猪场厌氧出水后续处理效果的测定

针对猪场污水厌氧处理出水的有机物浓度高，后续处理困难的问题，该试验对石灰混凝法处理猪场高浓度厌氧出水的效果进行了测试，并与氧化塘的处理效果进行比较分析。试验中选择了1和5g／L两种石灰投加剂量，对沉淀1、2、3、4、5和6h的净化效果进行取样分析；并对氧化塘猪场污水处理工艺连续取样三天，分析处理效果。结果表明：石灰混凝法投加剂量为5g／L、沉淀时间为5h时，对COD的去除率高达57.8％，明显好于氧化塘的去除效果；但对氨氮的去除率低于氧化塘。石灰混凝法沉淀时间短，基建投资小，可作为猪场污水进入二级处理或深度处理工艺前的可选择性过渡工艺。     

规模猪场污水多级处理系统中重金属总量及其形态变化特征

为探明畜禽养殖场污水处理过程中重金属总量及其形态变化特征,以苏南地区一规模猪场的污水处理工程为研究对象,系统分析了夏、冬两季各处理环节(厌氧消化、多级沉淀、水生植物处理)出水中Cu,Zn,As,Pb,Cr浓度变化。结果表明:夏季污水中Cu,Zn,As,Pb,Cr总体积浓度分别为4 024.9,6 656.0,22.9,193.8,319.6μg/L,冬季分别为6 490.3,1 1687.9,89.3,152.0,351.7μg/L。除夏季总As外,其他均高于国家农田灌溉水质标准。经多级沉淀和水生植物处理后,出水中各重金属总量显著降低(P0.05),均符合国家农田灌溉水质标准。夏季Cu,Zn,As,Pb,Cr的去除率分别达99.5%,99.2%,62.2%,88.7%,91.6%,冬季分别达99.8%,99.0%,91.0%,90.1%,87.9%。溶解态重金属含量变化复杂,总体上看,多级沉淀联合水生植物处理对污水中溶解态重金属有降低的作用,但夏季效果低于冬季。除夏季总As外,污水中其他重金属总量及其溶解态含量变化与p H值呈负相关,所有重金属总量与溶解态含量均与EC呈正相关。采用厌氧消化-多级沉淀-水生植物联合处理技术可有效降低猪场污水中重金属总量及其溶解态含量,提高养殖污水农田利用的安全性。     

猪场废水灌溉对潮土酶活性的影响

通过天津杨柳青镇田间小区试验,研究了猪场废水原水、厌氧出水和仿生态塘与地下水稀释（1：5）灌溉以及厌氧出水高、中、低定额灌溉对潮土0～20cm和20～40cm土层的土壤脲酶、转化酶和过氧化氢酶活性及土壤有机碳和全氮的影响。结果表明,猪场废水灌溉显著增加土壤有机碳和全氮含量;中量厌氧水灌溉增强土壤脲酶、转化酶和过氧化氢酶活性,过高或过低量厌氧水灌溉降低土壤酶活性;原水、厌氧出水和仿生态塘水稀释灌溉对土壤酶活性也有显著影响;与对照（正常施肥和灌溉）相比,仿生态塘水稀释灌溉促进土壤脲酶活性;所有的稀释灌溉处理对土壤转化酶和过氧化氢酶活性均有抑制趋势,但其中仿生态塘水稀释灌溉处理的降幅较小。建议适宜的猪场养殖废水厌氧出水灌水定额为500m^3·hm^-2,适宜的稀释灌溉处理为仿生态塘水与地下水1：5的稀释比例。     

海绵铁缓解污水厌氧氨氧化反应器中硝酸盐积累的效果

该文旨在通过向厌氧氨氧化反应器中投加海绵铁来减轻厌氧SBR(sequencingbatchreactoractivatedsludge process)反应器中的硝酸盐积累,试验研究了海绵铁与硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐在静态条件下的反应。在静态条件下,部分硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐被海绵铁还原成了氨。对比动态试验表明投加海绵铁可以将SBR出水硝酸盐质量浓度控制在25～30 mg/L左右。相同条件下不投加海绵铁出水硝酸盐质量浓度不断累积,直至超过55 mg/L。这可能是由于铁将硝酸盐还原为亚硝酸盐并与厌氧氨氧化进行了耦合。采用高通量测序发现投加海绵铁的反应器中厌氧氨氧化菌在微生物群落中所占的比例(22.55%)约为不投加反应器(8.85%)的3倍,表明投加海绵铁有利于反应器中厌氧氨氧化(ANAMMOX)菌的生长和厌氧氨氧化反应器的启动。     

