Efficacy of yeast phytase in improving phosphorus bioavailability in a corn-soybean meal-based diet for growing pigs

Crossbred barrows (n = 66; 6 wk old) were used in a 6-wk experiment to evaluate the efficacy of phytase from yeast or Aspergillus niger on performance, tibial characteristics, and serum inorganic P concentration. We also investigated the stability of these phytases in acidic solutions with pepsin, which simulated gastric conditions. Pigs were fed a P-adequate diet containing .34% nonphytate-P or a low-P diet containing .20% nonphytate-P. The low-P diet was supplemented with 0, 1,000, 2,000, or 4,000 phytase units (PU; the activity at optimal pH, i.e., pH 4.2 for yeast phytase and pH 5.5 for phytase from Aspergillus niger)/kg of yeast phytase, or 1,000 PU/kg phytase from Aspergillus niger. The graded level of yeast phytase linearly increased ADG (P = .047), tibial weight (P = .091), tibial density (P < .001), and P concentration in tibial cortex (P = .018). Aspergillus niger phytase also increased ADG (P = .022), serum inorganic P concentration (P < .001), tibial density (P = .007), and tibial P concentration (P = .025). The pigs given 1,000 PU/kg Aspergillus niger phytase showed greater ADG (P = .091), tibial density (P= .001), and tibial P concentration (P = .062) than those given 1,000 PU/kg yeast phytase. No measurements differed (P > .31) between the pigs given 1,000 PU/kg Aspergillus niger phytase and those given 4,000 PU/kg yeast phytase. These results suggested that yeast phytase improves bioavailability of P in the diet for growing pigs but the efficacy of yeast phytase is less than that of Aspergillus niger phytase. During incubation in acidic solutions with pepsin, yeast phytase (P < .001) lost more of its activity than Aspergillus niger phytase. This lesser stability of yeast phytase may be responsible for the poorer efficacy of yeast phytase than that of Aspergillus niger. In summary, supplementation of swine diets with yeast phytase is beneficial, but its efficacy is less than that of Aspergillus niger phytase.     

Efficacy of a genetically modified yeast phytase on phosphorus bioavailability in a corn-soybean meal based diet for growing pigs

We investigated the efficacy of genetically modified yeast (GMY) phytase on phosphorus (P) bioavailability in growing pigs fed a corn–soybean meal based diet. Crossbred barrows were fed a P-adequate, a low-P or a P-deficient diet containing 0.37, 0.27 and 0.14% non-phytate-P, respectively. The P-deficient diet was supplemented with wild-type yeast (WTY), Aspergillus (ASP) or GMY phytase at 750 PU per kilogram of food. Dietary ASP and GMY phytases increased plasma inorganic P (P_i) concentration and the apparent absorption of P, and decreased the concentration of a bone resorption marker, plasma type-I collagen C-terminal telopeptide (ICTP). Wild-type yeast phytase also increased the apparent absorption of P, but the changes in plasma P_i and ICTP concentrations were not significant. Although the dietary P_i-equivalencies based on plasma P_i and ICTP concentrations did not differ between WTY and ASP phytases, the equivalency of ASP phytase based on apparent absorption of P was higher than that of WTY phytase. The equivalency of GMY phytase calculated from each parameter was higher than that of WTY phytase, and did not differ from that of ASP phytase. These results suggest that efficacy of GMY phytase on P bioavailability was higher than WTY phytase, and as effective as ASP phytase in growing pigs.     

Comparison of Aspergillus niger phytase and Trichoderma reesei phytase and acid phosphatase on phytate phosphorus availability in pigs fed on maize-soybean meal or barley-soybean meal diets.

