Heritability analyses of IQ scores: science or numerology?

Estimates of IQ heritability are subject to a variety of systematic errors. The IQ scores themselves contain uncontrollable, systematic errors of unknown magnitude. These arise because IQ scores, unlike conventional physical and biological measurements, have a purely instrumental definition. The effects of these errors are apparent in the very large discrepancies among IQ correlations measured by different investigators. Genotype-environment correlations, whose effects can sometimes be minimized, if not wholly eliminated, in experiments with plants and animals, are nearly always important in human populations. The absence of significant effects arising from genotype-environment correlations is a necessary condition for the applicability of conventional heritability analysis to phenotypically plastic traits. When this condition fails, no quantitative inferences about heritability can be drawn from measured phenotypic variances and covariances, except under special conditions that are unlikely to be satisfied by phenotypically plastic traits in human populations. Inadequate understanding of the precise environmental factors relevant to the development of specific behavioral traits is an important source of systematic errors, as is the inability to allow adequately for the effects of assortative mating and gene-gene interaction. Systematic cultural differences and differences in psychological environment among races and among sociocco-nomic groups vitiate any attempt to draw from IQ data meaningful inferences about genetic differences. Estimates based on phenotypic correlations between separated monozygotic twins-usually considered to be the most reliable kind of estimates-are vitiated by systematic errors inherent in IQ tests, by the presence of genotype-environment correlation, and by the lack of detailed understanding of environmental factors relevant to the development of behavioral traits. Other kinds of estimates are beset, in addition, by systematic errors arising from incomplete allowance for the effects of assortative mating and from gene-gene interactions. The only potentially useful data are phenotypic correlations between unrelated foster children reared together, which could, in principle, yield lower limits for e(2). Available data indicate that, for unrelated foster children reared together, the broad heritability (h(2)) may lie between 0.0 and 0.5. This estimate does not apply to populations composed of children reared by their biological parents or by near relatives. For such populations the heritability of IQ remains undefined. The only data that might yield meaningful estimates ot narrow heritability are phenotypic correlations between half-sibs reared in statistically independent environments. No useful data of this kind are available. Intervention studies like Heber's Milwaukee Project afford an alternative and comparatively direct way of studying the plasticity of cognitive and other behavioral traits in human populations. Results obtained so far strongly suggest that the development of cognitive skills is highly sensitive to variations in environmental factors. These conclusions have three obvious implications for the broader issues mentioned at the beginning of this article. 1) Published analyses of IQ data provide no support whatever for Jensen's thesis that inequalities in cognitive performance are due largely to genetic differences. As Lewontin (8) has clearly shown, the value of the broad heritability of IQ is in any case only marginally relevant to this question. I have argued that conventional estimates of the broad heritability of IQ are invalid and that the only data on which potentially valid estimates might be based are consistent with a broad heritability of less than 0.5. On the other hand, intervention studies, if their findings prove to be replicable, would directly establish that, under suitable conditions, the offspring of parents whose cognitive skills are so poorly developed as to exclude them from all but the most menial occupations can achieve what are regarded as distinctly high levels of cognitive performance. Thus, despite the fact that children differ suibstantially in cognitive aptitudes and appetites, and despite the very high probability that these differences have a substantial genetic component, available scientific evidence strongly suggests that environmental factors are responsible for the failure of children not suffering from specific neurological disorders to achieve adequate levels of cognitive performance. 2) Under prevailing social conditions, no valid inferences can be drawn from IQ data concerning systematic genetic differences among races or socioeconomic groups. Research along present lines directed toward this end-whatever its ethical status-is scientifically worthless. 3) Since there are no suitable data for estimating the narrow heritability of IQ, it seems pointless to speculate about the prospects for a hereditary meritocracy based on IQ.     

Intellectual development of children from interracial matings

Interracial offspring of white mothers obtained significantly higher IQ scores at 4 years of age than interracial offspring of Negro mothers, suggesting that environmental factors play an important role in the lower intellectual performance of Negro children.     

