On the Ultrastructure of Mast Cells and Globule Leucocytes in the Common Bile Duct of Cattle Chronically Infected With Fasciola Hepatica

Mast cells and globule leucocytes in the walls of the common bile ducts of seven uninfected slaughtered cows and of five cows chronically infected with Fasciola hepatica were studied by electron microscopy. The mast cells displayed numerous small intracytoplasmic granules, the matrixes of which were either strongly electron-opaque and homogeneous or less dense with a fine-granular ultrastructure. Unattached ribosomes were abundant in the cytoplasm of the cells. Many mast cells in the walls of chronically infected bile ducts were normal-looking while the cells in the subepithelial tissues often showed striking irregularities in the ultrastructure of the granules. Globule leucocytes were most numerous in the surface epithelium and were not connected by desmosomes to the epithelial cells. The nuclei of the globule leucocytes were similar to those in the mast cells except that indentations caused by the globules were more usually seen. The globules were considerably larger than the mast cell granules but bounded by similar agranular capsules. The matrix of most globules was dense and homogeneous while the other globules showed dense reticulate or lamellate structures. The relationship between the mast cell and globule leucocyte in the liver is briefly discussed with reference to recent reports on these cells in the intestinal wall.     

Primary malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor with eosinophilic cytoplasmic globules arising from the greater omentum in a dog

A 10-year-old Golden Retriever dog had a solitary tumor mass arising from the greater omentum. Histologically, the tumor showed varying cellularity and patterns of cellular arrangement. In dense cellular areas, spindle-shaped cells were arranged in interlacing bundles. The sparse cellular area was characterized by loosely arranged fusiform cells. The neoplastic cells frequently contained PAS-positive eosinophilic globules in the cytoplasm, and mitotic figures were frequently observed. The tumor cells were positive to vimentin, S-100 protein, glial fibrillary acidic protein, myelin basic protein, neuron-specific enolase and myoglobin. The present tumor was diagnosed as a malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST) with eosinophilic cytoplasmic globules arising from the greater omentum. To our knowledge, this may be the first case of primary omental MPNST in domestic animals.     

Immunohistochemical evaluation of canine peripheral nerve sheath tumors and other soft tissue sarcomas

Seventeen cases of canine peripheral nerve sheath tumors (PNSTs), 11 malignant PNSTs (MPNSTs), and six benign PNSTs (BPNSTs) were examined. The prognosis in five of six dogs with BPNSTs was excellent, whereas all dogs with MPNSTs died within 2 years after the last surgical resection. One BPNST formed a recurrent mass with features of a MPNST. Histopathologically, the predominant tumor cell of MPNSTs was either spindle or round in shape with epithelioid characteristics. Other atypical cells had abundant granular cytoplasm or were multinucleated giant cells with periodic acid-Schiff-positive cytoplasmic globules. Furthermore, two MPNSTs contained cartilaginous and osseous metaplasia. On the contrary, most BPNSTs exhibited typical features of schwannoma or neurofibroma, whereas two BPNSTs had atypical morphology. One BPNST consisted of epithelioid cell proliferation with some tumor cells revealing nuclear atypia. Immunohistochemically, the expression of vimentin (100%), S-100 (73%), nerve growth factor receptor (NGFR, 64%), and myoglobin (64%) was commonly found in MPNSTs. The two BPNSTs with atypical histologic appearances were positive for vimentin, S-100, NGFR, and neuron-specific enolase, and one of these had moderate immunoreactivity for cytokeratin. Most BPNSTs were positive for glial fibrillary acidic protein, as well as S-100 and NGFR. Although most rhabdomyosarcomas (RMSs) and canine hemangiopericytomas (CHPs) also showed focal immunoreactivity for S-100, most RMSs were intensely positive for myoglobin and negative for NGFR. Most CHPs (80%) exhibited focal alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA) expression, whereas all PNSTs were negative. These results indicate that immunohistochemistry for NGFR and alpha-SMA might be useful for differentiating canine PNSTs from RMSs or CHPs, respectively.     