The efficacy of Aspergillus niger (APhy) phytase, Trichoderma reesei (TPhy) phytase and acid phosphatase (TAcPh) preparations in improving the utilization of phytin-phosphorus in the maize-soybean meal (SBM) or barley-SBM (800:200 g kg-1) diets was studied in two separate digestibility and balance trials with ten growing pigs using 5 x 5 Latin square designs. The positive control diet contained a total phosphorus (P) of 6.5 g kg-1, while the negative control as well as the APhy, TPhy and TAcPh supplemented diets which did not contain additional inorganic-P, had a total P of 4.1 g kg-1. The APhy and TPhy supplements provided phytase activity of 1000 PU g-1 together with AcPh of 8000 HFU g-1. TAcPh at a level of 8000 HFU g-1 was the only addition to one diet. The intrinsic phytase activity of barley was 355 PU g-1 while maize and soybean meal showed no phytase activity. Phytase supplements of the APhy and TPhy sources increased ash digestibility in both diets but had only a minor effect on nitrogen utilization. The addition of phytase improved absorption of P by 21%-units in barley-SBM diet and 29%-units in maize-SBM diet, without any difference between the two phytase sources. The retained P in diets with phytase was higher than in diets without phytase, 4.4 (APhy), 4.5 (TPhy) vs. 2.9 g d-1 in barley-SBM-diets and 3.7 (APhy), 4.0 (TPhy) vs. 1.8 g d-1 in maize-SBM-diets. No difference was found between the two sources of phytase. TAcPh without additional phytase did not show any effect on P absorption or retention. Ca absorption and retention were improved due to the phytase treatments. Supplementing pig diets with either APhy or TPhy sources seems to be equally effective in enhancing the availability of phytate-P. Consequently, these supplements can reduce the P-excretion of pigs by 32-40% as compared with the diet supplemented with inorganic-P.     

Simultaneous measures of rates of ruminal digestion and passage of feeds for prediction of ruminal nitrogen and dry matter digestion in lactating dairy cows

Three ruminal-cannulated Holstein cows in early lactation were fed three diets, each containing different energy and protein supplements in two consecutive 3 X 3 Latin squares. Each supplement contained a combination of three different feedstuffs (ground corn, soybean meal and wheat mids; corn gluten feed, rolled oats and distiller's dried grains; ground barley, brewer's grains and cottonseed meal). Diets consisted of 30% corn silage, 10% alfalfa hay, 10% alfalfa haylage, 17.7% ground corn plus minerals and vitamins, with the remainder as supplemental feedstuffs individually marked for measurement of ruminal turnover and in situ digestion rates. An extra period at the end of each Latin square was used to measure ruminal turnover and in situ digestion of individual forages. Diet had no effect on dry matter intake or milk yield. Mean fractional turnover (per hour) rate, measured by labeling feedstuffs with cerium, samarium or lanthanum was .044, .048, .049, .043, .047, .046, .050, .047, .049, .037, .046 and .045 for corn, soybean meal, wheat mids, corn gluten feed, oats, distiller's dried grains with solubles, barley, brewer's dried grains, cottonseed meal, alfalfa hay, corn silage and alfalfa haylage (P greater than .1), respectively. In situ-predicted ruminal degradation of N weighted for rate of passage was 61.4, 67.0, 81.5, 74.8, 86.3, 71.0, 75.7, 52.1, 54.2, 60.8, 71.7 and 70.9% for respective feedstuffs (P less than .05). In comparison with mean literature values for in vivo-measured N degradability, mean literature value = 1.172 (in situ predicted) -9.73 (P less than .05, R2 = .51). Results are interpreted to indicate a tendency for overestimating ruminal N degradability by in situ methods in feedstuffs of low degradability, while underestimating degradability in more highly degraded feedstuffs. Estimates were 11 to 17 percentage units lower than literature values for alfalfa hay and haylage and 17 units lower than literature values for distiller's dried grains.     