21例明式家具造型的比例网络

运用根号矩形分割法,分析了21例明式家具构件的尺寸关系,得出相应的比例网络。用视觉长度相对差别阈限、Wilcoxon配对样本符号秩检验和尺寸公差等级评价等方法,检验比例网络的有效性。结果表明:尺寸质量特征总体评价良好:家具轮廓与比例框架的相对偏差<2%,特征点配对坐标值差异无统计学意义,构件尺寸波动量处于±5 mm范围,对应公差等级WIT2～WIT5。比例网络的建立,为研究明式家具的尺度控制规律提供了参考依据。     

桑叶水提物及异槲皮苷成分抗石斑鱼虹彩病毒作用机制研究

【目的】探究桑叶提取物成分对石斑鱼虹彩病毒（SGIV）的抑制作用,并对其抗病毒机制进行研究,为利用桑叶提取物成分研发抗SGIV药物提供理论依据,也为开发高效安全的新型抗病毒渔用药物提供新思路。【方法】利用石斑鱼脾脏组织细胞系（GS）,通过光学显微镜观察及CCK-8检测分析桑叶水提物（Morus alba L.water extracts,MAE）及其活性成分异槲皮苷（Isoquercetin,IQ）的安全工作浓度,然后使用实时荧光定量PCR及核酸适配体荧光分子探针技术（Q2-AFMP）分析MAE和IQ对SGIV的抗病毒效果;通过分析SGIV感染GS细胞中MCP基因和VP19基因的表达水平,分析IQ对SGIV的粒子结构及其与宿主细胞表面结合、侵入宿主细胞和在宿主细胞中复制的影响,探究IQ体外抗SGIV的作用机制。【结果】桑叶源化合物成分（MAE和IQ）对GS细胞的最高安全工作浓度为:MAE≤10.0 mg/mL,IQ≤1000.0μg/mL。与接入SGIV的GS细胞相比,在以安全工作浓度的MAE （10.0 mg/mL）和IQ （1000.0μg/mL）分别接入SGIV孵育感染的GS细胞后细胞病变（CPEs）明显减少,MCP基因和VP19基因的相对表达量均呈极显著下降趋势（P<0.01,下同）,GS细胞荧光值也极显著降低,表明桑叶源化合物成分能有效抑制SGIV感染。以IQ处理SGIV孵育感染的GS细胞,其细胞内MCP基因和VP19基因的相对表达量均呈极显著下降趋势,提示IQ能破坏SGIV的粒子结构,并干扰SGIV对宿主细胞的吸附、侵入和复制。【结论】MAE和IQ对SGIV具有良好的抗病毒效果,其中IQ能在病毒吸附、侵入和复制阶段发挥抗病毒作用,即桑叶源化合物成分在防治SGIV感染方面具有潜在的应用价值,可作为研发抗SGIV感染的有效药用成分。     

F-cell production in sickle cell anemia: regulation by genes linked to beta-hemoglobin locus

Strong correlation of F-reticulocyte levels within sib pairs with sickle cell (SS) anemia suggests that the wide-ranging levels found in the SS population are governed by genes linked to the beta S-site. Correlations between F-cell levels in parents and F-reticulocyte levels in their children indicates that these same genes regulate F-cell production in nonanemic persons. Comparison of outcrossed and inbred SS populations suggests that relative well-being arises from homozygosity for alleles dictating high F-reticulocyte response to anemia.     

汶川震后滑坡体植被恢复不同阶段优势种种间关联研究——以银厂沟谢家店滑坡体为例

为探明震后滑坡体植被恢复过程中的群落种间关系的变化，基于2009-2018年对谢家店滑坡体植被恢复状况的持续监测数据，采用方差比率法、spearman秩相关分析法，从群落整体的关联状况及群落各垂直层次内主要物种间的关联状况两方面对滑坡体植被恢复的草本群落、灌草群落、乔灌草群落3个不同恢复阶段的种间关联动态进行研究。方差比率的检验结果表明，除灌草群落阶段群落整体关联情况为不显著的负关联外，其他各阶段均为不显著的正联结，且随恢复时间的增加群落正关联程度整体呈上升的趋势。spearman秩相关分析结果表明，草本层物种在灌草阶段，主要物种间正负联结种对之比小于1，其他各恢复阶段正负联结种对之比均大于1，正联结种对比例随恢复年限的增加整体呈上升趋势，负联结种对比例整体呈下降趋势；灌木层主要物种间正负联结种对之比随恢复年限的增加呈下降趋势，但下降趋势趋于缓和，说明灌木还处于演替的不稳定阶段；乔木层物种随恢复年限的增加正联结种对比例呈上升趋势，负联结种对比例呈下降趋势。方差比率与spearman秩相关分析的结果均表明，群落多数物种间还未达到显著相关，各物种相对独立。总的来说，震后滑坡体的植被恢复状况较好，群落物种间正联结程度不断增强，群落结构不断完善，物种逐渐趋于稳定共存。     

