Assembly of clathrin-coated pits onto purified plasma membranes

During receptor-mediated endocytosis, coated pits invaginate to form coated vesicles, clathrin and associated proteins dissociate from the vesicle membrane, and these proteins form new coated pits at the cell surface. As a means of elucidating molecular mechanisms that govern the function of coated pits, the assembly phase of this cycle was reconstituted by incubating purified membranes that were treated to remove endogenous coated pits with cytoplasm extracted from cultured cells. The in vitro assembly of coated pits on these membranes satisfactorily mimics many features of coated pit formation in the intact cell. These studies indicate that: the membranes contain a limited number of coated pit assembly sites that bind clathrin with high affinity; the half-time for assembly is 5 minutes both at 4 degrees C and 37 degrees C; during assembly, proteins with molecular sizes of 180, 110, and 36 kilodaltons are recruited to the plasma membrane; and assembly is not dependent on adenosine triphosphate, but this nucleotide triggers a temperature-dependent loss of coated pits that are assembled in the absence of adenosine triphosphate.     

不同恢复措施对宁夏黄土丘陵区典型草原植物群落特征的影响

研究封育、鱼鳞坑和水平沟措施实施5a后宁夏黄土丘陵区典型草原的植物群落特征。通过野外测定,发现水平沟和鱼鳞坑措施下群落物种数较封育草地增加,但1a生物种及杂类草的重要值上升,而一些饲用价值较好的牧草重要值降低。鱼鳞坑植被盖度最高,封育草地最低,地上生物量为封育草地最高,水平沟最低。鱼鳞坑和水平沟群落的相似性较高,但均与封育草地植被有一定差异。物种Pielou均匀度指数和Shan-non-Wiener多样性指数均表现为鱼鳞坑最高,水平沟居中,封育草地最低,生态优势度则相反。说明,水平沟和鱼鳞坑整地5a后植被仍处于恢复阶段,3种措施下植物群落均处于不稳定的演替阶段,其中,鱼鳞坑措施下植物群落的稳定性最大,水平沟和封育草地的群落稳定性接近。     

城市化进程中坑塘景观整治与保育规划探讨

以亳州市丁家坑水域整治实践为例,探寻城市化进程中坑塘水域景观整治与保育规划的对策。笔者认为要做到城市坑塘水域健康发展,需做好：①做好城市水域保护规划,结合景观进行坑塘整治与保育规划。②依法加强管理、监督坑塘“绿线”,禁止在水域绿线规划范围内乱搭、乱盖建筑物和构筑物,发现填占、侵害坑塘水域等违法行为,及时处理。③禁止向水域排放各类污水,禁止向水域倾倒垃圾、渣土及有毒、有害物质等。④加强舆论宣传及监督,揭露违法行为,使坑塘水域保护深入人心。     

不同生境下蓝桉木材扫描电镜观察的研究

用扫描电镜对不同生境下的蓝桉（ＥｕｃａｌｙｐｔｕｓｇｌｏｂｕｌｕｓＬａｂｉｌｌ．）木材结构进行了解剖学观察，不同生境下的蓝桉扫描结构表明，导管壁上具Ａ，Ｂ两种类型的附物纹孔，但以Ａ型为主，也具具缘纹孔、联合状纹孔和火山状纹孔；管胞壁上具附物纹孔，但附物较少；纤维管胞壁上具具缘纹孔和单纹孔；纤维壁上具长椭圆形的单纹孔；射线细胞内具晶体和晶体类似物。并分析了附物纹孔的大小与生态因子之间的关系。     

Sudden onset of pitting corrosion on stainless steel as a critical phenomenon

Stainless steels undergo a sharp rise in pitting corrosion rate as the potential, solution concentration, or temperature is changed only slightly. We report experiments using real-time microscopic in situ visualizations that resolve the nucleation and evolution of individual pits during the transition. They suggest that the sudden onset of corrosion is explained by an explosive autocatalytic growth in the number of metastable pits and that stabilization of individual pits takes place only later. This finding agrees with a theoretical approach treating the onset of pitting corrosion as a cooperative critical phenomenon resulting from interactions among metastable pits, and it extends perspectives on the control and prevention of corrosion onset.     

Torus-margo pits help conifers compete with angiosperms

The unicellular conifer tracheid should have greater flow resistance per length (resistivity) than the multicellular angiosperm vessel, because its high-resistance end-walls are closer together. However, tracheids and vessels had comparable resistivities for the same diameter, despite tracheids being over 10 times shorter. End-wall pits of tracheids averaged 59 times lower flow resistance on an area basis than vessel pits, owing to the unique torus-margo structure of the conifer pit membrane. The evolution of this membrane was as hydraulically important as that of vessels. Without their specialized pits, conifers would have 38 times the flow resistance, making conifer-dominated ecosystems improbable in an angiosperm world.     