Relationship between mineral availabilities and dietary phytate in animals

A large amount of phosphorus (P) in corn and soybean meal is in the form of phytate that is poorly available to monogastric animals. It leads to the presence of large amounts of P in manure, which contributes to the P pollution problem. The fermentation of soybean meal with Aspergillus usamii almost completely degraded phytate and improved P availability in chicks. Although dietary yeast phytase increased P absorption and availability in pigs, its efficacy was less than that of Aspergillus niger phytase. It was suggested that the lesser efficacy of yeast phytase resulted from its lower stability against pepsin. Phytate suppresses zinc availability in monogastric animals. Zinc availability was improved by the substitution of regular soybean meal with fermented soybean meal and by the supplementation with Aspergillus niger phytase in pigs. It has been considered that phytate is easily degraded in the rumen and the availability of phytate P is high in ruminants. However, 20% of phytate in oilseed meals was not degraded in the rumen of sheep. Additionally, heating and formaldehyde treatments with oilseed meals suppressed ruminal degradation of phytate and approximately half of phytate escaped from ruminal degradation in the treated oilseed meals.     

Characterisation of European varieties of triticale with special emphasis on the ability of plant phytase to improve phytate phosphorus availability to chickens

1. A total of 30 varieties and selection lines of triticale grown under similar conditions were characterised. Thousand grain weight, specific weight, Hagberg falling number and N were 50.2 +/- 5.0 g, 72.4 +/- 2.1 kg/hl, 96 +/- 48 s and 16.1 +/- 0.11 g/kg, respectively. 2. Mean phosphorus (P) concentration was 2.86 +/- 0.31 g/kg, of which 77% was of phytic origin. Mean phytase activity was 1018 +/- 319 phytase units (PU)/kg. A genotypic effect on phytase activity was detected amongst 5 varieties studied out of 30. Potential and real applied viscosities were positively correlated and mean values were 3.53 +/- 0.66 and 2.15 +/- 0.31 ml/g, respectively. 3. The efficacy of plant phytase in improving P availability was assessed in chickens up to 3 weeks of age. Growth performance and bone ash concentration were compared in birds given either a maize (450 g/kg) and soybean meal (230 g/kg) phosphorus deficient diet containing 3.5 g P/kg, this basal diet supplemented with 1 or 2 g P/kg as monocalcium phosphate (MCP) or triticale (450 g/kg) and soybean meal (230 g/kg) diets containing 3.2 to 3.8 g P/kg with no MCP. To achieve graded levels of phytase activity, 4 varieties of triticale, intact or in which phytase was denaturated by heat treatment, were used. Estimated metabolisable energy, protein, amino acids and calcium concentrations were similar in all diets. 4. Phytase activity in the triticale-based diets ranged between 135 and 1390 PU/kg. Growth performance and bone ash were responsive to plant phytase and to MCP. Non-linear models of these responses were adjusted with the best fit for bone ash parameters. The values of 250, 500 and 1000 PU of plant phytase were estimated to be equivalent to 0.46, 0.67 and 0.81 g P as MCP, respectively.     

上海地区季节变化对奶牛产奶性能影响的研究

为探讨上海地区季节性变化对奶牛产奶量的影响,笔者采集2006年1月~2007年10月基础产奶量数据共17284牛次,分析季节变化对奶牛生产性能的影响。结果表明,12、1和2月份分娩的母牛产奶量较高,7、8、9和10月份分娩的母牛产奶量较低,其他月份居中;10、8、7和9 月份4个自然月产奶量极显著低于其他月份,其中9月份最低,而其他各月份差异不明显;奶牛分娩后不同泌乳月份产奶量由高到低的顺序是2、3、4、1、5、6、7、8、9、10和大于10个月龄。季节对奶牛的产奶性能有明显影响,应根据季节制定不同的饲养管理任务和采取相应的饲养措施,同时建议对奶牛的DHI记录也应考虑季节的影响。     