鸭发育早期骨骼肌异步发育和IGF-I/MSTN-A mRNA表达的相关性

【目的】选择生长速度不同的高邮鸭和金定鸭为试验模型,比较2个不同品种鸭胚胎期和出雏早期骨骼肌中胰岛素样生长因子I（insulin-like growth factor I,IGF-I）、肌肉生长抑素A（myostatin A,MSTN-A）mRNA的表达规律及其与胸浅肌和腓肠肌（简称为胸腿肌）发育模式的相关性。【方法】在鸭13、17、21、25、27胚龄和出雏后7日龄时,记录体重、胸浅肌（PM）和腓肠肌外侧头（LM）的重量,采用实时荧光定量PCR方法研究骨骼肌中IGF-I和MSTN mRNA的表达规律。【结果】本试验证明鸭早期发育过程中,体重和骨骼肌重的变化呈现极显著的品种和时间特异性;鸭胚胎期胸/腿肌的IGF-I和MSTN-A mRNA的表达与体重、胸/腿肌重均呈极显著的负相关,各自与胸/腿体指数则呈反式的相关性（正/负）,均在13胚龄有一个表达高峰,IGF-I和MSTN-A mRNA表达之间存在极显著的正相关;鸭PM中IGF-I mRNA表达转折点的出现时间与胸肌绝对生长和相对生长变化趋势是吻合的,而LM中IGF-I mRNA的表达与腿肌生长和肌纤维特性变化均不相符;鸭胚胎期MSTN-A mRNA的表达趋势与骨骼肌生长和肌纤维数量形成高峰同步;胸腿肌中IGF-I/MSTN-A mRNA表达比值的变化趋势和肌纤维特性变化吻合,PM中的IGF-I/MSTN-A mRNA表达比值的差异点和PM重量出现品种差异的时间点一致。【结论】在胚胎发育中后期和出雏后早期,鸭的胸腿肌呈现异步发育模式,骨骼肌中IGF-I和MSTN mRNA表达的相对水平参与骨骼肌生长速率的调节。     

基于模pg分圆方法的广义相对差集偶构造

对广义相对差集偶进行研究,广义相对差集偶对应的二元序列偶的自相关函数具有脉冲函数的性质,可扩大最佳信号的可选范围．利用模pg分圆方法构造广义相对差集偶,得到几类广义相对差集偶．给出广义相对差集偶的一些性质,利用这些性质可以构造更多的广义相对差集偶．     

Effects of intra-vineyard variability and soil heterogeneity on vine performance,dry matter and nutrient partitioning

Three vigor zones, identified in a Barbera vineyard by remote sensing at full canopy, were carefully ground-truthed to determine, over 2 years, the relative weight of soil factors in affecting within-field variability, and to investigate vigor zone influence on dry matter (DM) and nutrient partitioning into different vine organs. Regardless of season, high vigor (HV) achieved stronger vine capacity as total vegetative growth and yield while resulting in markedly less ripened fruits than low vigor (LV) vines. PCA analysis carried out on ten different soil and vine variables clearly separated the three vigor levels and the correlation matrix highlighted that the factors mostly contributing to HV were soil depth, soil K and P concentration, total available water, clay fraction and N_leaf concentration. Conversely, sand fraction was the main marker for LV. When annual DM retrieved in clusters, canes, leaves, and shoot clippings was calculated for each vigor level and expressed as content (i.e. kg/ha) there was a general decreasing trend moving from HV to LV. However, when DM partitioned to each organ was given on a relative basis (i.e. percentage over total) results were similar across vigor levels. Similarly, when nutrients were given as content (e.g. kg or g/ha) out of 120 within-vigor combinations (12 nutrients, 2 seasons, 5 organs), 65 showed a significant difference between HV and LV. Conversely, with data expressed on a concentration basis (i.e. % DM) the number of significant differences between the vigor level means fell to 15. The study strengthens the causal link between soil properties and intra-vineyard spatial variability and clarifies that patterns of dry matter and nutrient partitioning to different vine organs are mildly affected by vine vigor when referred on a relative basis.