Studies on the pathology of dicrocoeliasis and fascioliasis in the goat. 3. The histochemistry of mast cells and globule leucocytes

Comparative studies were made on the structure and histochemistry of mast cells and globule leucocytes in dicrocoeliasis and fascioliasis of the goat. Investigations showed that D. dendriticum and F. hepatica infections in the goat produce an increase in the number of hepatic mast cells and frequent occurrence of globule leucocytes in the epithelium of the bile ducts. The only difference between these infections was that globule leucocytes were more frequent in small bile ducts in dicrocoeliasis than in fascioliasis.Histochemical methods showed the presence of sulphomucins in the granules of mast cells, while both neutral mucins and carboxymucins were revealed in the globules of globule leucocytes. The acidity of the mucosubstances could not be shown to result from hyaluronic acid, chondroitin-4 and -6-sulphates, or sialic acid. The globules of globule leucocytes also contained histochemically identifiable highly basic proteins.Keyword: Dicrocoelium dendriticum, Fasciola hepatica, liver, bile ducts, mast cell, globule leucocyte     

Hepatic hyaline globules in an Eclectus parrot (Eclectus roratus).

Hepatic hyaline globules, similar to those reported in some human livers, were observed in liver tissue from an Eclectus parrot (Eclectus roratus). The cytoplasmic inclusions were periodic acid-Schiff positive and diastase resistant and failed to stain by acid-fast or Congo red techniques. Ultrastructurally, the hepatic globules were composed of granular amorphous material with small peripheral striations that extended into the cytoplasm.     

A scanning electron microscopic study on the difference between white and brown adipose tissues in the rat.

Lipid globules in the white and brown adipose tissues in the rat were well preserved with prolonged postfixation in OSO4. The difference between the surface of white adipose tissue and that of brown adipose tissue was observed in such a way that the surface of the brown adipocyte was lumpy owing to the presence of intracellular lipid globules, and that the surface of the white adipocyte was considerably smooth. After the matrix of lipid globules was dissolved during specimen preparation, the subgranules embedded in the matrix were disclosed on the inner surface of the lipid globules. The cut surface of the white adipocyte contained a large lipid droplet and the amount of cytoplasm was poor, whereas the brown adipocyte had several lipid droplets and many small granules in the cytoplasm.     

Cytology of tracheobronchial aspirates in horses.

Tracheobronchial aspirates were obtained from 27 normal horses and from 57 horses with respiratory disease. Aspirates from normal horses contained mainly ciliated columnar epithelial cells, mononuclear cells, a few neutrophils and mucus. Aspirates from horses with acute suppurative bronchopneumonias or chronic bronchiolitis had predominantly neutrophils and usually large amounts of mucus; in severe suppurative inflammatory diseases, many of the cells were degenerated, and there were coils of fibrinous material resembling Curschmann's spirals. Eosinophils were rarely found, even from horses with histories suggestive of allergic respiratory disease. Aspirates from horses with epistaxis frequently had macrophages with intracytoplasmic green globules (hemosiderin). Tracheobronchial aspirates occasionally revealed subclinical lung disease. Four horses with no clinical signs of lung disease and lungs that were unremarkable on percussion and normal on auscultation had adpirates suggestive of inflammation; histologic examination confirmed bronchiolitis.     

奶山羊妊娠黄体中催产素免疫反应细胞的分布

运用免疫组化ABC法妊娠26～120d的奶山羊黄体中催产素免疫反应细胞的分布进行了观察。结果表明，奶山羊妊娠黄体中存在催产素(Oxytocin,OT）免疫反应阳性细胞。阳性细胞在形态上以卵圆形、圆形、棱形为主，还有一些具有明显的突起。根据阳性细胞胞质内反应颗粒着色的深浅，可把OT阳性细胞分为强阳性、中等阳性和弱阳性3种。在妊娠26～30d，阳性细胞数量最多，强阳性细胞主要分布于黄体的周边，中等阳性及弱阳性细胞则均匀分布于整个黄体组织中，妊娠31～60d，阳性细胞数量明显下降，弥散于整个黄体组织中；妊娠61～120d，阳性细胞的数量及逐渐增多，以中等阳性和弱阳性细胞为主，而强阳性细胞数量较少。连续切片HE染色的对照观察显示妊娠黄体中大、小黄体细胞均可出现OT免疫阳性反应。     

