堆肥对有机氯农药挥发和降解的效果

选用鸡粪和玉米秸秆为堆肥原料,进行高温好氧堆肥试验,研究了堆肥处理对六六六（HCH）和滴滴涕（DDT）挥发和降解的影响。研究表明,30 d内,堆肥过程的高温和通气条件导致HCH和DDT的挥发比例分别为20.6%、13.8%;扣除堆肥过程中高温和通气等因素对有机氯挥发的影响后,未添加菌剂处理HCH和DDT的降解率分别为37.2%和14.9%,添加菌剂处理HCH和DDT的降解率分别为42.1%和24.2%,与未添加菌剂处理差异显著;α-HCH、δ-HCH的降解率高于β-HCH、γ-HCH,pp'-DDT、op'-DDT的降解率高于pp'-DDD、pp'-DDE。试验结果说明,堆肥过程中高温和通气促使了HCH和DDT向气相中挥发,而该过程的生化反应有助于HCH和DDT等有机氯农药的降解。     

蓝园鱼参深度水解过程中蛋白质降解研究(英)

利用风味蛋白酶深度酶解蓝园鱼参蛋白,通过比较酶解液的水解度曲线和蛋白质利用率曲线之间的差异、对TCA不溶性氮的变化趋势以及不同酶解时间的凝胶过滤图谱进行分析,探讨了深度酶解过程中蛋白质的降解。酶解6 h后大部分蛋白质在酶的作用下降解为水溶性多肽,蛋白质利用率达到83.3％;6 h以后蛋白质利用率增长速度降低,这可能是由于可被降解的底物含量降低。此后,风味蛋白酶以水溶性多肽为底物将其进一步降解为小分子肽和氨基酸;21 h时水解度达到59.7％。21 h以后水解度增长速度降低,这可能是由于亮氨酸氨肽酶难于分解氨基末端上带有甘氨酸和酸性氨基酸的肽。21 h以后酶解的主要底物分子量范围在6214到10700的多肽。     

蓝园鲹深度水解过程中蛋白质降解研究

利用风味蛋白酶深度酶解蓝园鲹蛋白，通过比较酶解液的水解度曲线和蛋白质利用率曲线之间的差异、对TCA不溶性氮的变化趋势以及不同酶解时间的凝胶过滤图谱进行分析，探讨了深度酶解过程中蛋白质的降解。酶解6h后大部分蛋白质在酶的作用下降解为水溶性多肽，蛋白质利用率达到83。3％；6h以后蛋白质利用率增长速度降低，这可能是由于可被降解的底物含量降低。此后。风味蛋白酶以水溶性多肽为底物将其进一步降解为小分子肽和氨基酸；21h时水解度达到59．7％。21h以后水解度增长速度降低．这可能是由于亮氨酸氨肽酶难于分解氨基末端上带有甘氨酸和酸性氨基酸的肽。21h以后酶解的主要底物分子量范围在6214到10700的多肽。     

紫外线降解水果中农药残留设备的设计与试验

为探讨高效降解水果中农药残留的方法,设计了紫外线降解农药残留的设备,利用紫外线照射水果表面,使水果中的农药残留发生降解。同时以乔纳金苹果和砀山酥梨为试验材料,研究了该设备的使用效果情况。研究结果表明：用波长为253.7 nm,有效强度为2243 μW/cm2的紫外光分别照射农药残留超标的苹果和梨3、2、1、0.5 min, 与未经照射的对照组相比,经处理的水果农药残留均大幅度下降;综合来看处理1 min的效果较好。苹果和梨处理1 min后残留乐果的降解率分别是57.40%、60.12%;残留氰戊菊酯的降解率分别是42.23%、41.25%;处理后的苹果和梨中的农药残留均远低于国家标准。     

有机磷农药纳米TiO2光催化降解反应器的优化设计

为了提高有机磷农药的TiO2光催化降解效率,以乙酰甲胺磷为降解对象,对光源、反应器结构及两者之间的结合方式、反应器材质等影响因素进行了试验,建立了可有效降解有机磷农药的纳米TiO2光催化反应器。结果表明:以石英材质加工冷阱部分、钠钙玻璃加工外层反应瓶的内照式反应器配以450W、主波长365nm的高压汞灯搭建的反应平台,经评估,当TiO2添加量为0.1g/L时,反应60min可使初始质量浓度为16mg/L的乙酰甲胺磷农药降解率达96.55%。该研究对有机磷农药光催化降解反应器的优化有一定的技术参考价值。     

Flazasulfuron: alcoholysis, chemical hydrolysis, and degradation on various minerals