     

马尾松两个木材性状的变异规律和造纸原料林经营措施探讨

本文分析了马尾松管胞长度和木材密度这两个性状在树木个体内不同方向上及个体间的变异趋势,得出了管胞长度在个体高度方向上变异的几种数学模型。方差分析表明,两个性状在个体内的变异程度大于个体之间并且有极显著的统计学差异。同时还建立了胸径处两性状值与株加权平均值间的线性回归方程。讨论了不同年龄,不同林分密度对这两个性状的影响,结果是林分年龄的不同对管胞长度无显著影响,林分密度的不同,在23—24年左右时,对管胞长度有极显著影响。林分年龄和林分密度的不同,对木材密度无显著影响。     

华木莲群落种间联结性研究

通过方差分析、χ2检验和共同出现百分率PC等的计算,对华木莲SinomanglietiaglaucaZ.X.YuetQ.Y.Zheng分布的群落中60个主要树种间的联结性进行了定量分析。研究结果表明:华木莲分布的群落总体种间关联性为显著正相关;236个种对呈显著正联结,44个种对为显著负联结,PC≥60%有28对,40%≤PC<60%有121对,20%相似文献   

Chromosomal region of the cystic fibrosis gene in yeast artificial chromosomes: a model for human genome mapping

A general strategy for cloning and mapping large regions of human DNA with yeast artificial chromosomes (YAC's) is described. It relies on the use of the polymerase chain reaction to detect DNA landmarks called sequence-tagged sites (STS's) within YAC clones. The method was applied to the region of human chromosome 7 containing the cystic fibrosis (CF) gene. Thirty YAC clones from this region were analyzed, and a contig map that spans more than 1,500,000 base pairs was assembled. Individual YAC's as large as 790 kilobase pairs and containing the entire CF gene were constructed in vivo by meiotic recombination in yeast between pairs of overlapping YAC's.     

Personality and scholarship

Two groups of National Merit Scholarship students were selected on the basis of attendance at educational institutions ranked high or low in the production of future scholars and scientists. Four hypotheses pertaining to expected personality differences between matched groups from both sources were explored by means of the following instruments: the Omnibus Personality Inventory, the Strong Vocational Interest Blank, and the Allport-Vernon-Lindzey Study of Values. In general, the hypotheses were firmly supported, and it was concluded that students of high ability attending highly productive institutions have a pattern of traits, values, and attitudes which is more closely related to serious intellectual pursuits than have students of high ability attending less productive institutions (16).     

一种基于RANSAC的柱面图像配准算法

提出了一种基于RANSAC的柱面图像配准算法.首先采用NCC算法对检测出来的Harris角点进行粗匹配，然后采用两次改进的RANSAC算法删除误配，提高正确匹配角点的数量，最后对仿射变换模型参数进行Levenberg-Marquardt非线性优化以进一步降低图像的配准误差.实验结果表明：通过一次改进RANSAC去错配后角点有效匹配率达到约99.2%，通过二次改进RANSAC去错配后角点有效匹配率达到约99.6%，与现有算法相比，在同等条件下获得了更高的匹配有效率.     