脂肪肝鸭重要实质器官病理损伤观察

对8只脂肪肝综合征病鸭的重要内脏器官进行病理学观察。结果表明,病鸭肝脏明显肿大,色黄,质脆易碎,切面色黄、结构模糊、有明显油腻感,有的还有程度不等的瘀血、出血,表面和切面可见散在点状或斑状出血,严重时肝脏边缘部有较大范围出血。镜检发现,肝细胞普遍脂肪变性,胞浆内有数量不等的脂肪小滴,甚至整个细胞为脂肪充满,细胞核被挤压到一侧,严重者导致肝细胞坏死,肝小叶及周围有程度不等的出血。除肝脏外,其他实质器官也有程度不等变性、坏死等病变。     

Mucous Cells in Micropogonias furnieri gills: Histochemistry and Ultrastructure

The characteristics of the mucous cells located in the gills of the fish Micropogonias furnieri were investigated. Using histochemical procedures that included methods for localization and characterization of glycoproteins (GPs), no differences were detected between the mucous cell contents of the primary and secondary lamellae. The GPs were identified with (a) oxidizable vecinal diols; (b) sialic acids and some of their chain variants, C7 or C9; (c) carboxyl groups and (d) sulphate groups. The electron microscope showed large mucous globules of different electro densities from mucous cells located deep in the epithelium between the other epithelial cells; the release of mucus by exocytosis was observed. GPs secreted on the surface of the mucous cells was suggested to be important for the lubrication, protection and inhibition of microorganisms. It is possibility that GPs could have similar roles in Micropogonias furnieri gills.     

Canine laryngeal rhabdomyoma

Three canine laryngeal tumors were diagnosed as oncocytomas by light microscopy, but were determined to be rhabdomyomas following ultrastructural and immunocytochemical examination. Tumors consisted of large eosinophilic cells interspersed with smaller dark cells. Large tumor cells had a granular, intensely eosinophilic cytoplasm. Scattered through the tumors were a few elongated cells with cytoplasmic cross striations and multiple nuclei. Tumor cells from all three dogs contained numerous mitochondria and bundles of myofibrils with electron-dense Z-lines typical of striated muscle cells. Intracellular myoglobin and desmin were detected in the tumors by immunocytochemistry. Comparisons are made with a previous report of canine laryngeal oncocytomas.     

Localization of eNOS in the olfactory epithelium of the rat

Nitric oxide (NO) is a free radical and produced from L-arginine by nitric oxide synthase (NOS). Since NO is recently suggested to be involved in olfactory perception, the expression of eNOS, an isoform of NOS, was examined in the rat olfactory epithelium. The activity of NADPH-diaphorase was also examined as a marker of NOS. In the dorsomedial region of the nasal cavity, intensely positive reactions for NADPH-diaphorase were observed in the entire cytoplasm of sensory cells (olfactory cells). By immunohistochemistry, intensely positive reactions for eNOS were also found in the dorsomedial region of the nasal cavity. These reactions were observed on the free border of the olfactory epithelium. By immunoelectron microscopy, positive reactions for eNOS were found in the cilia of olfactory cells. In addition, in situ hybridization analysis of the olfactory epithelium revealed the expression of eNOS mRNA in the olfactory cells. These results indicate the presence of eNOS in the olfactory cells of the rat, and differential expression of eNOS in the olfactory epithelium depending on the regions of the nasal cavity. In addition, NO produced by eNOS may be involved in olfactory perception in the cilia of olfactory cells.     

