西红柿铜毒害的土壤主控因子和预测模型研究

通过有代表性的16种中国土壤的外源铜的西红柿毒害试验,发现淋洗(使用模拟的人工雨水滤洗定量的土壤样品)可以显著提高有机碳和盐分含量较高的土壤的毒性阈值。土壤pH是影响西红柿铜毒性阈值最重要的因子。基于土壤pH和有机碳含量的两因子回归方程能够很好地预测淋洗和非淋洗土壤上铜对西红柿生物量50%抑制的毒性阈值(EC50),且相关性均达到了80%以上。当考虑到黏粒含量或阳离子交换量对EC50的影响时,对于非淋洗和淋洗土壤来说,回归方程的决定系数R2分别提高到了0.862和0.891。本试验结果证明了利用土壤性状(土壤pH,有机碳含量以及黏粒含量或阳离子交换量)可以较好地预测土壤中外源铜对西红柿生长的毒性阈值。     

石灰水对混合试剂洗脱土壤重金属淋洗效果的影响

为了探索石灰水对混合试剂(MC)洗脱后土壤中重金属的淋洗效果,对重金属污染土壤进行了盆栽淋洗试验研究。结果表明:石灰水淋洗MC洗脱土壤,淋出液中Cd、Zn、Pb和Cu浓度均显著高于去离子水淋洗MC洗脱土壤,这主要由于石灰水提高土壤pH,释放土壤所吸附的络合态重金属,这种现象在酸性污染土壤中表现更明显。对于酸性污染土壤,可采用MC+石灰水+去离子水依次进行淋洗处理,其Cd和Zn去除率与MC+去离子水+去离子水依次淋洗处理相比提高22.6%和28.8%;对于中性重金属污染土壤,两处理间重金属去除率差异不显著。石灰水淋洗可提高土壤重金属去除率,并提高土壤pH,改善MC洗脱对土壤的酸化,有利于淋洗后土壤的农业利用。     

土壤中水溶性铜对西红柿的毒害影响因素及预测模型

该文选取17种具有代表性的中国土壤,研究了土壤孔隙水以及0.01mol/LCaCl2浸提态Cu对西红柿生长的毒害,结果发现对于土壤孔隙水中Cu对西红柿生物量10%抑制的毒性阈值(EC10)和50%抑制的毒性阈值(EC50),在17个非淋洗土壤中变化范围分别为0.06～1.47和0.17～3.42mg/L,淋洗土壤变化范围分别为0.05～2.24和0.13～4.37mg/L,最大值与最小值相差为23～41倍;0.01mol/LCaCl2提取态Cu的EC10和EC50,在非淋洗土壤变化范围分别为0.18～2.64和0.57～6.14mg/kg,淋洗土壤变化范围分别为0.18～1.28和0.61～7.11mg/kg,相差从6.9～14.4倍,表明土壤溶液性质影响水溶性Cu对西红柿的毒性阈值。同时,发现土壤孔隙水中Ca2+、溶解性有机碳是影响孔隙水中Cu对西红柿生长毒性的主要因子。当进一步考虑土壤溶液的重要因子(溶解性有机碳、土壤溶液pH值、电导率、全硫含量、Ca2+、Mg2+、K+、Na+),发现基于水溶性Cu的毒性阈值和土壤溶液性质的多元回归系数变化范围为0.75～0.99,说明利用土壤溶液性质能较好的预测土壤中水溶性Cu对西红柿的毒性阈值。该研究可为土壤水溶性Cu的风险评估提供参考。     