不同粗饲料组合对酒糟型饲粮体外发酵参数影响的研究

本试验旨在探讨不同粗饲料间的组合效应以及筛选出的最佳组合与精料固定比例组合对体外发酵参数的影响。利用体外产气法,将酱香型发酵酒糟、浓香型干酒糟、浓香型湿酒糟、酱香型湿酒糟分别与稻草、燕麦干草以0∶100、25∶75、50∶50、75∶25、100∶0的比例组合,分析体外发酵主要指标:产气量(GP)、pH、微生物蛋白(MCP)含量以及48 h产气量的单项组合效应指数(SFAEI);根据SFAEI,再将4种白酒糟与稻草、燕麦干草的最佳组合与相同精料混合(精粗比6∶4),分析体外发酵效果。结果表明:1)4种白酒糟与2种干草组合均能产生正组合效应,且与燕麦干草的组合效应优于与稻草的组合。2)最佳组合比例及SFAEI为:酱香型发酵酒糟∶燕麦干草=25∶75、SFAEI=11.48,浓香型干酒糟∶燕麦干草=25∶75、SFAEI=3.95,浓香型湿酒糟∶燕麦干草=50∶50、SFAEI=6.70,酱香型湿酒糟∶燕麦干草=25∶75、SFAEI=6.47。3)相同比例饲粮条件下,酱香型发酵酒糟组(60%精料+10%酱香型发酵酒糟+30%燕麦干草)甲烷产量显著低于浓香型湿酒糟组(60%精料+20%浓香型湿酒糟+20%燕麦干草)和酱香型湿酒糟组(60%精料+10%酱香型湿酒糟+30%燕麦干草)(P<0.05),酱香型发酵酒糟组和浓香型干酒糟组(60%精料+10%浓香型干酒糟+30%燕麦干草)的二氧化碳产量也显著低于其余2个湿酒糟组(P<0.05),而挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)含量则显著高于2个湿酒糟组(P<0.05)。综上所述,根据SFAEI,酱香型发酵酒糟、浓香型干酒糟、酱香型湿酒糟与燕麦干草组合的最佳比例是25∶75,浓香型湿酒糟与燕麦干草组合的最佳比例是50∶50;根据气体成分及总VFA含量,酱香型发酵酒糟组和浓香型干酒糟组体外发酵效果更优。     

Characteristics of live and killed brewer's yeast slurries and intoxication by intraruminal administration to cattle

The physical and nutritional characteristics of live and killed brewer's yeast slurries and the possible toxicity of intraruminal administration of loading doses of these by-products were evaluated. Dry-matter (DM) percentages of live brewer's yeast slurry ranged from 10.5 to 29.0, and DM percentages of killed brewer's yeast slurry ranged from 14.6 to 18.5. Total crude protein (N X 6.25) percentages of live and killed yeast slurries (DM basis) were 44.1 and 43.1; ethanol percentages (wet basis) were 6.96 and 1.84, respectively. Phase contrast photomicrographs showed distinct differences in morphology between live and killed yeast cells. Intraruminal administration of loading doses (0, 2.3, 4.5 and 6.8 kg) of live and killed brewer's yeast slurries to bull calves induced clinical intoxication at the 4.5-kg and 6.9-kg dosages of live brewer's yeast slurry. No toxicity was induced either with the killed brewer's yeast or with the 0-kg or 2.3-kg dose levels of live brewer's yeast slurry. The clinical signs and plasma ethanol concentrations suggested ethanol intoxication. Ruminal NH3 concentrations increased to over 70 mg/dl with the 4.5-kg and 6.9-kg dosages of live brewer's yeast slurry, but they did not exceed 35 mg/dl with an equivalent dosage of killed brewer's yeast slurry.     

The effect of supplementary Aspergillus niger phytase in diets for pigs on concentration and apparent digestibility of dry matter, total phosphorus, and phytic acid in different sections of the alimentary tract.