Corticotropin-releasing factor immunoreactivity increases in the cerebellar climbing fibers in the novel ataxic mutant mouse, pogo

The ataxic pogo mouse (pogo/pogo) is a novel neurological mutant, which was derived as an inbred strain (KJR/MsKist) from a Korean wild mouse. The pathological manifestations include a difficulty in maintaining a normal posture, the failure of inter-limb coordination and an inability to walk straight. In this study, we examined the distribution of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) immunoreactive cerebellar climbing fibres and their projections to tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactive Purkinje cells in the cerebellum of the pogo mutant mouse using immunohistochemistry. In the pogo/pogo mouse, a subset of climbing fibres was stained more intensely for CRF than in the control. Moreover, ataxic pogo mouse, neurons of the inferior olivary nucleus projecting climbing fibres were also more intensely stained for CRF than in the control. In the pogo/pogo mouse, TH immunoreactivity was located in the Purkinje cells, whereas no TH expression was found in the control. Double immunostaining for CRF and TH in the pogo/pogo cerebellum revealed that the distribution of TH-immunoreactive Purkinje cells corresponded to terminal fields of CRF-immunoreactive climbing fibres but not to the CRF-immunoreactive mossy fibres. Therefore, we suggest that an increase of CRF level may alter the function of targeted Purkinje cells and that it is related to the ataxic phenotype in the pogo mutant mouse.     

Morphological, Histochemical and Ultrastructural Features of the Globule Leukocyte of the Bovine Respiratory Tract

The histochemical and ultrastructural features of the globular leukocyte of the bovine respiratory tract is described and found to be similar to those localized in the abomasum and bile ducts of cattle. Histochemical analysis of these cells demonstrated low amounts of carboxylated mucin mixed with neutral mucin and large amounts of basic protein. Two types of globules were seen in the leucocytes; one with a homegeneous electron dense material and another with vesiculated, crastalloid containing bodies.     

Thymoma and multiple thymic cysts in a dog with acquired myasthenia gravis

An anterior mediastinal cystic lesion in an 11-year-old mongrel dog was examined. The dog showed dysbasia and vomiting due to megaoesophagus, and anterior mediastinal round mass lesion, approximately 35 mm in diameter, was found by X ray. Based on clinical examinations, the dog was diagnosed as acquired myasthenia gravis and was successfully controlled by anticholinesterase treatment for approximately 4 months. The dog died of thermic stroke and was necropsied. Grossly, fatty tissues with cysts containing yellowish fluid and white nodules were found in the anterior mediastinal area. Histopathologically, multiple cysts, neoplastic tissues, and atrophic thymus were found within the examined tissues. The cysts were lined by thin wall consisting of ciliated long cuboidal and non-ciliated round cells and were filled with eosinophilic colloidal fluid. Some extended cysts contained neoplastic foci within their lumen and walls. The neoplastic tissues consisted of mixed population of large epithelial cells with abundant clear cytoplasm and large oval nuclei, and lymphocytes. Immunohistochemically, proliferating epithelial cells were intensely positive for keratin and cytokeratin, and more than half number of infiltrating lymphocytes were intensely positive for CD3 suggesting T cells. All these findings indicate the neoplastic lesion is thymoma and multiple cysts are considered as thymic or brachial cleft cysts.     

Expression of Putative Escherichia coli Heat-labile Enterotoxin (LT) Receptors on Intestinal Brush Borders from Pigs of Different Ages

Many strains of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) that cause diarrhoea in young piglets secrete a heat-labile enterotoxin (LTp) that binds to specific glycoconjugates on porcine intestinal epithelial cells. Binding of LTp to an appropriate glycoconjugate facilitates the uptake and trafficking of the toxin into the cell, where it stimulates intracellular changes that promote fluid secretion and diarrhoea. The objective of the current study was to identify the LTp-binding glycoconjugates on porcine intestinal epithelial cells, the natural target cells for LTp. We found that LTp binds, in an age-correlated manner, to an acidic glycosphingolipid (GSL) that co-migrated with GM1 on thin-layer chromatography (TLC), a small acidic GSL that appears to be a sulphatide, a neutral GSL that co-migrated with neolactotetraglycosylceramide (nLc4) on TLC, and two glycoproteins (36 and 205 kDa). Of these potential LTp receptors, the GM1-co-migrating GSL was detected most intensely in young animals, while the other four LTp-binding glycoconjugates were detected most intensely in older pigs (54 weeks). Since ETEC primarily cause disease in young piglets, the GM1-co-migrating GSL is the most likely candidate for a functional LTp receptor.     