不同pH值混合螯合剂对土壤重金属淋洗及植物提取的影响

为了得出混合螯合剂（MC）淋洗去除重金属的最佳pH值以及对后续植物提取重金属的影响,用Ca(OH)2将pH值为2.75的MC提高至pH值5、7和9,对重金属污染土壤进行了盆栽淋洗试验,而后种植东南景天（Sedum Alfredii）,测定淋出液及植物重金属含量。另外,通过浸提试验研究了含有不同阳离子的MC对重金属淋洗效果的影响。结果表明,pH值为5和7的MC显著提高了Cd、Pb和Cu的淋出率。与Na+、K+离子相比,Ca2+的存在能够提高MC对重金属的淋洗去除。pH值7和9的MC淋洗土壤后提高了东南景天的生物量,但是降低东南景天中Cd和Zn的浓度,导致其植物提取率低于无淋洗剂对照。在化学淋洗+植物提取联合技术中,Cd和Zn主要靠植物提取去除,植物提取率分别可达土壤Cd的30%～40%和土壤Zn的6.5%～6.9%;而Pb和Cu主要靠混合螯合剂淋洗去除,去除率分别为2.3%～2.6%和1.6%～2.0%。综合来说,如果需要同时去除Cd、Zn、Pb和Cu,降低土壤重金属有效态含量,用pH值9的MC淋洗土壤联合植物提取较为合适。     

物种敏感性分布在土壤中镍生态阈值建立中的应用研究

本文利用不同累计概率分布函数拟合了基于中国土壤的17个物种的镍毒理学数据。结果表明,BurrⅢ在X轴（浓度）方向及Y轴的较小累计概率范围内拟合优度较佳。在构建土壤中镍物种敏感性分布曲线时,利用镍生物毒害模型归一化处理能修正土壤性质的影响且可更好地体现物种敏感性差异,相比于未归一化处理的结果更具科学性。在此基础上结合镍的生物毒害模型利用BurrⅢ构建了中国土壤4种典型情景中的物种敏感性分布曲线,同时确定了不同土壤情景下的镍生态阈值,即酸性土壤、中性土壤（包括水稻土）、碱性非石灰性土壤和石灰性土壤的镍生态阈值分别为6.5、47.5、218.8mg.kg-1和120.3mg.kg-（1以土壤中外源镍为单位）。     

土壤溶液性质对水溶性镍的西红柿毒害的影响

选取17种具有代表性的中国土壤,研究土壤溶液性质对土壤孔隙水以及0.01 mol/L CaCl2浸提液中镍(Ni)植物毒害的影响。结果发现,孔隙水中Ni(PW-Ni)对西红柿地上部分生物量50% 抑制的毒性阈值(EC50)变化范围为1.02 ~ 8.91 mg/L,最大值是最小值的 8.7倍;CaCl2-Ni的毒性阈值EC50变化范围为 0.77 ~ 20.40 mg/kg,最大值是最小值的26.5倍,表明土壤溶液性质对水溶性Ni的毒性阈值影响很大。土壤PW-Ni毒性主要受到K+、Mg2+、S的影响,基于这3个因子的回归方程可以较好预测PW-Ni对西红柿毒性阈值EC50,决定系数为0.71。当回归方程包括土壤溶液中溶解性有机碳(DOC)、pH、电导率(EC)、Ca2+、Na+ 时,其决定系数提高到0.84,说明其他因子对PW-Ni的毒性也存在一定的影响,利用这些土壤溶液性质可以较好预测PW-Ni的植物毒性阈值。     

茶皂素对潮土重金属污染的淋洗修复作用

为了探讨茶皂素淋洗修复土壤重金属污染的可行性,该文采用振荡提取和土柱淋洗的方法,研究了茶皂素对污染土壤中重金属的去除作用。结果表明,茶皂素溶液的浓度和土壤的pH值对重金属去除率有明显影响。土柱淋洗试验中,采用质量分数7%茶皂素溶液作淋洗液,pH 5.0±0.1、土液质量体积比1：4为最佳淋洗修复条件,此时,Pb、Cd、Zn、Cu的去除率分别为6.74%、42.38%、13.07%、8.75%,去除率的大小顺序为Cd＞Zn＞Cu＞Pb。茶皂素淋洗能有效去除酸溶态和可还原态的重金属,从而大大降低了重金属的环境风险,同时说明茶皂素用于土壤重金属污染淋洗修复有较大潜力。     

模拟降雨量对锌在土壤层中的吸附和迁移研究

采用静态吸附过程和动态柱淋洗方法研究了不同模拟降水量下锌在土壤中的吸附和迁移.结果表明:锌在土壤中的吸附平衡时间为24 h.加入不同淋洗剂及调节淋洗剂的pH值(3.8～7.8)能显著影响锌在土壤中的吸附能力,较高pH值具有更强的吸附能力.1/2模拟年降雨量能使1 000 mg添加锌垂直迁移20 cm土壤层.柠檬酸淋洗液在不同pH值下对锌在土壤中的迁移有较好的防止作用.     