Six barrows of approximately 37 kg BW, fitted with two simple T-cannulas in the duodenum (25 cm posterior to the pylorus) and terminal ileum (12 to 15 cm anterior to the ileocecal junction), were fed two diets containing 2.1 g of P/kg in the form of phytic acid and a low intrinsic phytase activity (corn-soybean meal based diet [Diet A] or a typical Dutch diet [Diet B]) without or with supplementary microbial phytase from Aspergillus niger (var. ficuum) equal to 1,500 phytase units per kilogram of diet, in a crossover design. The apparent duodenal, ileal, and total tract (overall) digestibilities of DM, total P, and phytate P (phytic acid x .282) were calculated using both Cr-NDR (neutral detergent residue mordanted with Cr) and Co-EDTA as dual-phase markers. Concentration of total P in the ileal digesta (P less than .01) and feces (P less than .001) of pigs fed microbial phytase was lower than without this enzyme, irrespective of the diet. Ileal digestibility of total P was 18.5 and 29.8 percentage units higher (which was a 1.7- to 2.9-fold increase) due to added Aspergillus niger phytase (P less than .05). Also, total tract (overall) digestibility increased by 27.0 to 29.7 percentage units (P less than .01). Phytic acid concentration in the duodenal and ileal digesta of pigs receiving microbial phytase was lower (P less than .01 or .001), resulting in its higher ileal digestibility (dephosphorylation rate) by 50.1 percentage units for Diet A and by 75.4 percentage units for Diet B. Irrespective of the treatment, no phytase activity could be detected in the ileal digesta of pigs.     

酿酒酵母固态发酵白酒糟生产蛋白饲料的研究

以廉价的白酒糟为主要基质,接种酿酒酵母,开展酵母高密度固体发酵的研究。最终确定了在实验室条件下以白酒糟为基质进行酵母高密度固体发酵的工艺流程为:250 ml三角瓶装入干白酒糟10 g,并补加混合营养液2 ml(以干糟质量的8%添加糖蜜,以0.5 gN/kg干糟的量添加尿素),摇匀分散,加入干糟质量4%的复合酶制剂,调整酒糟的含水量为45%~50%,按0.7亿/g干糟接种后于30℃恒温箱中发酵培养72 h,酵母总数约30亿/g干糟,烘干粉碎即可制得酵母蛋白饲料。     

Evaluation of apparent ileal digestibility of amino acids in Chinese corn by-products for growing-finishing pigs.

Twelve crossbred barrows (BW 47 +/- 2.81 kg) were fitted with a T-cannula in the terminal ileum and fed one of ten diets containing corn gluten meal, dried distillers grain or dried distillers grain with solubles as the sole protein source, according to a 6 x 6 Latin Square design. Lysine, tryptophan and methionine were, the first, second and third limiting amino acids in these by-products. The ileal apparent digestibility of methionine, tyrosine, leucine and phenylalanine in corn gluten meal was high. The ileal apparent digestibility of tryptophan, tyrosine and leucine differed significantly in corn gluten meal. The ileal apparent digestibility of amino acids was higher in dried distillers grain with solubles than in dried distillers grain. To predict the ileal apparent digestibility of tryptophan, methionine and threonine linear regression equations were derived. The results suggested that processing technique can influence the ileal apparent digestibility ofamino acids in corn by-products. It was concluded that the direct technique cannot accurately determine the ileal apparent digestibility of tryptophan in dried distillers grain with solubles and dried distillers grain, due to its low content. The content of an amino acid in a feedstuff used as the sole source of protein must meet the minimum requirement of pigs when the ileal apparent digestibility of constituent amino acids is determined using the direct technique.     