The herbicide flazasulfuron undergoes rapid alcoholysis. High yields of the corresponding carbamate and aminopyrimidine are obtained after the alcoholysis process (methanol or ethanol) at 30 degrees C, in the course of which the concomitant rearrangement reaction remains minor. Hydrolysis (pH ranging from 5 to 11) of flazasulfuron at 30 degrees C principally involves the rearrangement into urea after elimination of SO(2) and can lead, in a small proportion, to both aminopyrimidine and pyridinesulfonamide. First-order kinetics correctly describes the rates of alcoholysis and hydrolysis. The sulfonylurea-bridge contraction and final transformation into the correspondent amine were evaluated with a first-order kinetics hypothesis. Transformations in amine and urea in aqueous medium are pH dependent. The chemical degradation of flazasulfuron on various dry minerals (calcium bentonite, kaolinite, silica, montmorillonite, and alumina) was investigated at 30 degrees C. The rearrangement reaction is the only one observed in the presence of kaolinite and alumina. However, hydrolysis and rearrangement have the same reaction rate in the presence of silica. The hydrolysis paths of flazasulfuron are comparable to the ones described for rimsulfuron.     

生物炭对农药降解产物三氯吡啶醇在土壤中迁移的影响研究

研究针对大孔隙发育的紫色土坡耕地区域易于迁移的广谱杀虫剂毒死蜱和除草剂绿草定的主要降解产物3,5,6-三氯-2-吡啶醇(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol,TCP)的快速迁移和对水体的高污染风险问题,探索向土壤中施加生物炭降低TCP迁移的有效方法并分析其作用机制。研究基于生物炭施加比例为0、1%和2%的土壤样品,通过等温吸附试验分析生物炭施加对土壤吸附能力的改变,通过CT扫描和三维结构重建探讨生物炭施加对土壤孔隙结构的影响,应用示踪剂Br-和TCP的穿透曲线分析生物炭施加对TCP迁移的有效防治程度,最后基于对流-扩散机理的两区模型模拟TCP迁移的物理、化学过程并反演相关参数,从而揭示生物炭对TCP迁移的影响机制。结果表明生物炭施加后,土壤的大孔隙度降低、土壤可动水体积分数和水动力扩散系数减小,继而延迟污染物进入水体时间;同时土壤对TCP的吸附能力提高,并降低土壤出流液中的TCP浓度。研究结果将为农业面源污染的防治提供技术支持。     

Nicosulfuron: alcoholysis, chemical hydrolysis, and degradation on various minerals.

Alcoholysis (methanol or ethanol) and hydrolysis (pH ranging from 4 to 11) of the herbicide nicosulfuron at 30 degrees C principally involves the breakdown of the urea part of the molecule. A high yield of the corresponding carbamate was obtained along with aminopyrimidine during alcoholysis. Hydrolysis led to both aminopyrimidine and pyridylsulfonamide. The latter compound may be easily cyclized (pH > or = 7). First-order kinetics describe the rates of alcoholysis and hydrolysis well. The rate constants (0.44 days(-1) for methanolysis) decreased from 0.50 to 0.002 days(-1) as pH increased from 4 to 8, then remained stable under alkaline conditions. In acidic or neutral solution, the hydrolysis path appeared prevalent (> or =70%), whereas in an alkaline medium it decreased when pH increased. The chemical degradation of nicosulfuron on various dry minerals (calcium bentonite, kaolinite, silica gel, H(+) bentonite, montmorillonite K10, and alumina) was investigated at 30 degrees C. The best conditions for the degradation are obtained on acidic minerals after herbicide deposition using the liquid method. Under these conditions an acceptable correlation with pseudo-first-order kinetics was observed, and the major degradation path is similar to that proposed for chemical hydrolysis. Conversely, alumina seemed to favor other unknown degradation processes. The hydrolysis paths of nicosulfuron and rimsulfuron appeared to be different.     

不同贮藏条件下荷花粉脂质氧化与色泽降解动力学模型

为了减少干燥后荷花粉贮藏过程中品质的劣变,该研究选用可真空和避光的包装材料,分别研究了30 d贮藏过程中温度(4、20、30℃)、光照(避光、非避光)和氧气(真空、常压)对荷花粉黄色度值(b*值)、过氧化氢值(peroxide value,POV)和硫代苯巴比妥酸反应底物值(thiobarbituric acid reactive substances,TBArs)变化动力学的影响;同时,采用零阶和一阶数学模型对试验数据进行模拟。结果表明:贮藏温度对荷花粉贮藏过程中品质劣变具有显著影响。在避光真空包装条件下,温度为20和30℃贮藏30 d,与4℃贮藏条件相比,荷花粉黄色度值显著降低(P0.05),POV值和TBArs值显著上升(P0.05);贮藏温度为4℃,真空包装贮藏发现,光照对荷花粉POV值的影响不显著(P0.05),但明显加快了脂质氧化的传播速度,非避光条件下贮藏30 d,TBArs值上升了7.42 mg/kg;零阶模型可较好的预测荷花粉贮藏过程中脂质TBArs值的变化,一阶模型可较好的预测荷花粉贮藏过程中黄色度和脂质POV值的变化规律。研究结果为脱水后荷花粉贮藏过程中品质劣变规律的探索及贮藏条件的选择提供了一定的基础。     