经抽提处理后兴安落叶松木材超微构造变化的研究

用扫描电子显微镜对经苯醇混合液（体积比为２：１）和１％碳酸氢钠（ＨａＨＣＯ３）水溶液抽提处理的兴安落叶松木材超微构造进行了观察，并研究了木材经后超微构造发生的一特殊变化。经苯醇混俣液抽提处理的兴安落叶松心材，由于其抽提物质的聚集，在细胞腔壁及纹孔上的出现瘤状物。苯醇混合液和碳酸氢钠水溶液抽提处理兴安落叶松木材均可使其闭塞纹孔打开，但两种抽提处理木材的闭塞纹孔打开的形态和位置不同。这主要是由于两种抽     

Micromorphology and surface characteristics of lunar dust and breccia

Although nothing of direct biologic interest was observed in the sample studied, small shaped glass particles and glazed pits resemble objects which elsewhere have been described as fossils. These features, although nonbiological, do bear on processes of lunar weathering and outgassing. The glazed pits are impact features. Fusion of their surfaces released gases. Electron microscopy of the glasses, pits, and angular microfractured mineral grains indicates a prevalence of destructive weathering processes-thermal expansion and contraction, abrasion by by-passing particles, and, of course, impact. ous at room temperature.     

碧蛾蜡蝉若虫感受器的电镜扫描观察

为了探索碧蛾蜡蝉若虫的行为习性,为其防治提供参考,通过电镜扫描对碧蛾蜡蝉若虫的触角、感觉陷和前足跗节的外部感受器进行了观察。结果表明:碧蛾蜡蝉若虫的触角上存在毛形感受器和耳形感受器;前足跗节着生毛形感受器;感觉陷内侧边缘有1凹窝,凹窝基部着生棒状结构。     

Mechanical wounding induces the formation of extensive coated membranes in giant algal cells

Mechanically wounding giant cells of Boergesenia forbesii induces the formation of bristle-coated, plasma-membrane invaginations (coated pits) and coated vesicles, easily providing a plentiful source of coated membranes in a clean cellular system unencumbered by other tissues. Contractions evoked by wounding partition the cytoplasm into hundreds of spherical protoplasts with approximately 40 percent less total plasma-membrane surface area than the original cell. Ferritin labeling and the appearance of numerous large coated pits and vesicles at the peak period of contraction indicate that these organelles play a role in extensive endocytosis of the plasma membrane.     

Journey to the center of the cell: role of the receptosome

Fibroblasts contain a specific internalization pathway that carries hormones as well as some proteins and viruses from the cell surface to the cell interior. Initially, the ligands bind to mobile receptors that are randomly distributed on the cell surface. Next the ligand-receptor complexes are trapped and concentrated in specialized regions of the membrane termed bristle-coated pits. From the pit a smooth-walled vesicle containing the ligand forms and carries the ligand to the cell interior. Because of its role in receptor-mediated endocytosis, this vesicle has been termed a "receptosome."     

Dissolution of pyroxenes and amphiboles during weathering

Augite, hypersthene, diopside, and hornblende all undergo dissolution during weathering by means of the formation, growth, and coalescence of distinctive, parallel, lens-shaped etch pits. Similar etch features can be produced if these minerals are treated in the laboratory with concentrated hydrofluoric acid plus hydrochloric acid. These pits most likely form at dislocation outcrops, and their shape and orientation are controlled primarily by the crystallography of the underlying mineral. The results are similar to those found for soil feldspars and suggest that silicate weathering, in general, takes place by selective etching and not by general attack of the surface with consequent rounding as necessiated by bulk diffusion-type weathering theories.     

大通沼气池的应用及发展探讨

大通县依托林业重点工程,发展沼气,采用国内最先进的旋流布料自动循环式沼气,解决了高原冬季不产气的问题。取得了初步成效。受到农村广大用户的赞誉。     

山楂长小蠹带菌部位的研究

山楂长小蠹Platypussp .是山楂树的重要害虫之一 ,本文采用石蜡切片和扫描电镜技术对山楂长小蠹的带菌部位即菌蠹 ,进行了详细观察和研究。结果表明 ,山楂长小蠹菌囊区域位于雌成虫前胸背板上 ,菌囊区域长约0 2 5mm ,前缘宽约 0 2 7mm ,后缘宽约 0 0 9mm ;共有 5 0个菌囊 ,每个菌囊近似椭圆形 ,大小约 15 μm× 11μm～ 2 4μm× 19μm ;在菌蠹中有菌丝体 ;雄成虫无论是在前胸背板上还是在虫体其它部位都无菌囊的存在。本研究为山楂长小蠹的防治提供了理论依据     