Comparison of phytase from genetically engineered Aspergillus and canola in weanling pig diets

Ninety-six crossbred pigs with an average weight of 9.0 kg were used in a 5-wk trial to compare the efficacy of genetically engineered Aspergillus ficuum phytase, expressed in Aspergillus niger (Natuphos) or in canola seed (Phytaseed), for enhancing the utilization of phytate P in corn-soybean meal-based diets fed to young pigs and to evaluate the safety of Phytaseed phytase. Three levels of the two sources of phytase (250, 500, or 2,500 U/kg of diet) were added to a corn-soybean meal basal diet containing .35% total P, .09% available P, and .50% Ca. There were six pens per treatment (one barrow and one gilt/pen), except that the diet without added phytase was fed to 12 pens of pigs. Pen feed consumption and BW were recorded weekly. During wk 5, pen fecal samples were collected for determination of apparent digestibilities of DM, Ca, and P. At the end of wk 5, all barrows were killed, and the 10th rib on both sides was removed for determination of shear force and energy. Thirty pigs (six from the diet without added phytase and the diets with 500 and 2,500 U/kg phytase from both sources) were randomly selected for gross necropsy and histologic evaluation of liver, kidney, and bone tissues. Both sources of phytase were equally effective in increasing (P < .05) daily gain, gain:feed, apparent digestibilities of DM, P, and Ca, and 10th rib measurements. Fecal P excretion was reduced with phytase addition. Feed intake was increased by phytase levels during wk 4 to 5. No significant abnormalities were seen in any of the 30 pigs necropsied. The fit of a nonlinear function revealed that most measurements were reaching a plateau at 2,500 U/kg phytase. In summary, based on performance, bone measurements, and digestibilities of P, Ca, and DM of young pigs, the efficiency of Phytaseed was similar to that of Natuphos for enhancing the utilization of phytate P in corn-soybean meal-based diets. General necropsy and histologic examination of tissues indicated no toxic effect of phytase.     

In vitro degradation of phytate and lower inositol phosphates in soaked diets and feedstuffs

A series of in vitro experiments simulating liquid feeding were performed to evaluate the effect of microbial phytase addition, heat-treatment and soaking time on degradation of phytate and lower inositol phosphates when soaking compound wheat/soybean meal diets or the single feedstuffs wheat or soybean meal. The effect of phytase addition on phytate degradation was greatest in soybean meal, almost intermediate for wheat/soybean meal diets and not detectable in wheat, which might be due to a better accessibility to phytate in soybean meal compared with wheat. Heat-treatment seemed to enhance the accessibility between phytase and phytate, whereby phytate degradation was stimulated. Additionally, it was shown that wheat phytase is able to stimulate degradation of phytate in soybean meal. Independent of treatment, the amount of IP₅–IP₂ was extremely small in relation to phytate in both wheat and soybean meal, indicating that when one phosphate group is removed from the phytate complex, degradation of IP₅–IP₂ is completed. Consequently, it is anticipated that liquid feeding might result in a higher digestibility of plant P compared with dry feeding of pigs.     

Dietary phytase increases the true absorption and endogenous fecal excretion of zinc in growing pigs given a corn-soybean meal based diet

We investigated the effect of dietary phytase on the true absorption and endogenous fecal excretion of zinc (Zn) using ⁶⁷Zn in growing pigs given a corn-soybean meal based diet. Ten crossbred barrows were fed the control diet containing 90-mg/kg Zn, 2.3-g/kg phytate-phosphorus and 3.7-g/kg non-phytate-phosphorus or the phytase diet containing similar amounts of Zn and phytate-phosphorus, and 1.4-g/kg non-phytate-phosphorus with 750-PU/kg phytase for 12 h/day. On day 6, the pigs were given 200 g of the corresponding diet labeled by ⁶⁷Zn for 2 h. We measured feed intake, fecal Zn concentration and ⁶⁷Zn abundance for the determination of apparent absorption, true absorption and endogenous fecal excretion of Zn. Although the apparent absorption of Zn did not significantly differ between the dietary groups, the phytase group had significantly more ( P  < 0.05) true absorption of Zn than the control group. The endogenous fecal excretion of Zn tended to be more ( P  = 0.07) in the phytase group than in the control group. These results suggest that dietary phytase improves Zn bioavailability through increasing the true absorption of Zn in growing pigs, which results in stimulating the endogenous fecal excretion of Zn when dietary Zn satisfies its requirement.     