北京典型耕作土壤养分的近红外光谱分析

为研究土壤养分含量分布信息,以从北京郊区一块试验田采集的72个土壤样品为试验材料,应用傅里叶变换近红外光谱技术分析了土样的全氮、全钾、有机质养分含量和pH值。采用偏最小二乘法(PLS)对光谱数据与土壤养分实测值进行回归分析,建立预测模型,以模型决定系数(R2)、校正标准差(RMSECV)、预测标准差(RMSEP)和相对分析误差(RPD)作为模型精度的评价指标。结果表明,利用该模型与光谱数据对土壤全氮、全钾、有机质养分含量和pH值进行预测,结果与实测数据具有较好的一致性,最高决定系数R2达到0.9544。偏最小二乘回归方法建立的养分预测模型能准确地对北京地区褐土土质全氮、有机质、全钾和pH值4种养分进行预测。     

农田土壤重金属淋洗剂筛选与效应分析

为分析不同淋洗剂在不同淋洗条件下对重金属淋洗效果的影响,采用振荡淋洗法对比研究4种淋洗剂(柠檬酸(CA)、酒石酸(TA)、乙二胺四乙酸二钠盐(EDTA)和氨三乙酸三钠盐(NTA))不同浓度、淋洗时间、pH和固液比对重金属复合污染农田土壤中Pb、Cd、Cu和Zn的淋洗效果及单因素最佳淋洗条件下土壤淋洗前后重金属不同形态含量的变化。结果表明,CA和TA的最佳淋洗浓度为0.3mol/L,EDTA和NTA为0.05mol/L;CA和NTA的最佳淋洗时间为480min,EDTA和TA为720min;4种淋洗剂的最佳淋洗pH均为3,最佳固液比均为1∶20。单因素最佳淋洗条件下,EDTA对土壤重金属去除效果最佳,对Pb、Cd、Zn和Cu的去除率分别为67.4%,61.0%,13.8%和76.0%;NTA效果次之,去除率分别为41.6%,42.4%,9.9%和54.3%。土壤重金属去除率随淋洗剂pH的降低而升高,随固液比的增加而增加,随淋洗剂CA与TA浓度增大而增大。淋洗剂对土壤重金属的解吸动力学曲线符合准二级动力学模型,解吸过程为化学解吸,且解吸反应速率受土壤重金属含量与淋洗剂浓度控制。土壤重金属在淋洗剂作用下的解吸速率为Cd>Pb≈Zn≈Cu。EDTA和NTA淋洗显著降低土壤中Pb、Cd、Zn和Cu铁锰氧化态和有机结合态的含量,CA和TA显著降低Pb、Cd、Zn和Cu铁锰氧化态的含量。淋洗剂对重金属的去除效率为EDTA>NTA>CA>TA。     

Short- and long-term effects of heavy metals on urease activity in soils

Summary The inhibitory effects of cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, nickel and zinc on urease activity of five different soils during two different periods were investigated, in order to obtain information on the change in heavy metal toxicity with time. The results are presented graphically as logistic dose-response curves. When the ecological dose range was used as a measure of toxicity this value decreased significantly only for copper in the sandy soil. Considering toxicity as the ecological dose-50% (ED50) value, toxicity tended to increase over 1 1/2 years for cadmium, copper and zinc. For nickel and lead, however, the toxicity stabilized in all soils, except in sand and clay. The average ED 50 value of zinc varied between 100 and 300 mg kg^–1 and its toxicity was highest. It is emphasized that these data may help to set limits for the heavy-metal pollution of soils.     