甜樱桃品种SSR指纹图谱的构建

采用SSR标记技术构建甜樱桃品种的分子指纹图谱,为甜樱桃品种鉴定提供依据。以“泰山朝阳”、“泰山红日”和“红南阳”等品种为试材,从38对引物中筛选出5对多态性及稳定性高的SSR引物进行PCR扩增。5对引物扩增出的多态性带数在10—15条,平均为12．6条;引物的多态信息量（PIC）在0．8347—0．9020,平均0．8708。依据甜樱桃SSR带型特征,对每对引物生成的不同带型直接编号,简化甜樱桃SSR带型记录方法,并利用每个品种的带型编号,建立其DNA指纹图谱。表明SSR标记技术可用于鉴定甜樱桃种质。     

Radiation hybrid mapping: a somatic cell genetic method for constructing high-resolution maps of mammalian chromosomes

Radiation hybrid (RH) mapping, a somatic cell genetic technique, was developed as a general approach for constructing long-range maps of mammalian chromosomes. This statistical method depends on x-ray breakage of chromosomes to determine the distances between DNA markers, as well as their order on the chromosome. In addition, the method allows the relative likelihoods of alternative marker orders to be determined. The RH procedure was used to map 14 DNA probes from a region of human chromosome 21 spanning 20 megabase pairs. The map was confirmed by pulsed-field gel electrophoretic analysis. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of RH mapping for constructing high-resolution, contiguous maps of mammalian chromosomes.     

栎属近缘种指纹图谱构建及遗传结构

目的对栎属近缘种质进行指纹图谱构建,并分析其遗传结构,为栎属近缘种鉴定及分类提供了重要工具。方法以23份栎属近缘种质为研究对象,利用遗传背景差异大的4份种质进行SSR引物筛选,选出9对扩增条带清晰、具有多态性且重复性好的引物对其进行扩增,利用毛细管电泳技术对PCR荧光产物进行检测,采用引物-分子量组合法构建23份种质的指纹图谱,利用NTsys和STRUCTURE软件进行聚类分析和群体遗传结构分析。结果9对SSR引物共扩增出78个条带,每个位点的等位标记数4~14个,平均每对引物为8.67个,多态信息含量变幅为0.58~0.82,平均为0.73。聚类分析显示辽东栎、蒙古栎分别聚为两个类群,猩红栎和北美红栎聚为一个类群,群体遗传结构分析显示23份种质为3个亚群体,遗传结构分析与聚类分析结果一致。结论23份栎属近缘种质可以划分为辽东栎组、蒙古栎组、猩红栎-北美红栎混合组,辽东栎与蒙古栎是两个独立的分类单位,上述结果为栎属分类、品种鉴定和知识产权保护提供了理论依据。      

农村留守儿童家庭亲密度和适应性调查研究

[目的]了解留守儿童家庭亲密度和适应性的实际情况与影响因素,为促进农村留守儿童健康发展提供依据。[方法]选取山东省济宁市及其他地区的500名学生作为调查对象,采用问卷调查法(家庭亲密度与适应性量表)进行测评。[结果]父母外出情况、生活情况、留守儿童的年级和性别是影响留守儿童家庭功能的重要因素。[结论]留守儿童家庭亲密度和适应性状况值得关注,父母、当前生活家庭及学校应重视对其家庭功能的建立。     

Recent trends in fertility and nuptiality in china

The State Family Planning Commission of China has conducted two large-scale fertility surveys, in 1982 and 1988, covering sample households containing 1 million and 2 million persons, respectively. These surveys obtained lifetime histories, including age at first marriage and at each birth for female members of the households from ages 15 to 67 in the first survey and from 15 to 57 in the second. The data provide detailed information on the extraordinary decline in the rate of childbearing in China (by 60% from 1970 to 1980). Because rising age at marriage played a significant role in this decline, the effect of changes in the pattern of entry into marriage on childbearing since 1980 was examined. There was a sharp increase in overall fertility (the total fertility rate) from 1980 to 1982; after falling to slightly below the 1980 level in 1985, the rate rose in 1985 and 1986 to well above that of 1980. A major factor in this arrested and partially reversed decline was a boom in marriage that followed a relaxation in 1980 of locally administered restrictions on marriage before the officially designated desirable age. In fact, the total fertility rate of married women (summed over duration of marriage rather than age) averaged much lower in the mid-1980s than in 1980. The summary rate of bearing second children increased markedly in the 1980s when calculated by age of women, but declined when calculated by duration of marriage, given the inflated number of recently married women.