高产蛋白酶酵母菌固态发酵豆粕的工艺优化

本试验研究了高产蛋白酶酵母菌在不同条件下对发酵豆粕品质的影响。以蛋白酶活性为指标,对豆粕发酵的时间、含水量、菌液接种量和葡萄糖添加量进行优化,根据单因素试验结果设计正交试验,探究高产蛋白酶酵母菌发酵对豆粕中蛋白酶、纤维素酶、植酸酶、果胶酶活性和粗蛋白质、小分子多肽、胰蛋白酶抑制剂含量的影响。结果表明,单因素试验条件下,分别在含水量50%、菌液添加量4%、葡萄糖添加量1.5%时发酵豆粕具有最高的蛋白酶活性。以单因素试验结果设计正交试验,与对照组相比,9个试验组蛋白酶活性增长100.56%~380.13%、纤维素酶活性增长2.67%~81.77%、植酸酶活性增长53.89%~252.81%、果胶酶活性增长13.84%~70.83%、小分子多肽增长574.67%~1 981.08%、粗蛋白质含量增长9.24%~16.49%、胰蛋白抑制剂含量降低7.36%~67.39%。高产蛋白酶酵母菌发酵豆粕可以显著提升其营养价值,降低抗营养因子含量。使用高产蛋白酶酵母菌对豆粕进行发酵,若需要发酵豆粕中水解酶活性最高,发酵条件为葡萄糖1%、混合菌液2%,含水量45%,在室温下发酵5 d;需要粗蛋白质、多肽含量以及胰蛋白酶抑制剂降低率最高时,发酵条件为葡萄糖2%、混合菌液4%,含水量55%,在室温下发酵5 d。     

植酸酶对肉仔鸡不同锌源生物利用率的影响

为评定植酸酶添加对不同锌源生物利用率的影响 ,选用 5 6 0只 4日龄肉用公鸡进行为期 2 4d的饲养试验。结果表明 :不管日粮添加植酸酶与否 ,ZnAA的生物利用率均高于ZnSO4 。日粮添加植酸酶ZnAA的相对生物利用率(ZnSO4 为 10 0 )分别为 :10 3(体增重 ) ,10 3.7(饲料转化率 ) ,114 .4 (脱脂胫骨锌含量 ) ,114 .5 (胫骨灰分锌含量 )和 10 8.9(胫骨总锌含量 )。日粮不加植酸酶组这些值相应为 12 0 .8,116 .0 ,139.1,14 1.6和 116 .9。     

Effect of feeding acidified or fermented barley using Limosilactobacillus reuteri with or without supplemental phytase on diet nutrient digestibility in growing pigs

Fermentation of cereal grains may degrade myo-inositol 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakis (dihydrogen phosphate) (InsP₆) thereby increasing nutrient digestibility. Effects of chemical acidification or fermentation with Limosilactobacillus (L.) reuteri with or without phytase of high β-glucan hull-less barley grain on apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients and gross energy (GE), standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of crude protein (CP) and amino acids (AAs), and standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of P were assessed in growing pigs. Pigs were fed four mash barley-based diets balanced for water content: 1) unfermented barley (Control); 2) chemically acidified barley (ACD) with lactic acid and acidic acid (0.019 L/kg barley grain at a ratio of 4:1 [vol/vol]); 3) barley fermented with L. reuteri TMW 1.656 (Fermented without phytase); and 4) barley fermented with L. reuteri TMW 1.656 and phytase (Fermented with phytase; 500 FYT/kg barley grain). The acidification and fermentation treatments occurred for 24 h at 37 °C in a water bath. The four diets were fed to eight ileal-cannulated barrows (initial body weight [BW], 17.4 kg) for four 11-d periods in a double 4 × 4 Latin square. Barley grain InsP₆ content of Control, ACD, Fermented without phytase, or Fermented with phytase was 1.12%, 0.59%, 0.52% dry matter (DM), or not detectable, respectively. Diet ATTD of DM, CP, Ca, and GE, digestible energy (DE), predicted net energy (NE) value, and urinary excretion of P were greater (P < 0.05) for ACD than Control. Diet ATTD of DM, CP, Ca, GE, DE and predicted NE value, urinary excretion of P was greater (P < 0.05), and diet AID of Ca and ATTD and STTD of P tended to be greater (P < 0.10) for Fermented without phytase than Control. Diet ATTD of GE was lower (P < 0.05) and diet ATTD and STTD of P, AID and ATTD of Ca was greater (P < 0.05) for Fermented with phytase than Fermented without phytase. Acidification or fermentation with/without phytase did not affect diet SID of CP and AA. In conclusion, ACD or Fermented without phytase partially degraded InsP₆ in barley grain and increased diet ATTD of DM, CP, and GE, but not SID of CP and most AA in growing pigs. Fermentation with phytase entirely degraded InsP₆ in barley grain and maximized P and Ca digestibility, thereby reducing the need to provide inorganic dietary P to meet P requirements of growing pigs.     