民族药材刺柏的粉末显微鉴定

[目的]研究刺柏茎枝粉末的显微特征。[方法]将刺柏茎枝粉末用浓度1%番红花红T染色,装片,树胶封片,用显微镜多次观察并拍摄,对刺柏茎枝粉末进行显微鉴别,并选用Image-Pro Plus 6软件对其显微组织进行测量。[结果]刺柏茎枝粉末的纤维纹孔明显,有交错的纹理,直径22～55μm,少有分隔纤维;晶纤维易见,含晶细胞2～5个,沿纤维方向排列,方晶长22～30μm;韧皮纤维两端狭长,胞腔明显,直径42～54μm;木纤维直径48～72μm,壁连珠状加厚,纹孔不明显;有的木栓细胞胞腔内含棕色物;孔纹管胞相邻细胞的具缘孔纹成对出现,纹孔明显,直径13～32μm;网纹管胞破裂,多个相连,纹孔排列整齐,孔径23～34μm。[结论]该方法研究了刺柏茎枝粉末的显微特征,可为刺柏的鉴别提供依据。     

Subliming ice surfaces: freeze-etch electron microscopy

Vacuum sublimation of oriented single crystals of ice at temperatures from -110 to -60 degrees Celsius was studied by electron microscopy with the freeze-etch technique. Sublimation etches the ice surface to produce pits and asperities and above -85 degrees Celsius causes extreme surface roughening. The etch pits are ascribed to surface dislocations, and the extreme roughening is ascribed to the departure from unity of the vaporization coefficient. The asperities could not be attributed to impurities; they may be related to the whiskers that others have observed at higher temperatures.     

福建特有树种闽西青冈木材解剖特征分析

借助连续变倍体视显微镜、生物数码显微镜和扫描电镜观察福建特有阔叶树种闽西青冈木材的宏观构造、微观构造特征，并测定分析木材解剖特征的36个定量指标。结果表明，闽西青冈心边材区别略明显，散孔材，单管孔，管孔呈溪流状径向排列，导管内含侵填体，单穿孔，管间纹孔互列；导管组织比量平均为10.60%，导管密度均值为6.67个/mm²，管孔弦向直径平均为138.51 μm，导管分子壁腔比平均为0.097，导管分子长宽比平均为3.74，导管分子实质率平均为15.92%。闽西青冈木材纤维状管胞壁上具缘纹孔形小、数少，木纤维组织比量平均为49.85%，木纤维平均长度为1 249.63 μm，平均长宽比为66.74，壁腔比为3.52，实质率为85.61%。轴向薄壁组织发达，多数为星散-聚合状，少数为离管带状，排列不规整，宽1～4细胞；轴向薄壁组织比量为8.41%。木射线非叠生，同形单列及多列，稀异Ⅲ形，主由横卧细胞组成，直立和方形细胞偶见；单列木射线高3～19细胞，宽木射线多数夹杂着木纤维等其他轴向分子，高许多细胞，往往超出切片范围；木射线组织比量为31.14%。结晶细胞主要出现在聚合木射线中，少见结晶细胞链；导管-木射线间纹孔式主要为刻痕状，少数大圆形；具有环管管胞；胞间道缺如。     

"Molecule corrals" for studies of monolayer organic films

Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) studies have demonstrated that monolayer-deep, flat-bottomed, circular etch pits can be grown on highly ordered pyrolytic graphite by high-temperature etching in the presence of oxygen. In this work, these graphite etch pits are used as "molecule corrals" to isolate ensembles of molecules for study by STM. The nucleation of self-assembled molecular films in the corrals took place by nucleation events separate from those leading to self-assembly on the surrounding terrace and allowed the measurement of the nucleation rate constant in the corrals. The dependence of the nucleation rate for self-assembly on pit size shows that nucleation occurs at open terrace sites and that step edges (that is, the corral's perimeter) and confinement inhibit film growth.     

Side-scan sonar assessment of gray whale feeding in the bering sea

Side-scan sonar was used to map and measure feeding pits of the California gray whale over 22,000 square kilometers of the northeastern Bering Sea floor. The distribution of pits, feeding whales, ampeliscid amphipods (whale prey), and a fine-sand substrate bearing the amphipods were all closely correlated. The central Chirikov Basin and nearshore areas of Saint Lawrence Island supply at least 6.5 percent of the total gray whale food resource in summer. While feeding, the whales resuspend at least 1.2 x 10(8) cubic meters of sediment annually; this significantly affects the geology and biology of the region.     

Root Hairs, Cuticle, and Pits

The filamentous roots of mustard (Raphanus sativus), radish (Brassica nigra), squash (Cucurbita pepo), and wheat (Triticum aestivum) are covered throughout their length with living nucleated root hairs which may measure 1600 micro or more. The outer walls of piliferous and nonpiliferous cells consist of successive layers of mucilage, cutin, and the cellulose-pectic framework of the cell. Plasmodesmata and pits occur on all cell walls. Under the electron microscope individual pores and pits in the microfibrillar wall are evident throughout the length of the root hair. The "semipermeable membrane" of the root hair zone is thus structurally complex.