术体系。     

抗虫棉多茎株型栽培技术研究

为探讨棉花高产简化栽培新途径,通过十年连续田间试验,对棉花株型调控技术、不同株型不同部位及叶枝的成铃质量、多茎株型适宜的种植密度及品种适应性进行了研究。结果表明：利用叶枝塑造的株型为多茎倒伞型,其株型调控技术是留叶枝早摘心,主茎12 台果枝打顶、叶枝7 月5 日（初花期）摘心处理籽棉产量最高,较其他处理增产9.0%~10.9%;叶枝成铃单铃重高于多茎株型及常规株型下部1~4 台果枝结铃单铃重,纤维品质无明显差异;多茎株型栽培适宜的密度适应范围是3.3 万株/hm2~5.1 万株/hm2;多茎株型品种适应性广,叶枝发达的杂交棉品种增产潜力更大。多茎株型栽培高产简化技术关键是：扩行距、适密度、留叶枝、早摘心。     

辛酸甲酯、癸酸甲酯和6-BA对棉花去顶的影响

 以皖棉19 F₁为材料,研究了叶面喷施辛酸甲酯、癸酸甲酯和6-苄基腺嘌呤（6-BA）对棉花去顶的影响。3种试剂均降低了棉花的株高,较高浓度处理提高了果枝数、单株结铃数、铃重及衣分,从而提高了产量;对棉花纤维的上半部长度和整齐度影响不大,但多数处理增加了麦克隆值,高浓度处理降低了比强度和伸长率,使棉花纤维品质下降。总体来看,适宜浓度的辛酸甲酯、癸酸甲酯和6-BA能在一定程度上代替人工打顶。     

Cotton Chemical Topping by Applying DPC in Different Cotton-Growing Regions

[Objective] The objective of this study was to investigate the stability and universality of cotton chemical topping by applying mepiquat chloride (1,1-dimethyl-piperidinium chloride, DPC) in different cotton-growing regions. [Method] Field experiments were conducted in 2018 at 10 locations in the Yellow River basin (Hejian and Handan, Hebei province; Dezhou and Wudi, Shandong province), the Yangtze River basin (Dafeng, Jiangsu province; Huanggang, Hubei province), and Xinjiang area (Shihezi location I and loacation II, northern Xinjiang and Luntai and Shaya, southern Xinjiang). Local cultivars/lines were used, and the experiments were performed using a randomized complete block design with three or four replicates. Accompanied with typical DPC multi-application in each location, chemical topping was conducted at 10 days before manual topping (T1) or at the same time with manual topping (T2) by applying four dosages of DPC (0, 90, 180, 270 g·hm^－2), manual topping was used as the first control and non-topping as the second control. [Result] The time of chemical topping significantly affected cotton plant height (except for the results in Handan, Dezhou and Wudi) and the number of fruit branches (except for the results in Dafeng and Huanggang). It was observed that earlier chemical topping would result in lower cotton plant height and a fewer fruit branches. In Hejian and Shihezi location I, the average plant height across DPC chemical topping at T1 stage was not only lower than that of T2 stage but also 3.3 cm and 4.6 cm lower than that of manual topping, respectively. In most locations, chemical topping at T1 stage increased around two fruit branches per plant compared with manual topping, while in T2 stage the increased fruit branches per plant ranged from 2.3 to 7.7. Also, we found that a higher dosage of DPC resulted in shorter plant height (except for that in Huanggang). In some locations, plant heights of chemical topping with 180 g·hm^－2 or 270 g·hm^－2 DPC were even shorter than that of manual topping. The number of fruit branches per plant of 0 g·hm^－2 DPC increased by 2.4-8.3 compared with manual topping. However, chemical topping with 90-270 g·hm^－2 DPC significantly reduced the number of fruit branches compared with 0 g·hm^－2 DPC. There were no significant differences in the number of fruit branches among three DPC dosages (90, 180, and 270 g·hm^－2). In Handan, seed cotton yield of chemical topping at T2 stage was significantly lower than that of manual topping due to the decreased boll number, which is possibly associated with the high temperature and drought weather after chemical topping. While at other locations, most treatments of chemical topping by using DPC did not produce significant effects on yield. In addition, chemical topping by using DPC did not delay cotton maturity, characterized by their similar boll-opening rate and the first harvest rate to those of manual topping before spraying harvest aids. [Conclusion] Cotton chemical topping with DPC is more stable and universal across different cotton-growing regions. We suggest that 90-180 g·hm^－2 DPC could be used at the same time with manual topping for cotton chemical topping.