Leaching impacts Ni toxicity differently among soils but increases its predictability according to nitrification assay

Purpose  

Deriving toxicity thresholds through bioassays has become the scientific basis for the risk assessment of metal contamination in soils, but few studies have been reported for Ni toxicity in Chinese soils. In addition, although leaching has been recommended to increase the ecological relevance of the output of soil toxicity bioassays, its impacts on Ni threshold and soil solutions in soils remained to be shown. Therefore, in this study, 17 soils were collected throughout China and were assessed for Ni toxicity using substrate-induced nitrification (SIN) assay for both un-leached and leached treatments. Meanwhile, soil solutions of all Ni treatments were extracted and analyzed. This study provides information for the development of a terrestrial biotic ligand model (TBLM) for Ni in Chinese soils.     

Hydrophobic sorption of polar organics by low organic carbon soils

The sorption of three groups of polar organic compounds capable of H bonding with inorganic soil surfaces (phenols, alcohols, and ketones) by three soils having different organic-carbon (OC) contents was compared with the sorption of nonpolar compounds by the same soils. Soil OC content and compound hydrophobicity were observed to be of value in predicting sorption coefficients for all groups of compounds except phenols. The higher OC soil (1.2% OC) exhibited a significant relationship between sorption coefficient and hydrophobicity for all compound classes; the very low OC soil (0.06% OC), however, exhibited a relatively weak relationship between sorption coefficient and hydrophobicity. The data support the application of hydrophobicity-based predictions of soil/sediment sorption coefficients to compounds capable of weak H-bond interactions with mineral surfaces and soils of ≥0.1% OC.     

Characterizing spatial variability of soil properties in alluvial soils of India using geostatistics and geographical information system

Alluvial soils constitute significant portion of cultivated land in India and it contributes towards food grain production predominantly. The objectives of this study were to assess the spatial variability of soil pH, organic carbon (OC), available (mineralizable) nitrogen (N), available phosphorus (P), available potassium (K) and available zinc (Zn) of alluvial floodplain soils of Kadwa block, Katihar district, Bihar, India. A total of 85 soil samples, representative of the plough layer (0–25 cm depth from surface) were randomly collected from the study area. The values of soil pH, OC, N, P, K and Zn varied from4.4 to 8.4, 0.20% to 1.20%, 141 to 474, 2.2 to 68.2, 107 to 903 kg ha^–1 and 0.22 to 1.10 mg kg^–1, respectively. The coefficient of variation value was highest for available P (94.3%) and lowest for soil pH (11.3%). Spherical model was found to be the best fit for N, P and Zn contents, while exponential model was the best fit for OC, and Gaussian model was the best-fit model for pH and K. The nugget/sill ratio indicates that except pH and available K all other soil properties were moderately spatially dependent (25–57%). Soil properties exhibited different distribution pattern. It was observed that the use of geostatistical method could accurately generate the spatial variability maps of soil nutrients in alluvial soils.     

不同土壤钾素淋溶特性的初步研究

通过室内土柱淋溶试验,研究降雨情况下不同土壤钾素的淋溶特性及其与土壤性质的关系,结果表明:未施钾的自然土壤,在降雨量较小时(87 mm),决定钾素淋溶状况的主要土壤因子是土壤质地,质地越轻,K+淋溶量越大;降雨量较大时(435 mm),决定钾素淋溶状况的主要因子则为速效钾,田间速效钾含量愈大,淋溶风险愈大。外源钾施入土壤后,在降雨量较小时(87 mm),钾素淋溶状况主要受土壤粉粒和缓效钾的影响,粉粒含量和缓效钾越大,淋溶量越小;降雨量较大时(435 mm),钾素淋溶状况主要受全钾和缓效钾的影响,其值越大淋溶量越小。在降雨量充足、田间排水不畅的情况下,短时间内(2 h)土壤钾肥表观淋出率仅与粉粒含量呈显著负相关关系,土壤的质地是影响钾淋溶主要因子;长时间(24 h)淋溶后钾肥表观淋出率则与土壤pH、粉粒、全钾、缓效钾和长石含量均呈显著负相关关系,其中全钾和粉粒的影响作用最大。     