The effectiveness of an Escherichia coli phytase in improving phosphorus and calcium bioavailabilities in poultry and young pigs.

The effectiveness of an Escherichia coli phytase in comparison with a commercially available Aspergillus phytase in improving the bioavailability of phosphorus in broilers, layers and young pigs was studied in three separate experiments. Three basal diets, marginally deficient in dietary P mainly provided as phytate, were formulated. Both phytases were added to the diets at the rate of 500 U/kg diet. The phytases significantly (P < or = 0.05) improved the availability of phytate P to broilers, layers and young pigs. Aspergillus and E. coli phytases enhanced the pre-caecal digestibility of P by 11 and 29% for broilers and 18 and 25% for layers, respectively. Total tract digestibility of P (P balance) was also enhanced but with smaller magnitude. In pigs, total tract digestibility of P was improved by 33 and 34% by Aspergillus and E. coli phytases, respectively. Under the conditions of this study, it was observed that E. coli consistently, though with small magnitude in layers and pigs, enhanced the availability of phytate P at the same range or slightly better than Aspergillus phytase. It was only in pigs that the availability of Ca was significantly (P < or = 0.05) improved by addition of both phytases. It can be concluded that E. coli phytase is highly effective in improving the bioavailability of phytate P to broilers, layers and young pigs. This seems to be based on the high proteolytic stability of the enzyme in the digestive tract, as shown recently.     

利用啤酒酿造副产物添加血粉和益生菌生产发酵蛋白质饲料的研究

我国啤酒生产每年会产生大量的副产物麦糟和废酵母,而屠宰行业也会产生大量的禽畜血液副产物,两者具有很高的营养价值,适合作为发酵饲料的原料加以利用。以麦糟为主料,加入血粉辅料,混合接种不同益生菌,通过测定发酵产物蛋白质含量、糖含量及总酸含量等指标,分别评价不同主辅料配料比、发酵时间、酵母菌及乳酸菌接种方式及接种量等因素对混合发酵饲料品质的影响,筛选生产发酵蛋白质饲料的最佳条件。结果表明：在血粉辅料添加量为15.00%、发酵温度为30 ℃、接种酵母菌单一菌种且接种量为2.00%、发酵时间为5 d的条件下,获得的发酵产物品质较好,蛋白质含量达到50.36%,与初始样品的蛋白质含量相比,提升幅度达到75.53%;利用酵母菌及乳酸菌混合发酵时,先接入1.00%乳酸菌发酵2 d后,再接入1.00%酵母菌继续发酵至7 d时,产物的蛋白质含量达到59.27%,与初始样品的蛋白质含量相比,提高幅度达到106.59%。利用上述2种发酵方式得到的产品可作为良好的蛋白质饲料。