猪场废水厌氧消化液后处理技术研究及工程应用

猪场废水经过厌氧消化后，可生化性变差，BOD₅/COD仅为0.19，并且碳、氮倒置，比例严重失调，给后续好氧处理带来很大困难。采用序批式活性污泥法(SBR)工艺直接处理厌氧消化液，污染物的去除效果很差，COD仅去除8.31%，NH₃-N去除78.7％。通过改善厌氧消化液的可生化性和培养高效脱氮菌种等措施，COD、NH₃-N去除率改善显著，COD、BOD₅与SS的去除分别达到89.6%～93.4%、97.9%，95.6%，特别是对NH₃-N，达到了99%以上去除效率。将实验室结果应用于实际工程，也取得了好的效果，工程上SBR系统对猪场废水厌氧消化液的COD去除90%左右，出水COD基本上在300 mg/L以下。NH₃-N去除率大于99%，出水NH₃-N小于10 mg/L。BOD₅去除率大于98%，出水BOD₅小于20 mg/L。TN去除率大于90%。     

提高猪场沼液净化处理效果的氨吹脱控制参数

针对畜禽养殖场沼气工程沼液氨氮浓度高,碳氮比不足,直接采用传统生化污水处理法效果不佳的问题,该文对氨吹脱工艺降低猪场沼液氨氮浓度参数进行了试验研究,探索了不同初始氨氮浓度、pH值、气液比、温度等参数对氨氮去除的效果,并进一步研究了Ca(OH)2的混凝作用。结果表明:初始氨氮质量浓度分别为500和900mg/L时,氨氮去除率无显著差异。在初始氨氮质量浓度为900mg/L,pH值为10.5,气液比(流量比)2000,沼液温度30℃的运行条件下,氨氮去除率较高为81.84%。在Ca(OH)2投加量为5.0g/L条件下,混凝沉淀效果较好,化学需氧量(COD)、总磷(TP)和PO43-去除率分别为30.13%、97.44%和98.76%,但总硬度提高了106%。该文研究结果为开发沼液深度处理工艺提供了数据。     

杭州灯塔养殖总场猪粪污水处理工程的设计与运行

采用厌氧—好氧(UASB—SBR)法处理技术对杭州灯塔养殖总场的高浓度猪粪污水进行处理，COD总去除率达98%，NH₃-N去除率达99%以上，出水COD浓度不大于150 mg/L ，NH₃-N浓度不大于15 mg/L，出水水质达到《污水综合排放标准》(GB8978-1996)的二级排放标准。     

运行条件对膜生物反应器处理猪场厌氧消化液效果的影响

为探讨膜生物反应器处理猪场厌氧消化液效果和合适的操作条件,该文分别选择了三种不同的水力停留时间(HRT)、间歇曝气区曝/停比和膜出水抽/停比,根据三水平正交表安排试验.结果表明:进水COD为1240～1830 mg/L,BOD5为154～420 mg/L时,出水COD(化学需氧量)为208～811 mg/L,BOD5(生化需氧量)为7～13 mg/L,COD和BOD5去除率分别达到51.7%～83.2%和93.0%～97.1%.试验所选因素中HRT对COD去除效果的影响最大,HRT=24h与20 h、15 h时的COD去除率差异显著(P<0.05),分别平均提高7.3%和13.4%.当水温在24～28℃时NH4 -N去除效果随水温的升高明显提高,但水温上升到28.0～35.8℃时,NH4M; >-N去除效果随水温变化不大.     

接触氧化-强化混凝工艺处理崇明农村生活污水特性

针对崇明某地农村分散式生活污水低碳高氮磷的特性,研究接触氧化/强化混凝组合工艺处理农村污水的效果和机理。结果表明,组合工艺的平均出水化学需氧量（COD）＜50?mg/L、氨氮（NH3-N）＜5?mg/L、总氮（TN）＜20?mg/L、总磷（TP）＜0.5?mg/L,达到城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准（GB18918-2002）一级排放标准。气相色谱-质谱联用仪（GC-MS）分析表明：组合工艺能够有效去除有机污染物,生化处理对烷烃类污染物、芳烃及杂环类化合物均有良好的去除效果;主要总磷除磷机理：化学沉淀去除溶解性正磷酸盐,吸附机制去除聚磷酸盐、有机磷等非正磷酸盐;系统亚硝酸盐累积标志着同步硝化反硝化的发生。同时,该组合工艺还具有占地面积少、造价低、易于维护管理等优点,适合农村地区分散式生活污水的处理。     