Use of an immunoperoxidase stain for the demonstration of bovine viral diarrhea virus by light and electron microscopies

Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) virus-specific antiserum eluted from an immunoabsorbent column was conjugated with horseradish peroxidase. The immunoperoxidase (IP) conjugate was used to stain BVD virus-inoculated and control tissue cultures processed for light and electron microscopies. Infected cells (in the inoculated cultures) viewed by light microscopy had diffuse staining of the cytoplasm of nonvacuolated cells and a more predominant staining associated with vacuoles as vacuolation occurred. The peroxidase label as demonstrated by electron microscopy was associated primarily with nonenveloped and membrane-associated viral particles. Viral particles 20 to greater than 100 nm (diam) were observed. Some of the particles which were greater than 30 mm in diameter contained multiple nuclear cores. The most intensely stained viral particles were outside of the cells.     

Gastroduodenal adenocarcinomas and rectal adenoma in a cougar (Felis concolor) infected with Helicobacter-like organisms and spirochetes

A 14-year-old female cougar died from gastroduodenal adenocarcinomas and rectal adenoma. At necropsy, polypoid tumor masses of various sizes were scattered on the mucosal surfaces of the stomach, duodenum, and rectum. Histologically, the gastric tumor was diagnosed as an intestinal type adenocarcinoma and the tumor cells metastasized to the mesenteric lymph nodes, spleen, and lung. Helicobacter-like organisms were detected in the lumina lined by foveolar epithelium. In the duodenum, the carcinoma cells were localized in the limina propria and many of them were intensely positive for proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). In contrast, the rectal adenoma had a lower number of PCNA-positive cells. In the rectum, chronic inflammation with numerous spirochetes was also noted. These results indicated that the occurrence of the gastrointestinal tumors might be associated with the bacterial infection described above.     

Ultrastructural changes and antigen localization in tissues from foot-and-mouth disease virus-infected guinea-pigs

Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV)-induced ultrastructural changes in guinea-pig tongue, heelpad, mammary and liver tissues were examined using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. FMDV infection caused cell rounding and the release of virus in membrane limited vesicles in the animal tissues similar to that seen in other work in cell cultures. Microfilaments were present which may be responsible for cell rounding. Immunoperoxidase labeling revealed the attachment of the virus-infection associated (VIA) antigen to the smooth vacuoles of mammary and liver tissues, and to milk fat globules. The electron microscope immunoperoxidase procedure increased the sensitivity of detection sufficiently to allow the visualization of VIA antigen in tissues not previously shown to have the antigen. It is postulated that the release of the smooth vacuoles from the liver cells stimulates the animal's immune response to the VIA antigen.     

Pathological features of olfactory neuroblastoma in an axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum)

A one-year-old, female Mexican axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) had a rough-surfaced, polypoid, pink tumor mass of approximately 10 mm in diameter in the oral cavity. Histologically, the tumor extended from the ethmoturbinate region and into the oral cavity and had replaced some of the maxillary bone tissue. The tumor mass was composed of a lobular architecture of small round-shaped tumor cells with occasional Flexner-Wintersteiner-like rosette formation. There were no metastatic lesions in the other organs. Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells were partly positive for several neural markers (class III beta-tubulin, S-100 protein, and doublecortin) and intensely positive for an epithelial marker (cytokeratin AE1/AE3). These results suggest that the present tumor originated from neuroectodermal tissue. Considering the location and histological and immunohistochemical features of the tumor, a diagnosis of olfactory neuroblastoma was made.