Levels of available micro-nutrient metals in some Japanese soils as measured by aspergillus niger with special reference to their threshold values

This paper presents the levels of available amounts of zinc, copper, and molybdenum as measured by Asp. niger (Mulder strain) in soils of Japan with special regard to their threshold values. Results obtained are as follow: 1) Levels of available zinc in soils examined ranged from 0.4 to 27 ppm. The threshold value for available zinc is adequelty represented as a function of the soil pH value, and was estimated to be around “0.5 × (soil pH value)-0.5” ppm (soil pH value >1). 2) Levels of available copper in soils examined ranged from 0.3 to 5 ppm, and the threshold value for available copper lies near 0.5 ppm. However, the value is more suitably represented as a function of the soil carbon content. This value was shown to be around “0.1 × (carbon % in the soil)” ppm. 3) Levels of available molybdenum in soils examined ranged from 0.01 to 0.13 ppm with the average about 0.10 ppm. The threshold value for available molybdenum is well expressed as a function of the soil pH. The value was estimated to be around “-0.04 × (soil pH value)+0.30” ppm (soil pH value <7.5).     

固化剂对土壤中重金属的稳定作用及其在河岸固化护坡中的应用研究

为评估一种自主开发的固化剂（GSS-02）对土壤中重金属的稳定作用,探讨该固化剂用于河岸固化护坡工程的可行性,在实验室内分别采用普通硅酸盐水泥（OPC）和GSS-02对土壤实施固化处理,用USEPA的TCLP方法测定浸出毒性,评估添加剂对土壤Cu、Zn、Cr和Ni的稳定效果,测定固化体的无侧限抗压强度,初步评估土壤固化体的物理性能。结果表明,加入OPC或GSS-02在一定程度上提高了土壤浸出液的pH值,固化剂添加量与浸出液pH值存在显著的正相关关系;OPC和GSS-02对Cu、Zn和M有较好的稳定作用,能使浸出液中重金属浓度降低为对照样品的1／3～1,7,但能够活化Cr;加入OPC或GSS-02能提高固化体的无侧限抗压强度,与OPC相比,低剂量时GSS-02能显著提高无侧限抗压强度,而高剂量时则相反,这有利于土壤生物工程的实施。上海市南汇区某河岸固化工程应用表明,GSS-02能满足土壤重金属稳定和土壤生物生长恢复的需要,与OPC相比是一种良好的生态型固化剂。     

Cu and Ni Mobility and Bioavailability in Sequentially Conditioned Soils

The potential ecological hazard of metals in soils may be measured directly using a combination of chemical and biological techniques or estimated using appropriate ecological models. Terrestrial ecotoxicity testing has gained scientific credibility and growing regulatory interest; however, toxicity of metals has often been tested in freshly amended soils. Such an approach may lead to derivation of erroneous toxicity values (EC₅₀) and thresholds. In this study, the impact of metal amendments on soil ecotoxicity testing within a context of ion competition was investigated. Four coarse-textured soils were amended with copper (Cu) and nickel (Ni), incubated for 16 weeks and conditioned by a series of total pore water replacements. Rhizon^TM extracted pore water Cu, Ni, pH and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations were measured after each replacement. Changes in ecotoxicity of soil solutions were also monitored using a lux-based biosensor (Escherichia coli HB101 pUCD607) and linked to variations in soil solution metal and DOC concentrations, pH and selected characteristics of the experimental soils (exchangeable calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg)). Prior to conditioning of soils, strong proton competition produced relatively high EC₅₀ values (low toxicity) for both, Cu and Ni. The successive replacement of pore waters lead to a decline of labile pools of metals, DOC and alleviated the ecotoxicological protective effect of amendment impacted soil solution chemistry. Consequently, derived ecotoxicity values and toxicity thresholds were more reflective of genuine environmental conditions and the relationships observed more consistent with trends reported in historically contaminated soils.