混凝法去除镉及含镉絮体的稳定性研究

以广西龙江河的河水和底泥为研究对象,通过混凝沉淀实验验证聚合氯化铝(PAC)对人工配制的超标40倍河水中镉的去除效果,并考察不同pH模拟洪水对含镉絮体释镉的影响。结果表明:在pH为(9.00±0.05)的浑浊河水中,PAC对河水中的镉具有很好的去除效果,投加PAC后12h,PAC对河水中镉的去除率可达到98.52%～99.42%;在pH为(6.00±0.05)～(8.00±0.05)的模拟洪水过后72h内,河水中的Cd2+浓度均低于5μg/L,含镉絮体不释镉或少量释镉,稳定性较好;在pH为(5.00±0.05)的模拟洪水过后72h内,河水中的Cd2+浓度部分高于5μg/L,含镉絮体释镉量较大,稳定性较差。因此,在龙江河的生态环境影响后评估工作中应加强洪水期的监测。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.     

In-situ enrichment and analysis of atrazine-degrading microbial communities using atrazine-containing porous beads

We examined the community composition of microbes that colonized atrazine-containing beads buried in agricultural soils that differed in atrazine treatment history. Bacterial abundance was 5-40-fold greater in atrazine-fortified beads. In beads containing 20 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ buried in soil with a history of atrazine application (conditioned soil), the abundance of Actinobacteria increased approximately 80-fold whereas in control soil, Actinobacteria were enriched only 10-fold and the gamma-Proteobacteria and Planctomycetes increased by 60- and 25-fold, respectively. The gamma-Proteobacteria were enriched by 120- and 230-fold in beads containing 200 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ in conditioned and control soil, respectively. The results demonstrate that BioSep^® beads are a suitable matrix for recruiting a diverse subset of the bacterial community involved in atrazine degradation.     

Genetic similarities among Spanisch populations of Agropyron, Elymus and Thinopyrum, using PCR-based markers

Arbitrary oligonucleotides were used as primers to amplifygenomic DNA of 48 wild Spanish populations of Agropyroncristatum, Elymus hispanicus,E. caninus,E. repens,Thinopyrum curvifolium, Th.junceum and Th.intermedium. Genetic diversity was analysedusing nineteen primers. The number of amplified products ranged from8 to 18 per primer and a total of 240 markers were scored. Differentlevels of intraspecific genetic diversity were found, the allogamousspecies E. repens andTh. intermedium being themost variable. Jaccard's similarity coefficients for internalmeasure within and between populations were used to produce a clusterdiagram. The results demonstrate differences in the degree ofsimilarity between taxonomic units. Interpopulational variability andinterspecific genomic relationships of these species arediscussed.     

Mycorrhizae,biocides, and biocontrol. 4. Response of a mixed culture of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and host plant to three fungicides

The effects of three commonly used fungicides on the colonization and sporulation by a mixture of three arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi consisting of Glomus etunicatum (Becker & Gerd.), Glomus mosseae (Nicol. & Gerd.) Gerd. & Trappe, and Gigaspora rosea (Nicol. & Schenck) in symbiosis with pea plants and the resulting response of the host-plant were examined. Benomyl, PCNB, and captan were applied as soil drenches at a rate of 20 mg active ingredient kg^-1 soil 2 weeks after transplanting pea seedlings in a silty clay-loam soil containing the mixed inocula of AM fungi (AM plants). Effects of fungicides were compared to untreated plants that were inoculated with fungi (AM control). The effect of mycorrhizal inoculation on plant growth was also examined by including nonmycorrhizal, non-fungicide-treated plants (non-AM control). Fungicides or inoculation with AM fungi had only a small effect on the final shoot weights of pea plants, but had greater effects on root length and seed yield. AM control plants had higher seed yields and lower root lengths than the corresponding non-AM plants, and the fungicide-treated AM plants had intermediate yields and root lengths. Seed N and P contents were likewise highest in AM control plants, lowest in non-AM plants, and intermediate in fungicide-treated AM plants. All three fungicides depressed the proportion (%) of root length colonized by AM fungi, but these differences did not translate to reductions in the total root length that was colonized, since roots were longer in the fungicide-treated AM plants. Pea plants apparently compensated for the reduction in AM-fungal metabolism due to fungicides by increasing root growth. Fungicides affected the population of the three fungi as determined by sporulation at the final harvest. Captan significantly reduced the number, relative abundance, and relative volume of G. rosea spores in the final population relative to the controls. The relative volume of G. etunicatum spores was greater in all the fungicide-treated soils, while G. mosseae relative volumes were only greater in the captan-treated soil. These findings show that fungicides can alter the species composition of an AM-fungal community. The results also show that AM fungi can increase seed yield without enhancing the vegetative shoot growth of host plants.