Heterogeneity of bacterial populations and pesticide degradation potentials in the unsaturated zone of loamy and sandy soils

Soil microbial processes play an important role in relation to pesticide pollution of groundwater, and may be strongly influenced by hydrological and geochemical properties. The consequences of such heterogeneous environments on bacterial biomass, enzymatic activities, carbon utilisation patterns, and pesticide mineralisation potentials in the unsaturated zone of a sandy loam and a coarse sandy soil profile were studied. In sandy loam soil profiles the number of bacteria decreased from 10⁹ cells g^-1 in the surface layers to about 10⁷ cells g^-1 at 1.5-5 m depth. Simultaneously, the hydrolysis of fluorescein diacetate and arylsulfatase activity decreased to below the detection limit at about 1.5 m depth, and carbon utilisation patterns showed that bacterial populations from surface soil were significantly different from those from 4 m depth. Bacterial biomass and activity in macropore soil tended to be slightly higher than in matrix soil, and the carbon utilisation patterns of bacterial populations extracted from macropore soil and from matrix soil seemed to be different. Maximally 3% of ¹⁴C-labelled mecoprop and isoproturon was mineralised in soil from the 1-1.5 m depth, and less than 1.5% was mineralised in soil from the 3.5-4 m depth. The macropore soil tended to have a higher degradation potential than the matrix soil. The total number of bacteria in the coarse sandy soil profile decreased from about 10⁸ in the plough layer to 10⁷ cells g^-1 at 0.4-2 m. The enzymatic activities and the degradation potentials of ¹⁴C-labelled mecoprop and isoproturon were significantly correlated (r² >0.79) and showed a distinct decrease at about 0.4 m. In addition to the depth variability, a horizontal heterogeneity in this soil was observed as horizons or compartments that differed in colour, i.e. with different chemical composition and concentrations of Fe and organic matter. Counts of viable bacteria and measurements of fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis and arylsulfatase activity confirmed a high variability of microbial biomass and activity in the sandy soil profile.     

Inositol hexaphosphate hydrolysis by Baker's yeast. Capacity, kinetics, and degradation products

Phytases hydrolyze myo-inositol 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexaphosphate (IP(6)), yielding lower inositol phosphates and inorganic orthophosphate. Two commercial strains of baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), Y(1) and Y(2), were able to express phytase activity. This was determined by the capacity to grow in a synthetic medium with IP(6) as the sole phosphorus source. IP(6) hydrolysis was rapid for both strains, and after 24 h, all IP(6) was degraded. Control cultures contained inorganic orthophosphate (P(i)) and no IP(6). Growth rate in IP(6) medium was for both strains essentially identical to growth in P(i) medium, indicating a well-adapted metabolism for utilization of phosphorus from IP(6). There was some difference in growth yield (milligrams of biomass per milligram of glucose) between the two strains: 0.95 (Y(1)) and 1.35 (Y(2)) in IP(6) medium and 1.03 and 1. 35, respectively, in P(i) medium. The phytases were of the 3-phytase type, forming mainly DL-Ins(1,2,4,5,6)P(5), DL-Ins(1,2,5,6)P(4), and DL-Ins(1,2,6)P(3).     

一株蒽降解菌的分离筛选及降解特性初析

多环芳烃(PAHs)是土壤中最常见的典型持久性有机污染物,蒽作为其典型代表,常被用作降解PAHs的模型化合物和检测PAHs污染的指示物。采集北京郊区受污染土样,通过驯化和富集,分离出185株具有蒽降解潜力的菌株,采用高效液相色谱法定量测定菌株的蒽降解效率,筛选获得一株可高效降解蒽的菌株R4004-2。经菌落形态观察、16SrRNA和gyrB基因系统发育分析、基因组框架图ANI、DDH和dDDH值分析,确定R4004-2为施氏假单胞菌(Pseudomonas stutzeri)。菌株R4004-2以蒽为唯一碳源,对蒽的降解率可达82.3%,在肉汤培养基中的生长速度最快。在蒽含量为0.25mg/kg的污染土壤中,施氏假单胞菌R4004-2可以有效定殖,具有修复污染土壤的潜力。基于转录组以及代谢组结果,施氏假单胞菌R4004-2通过双加氧酶进行对蒽的第一步氧化,后续分别通过蒽醌的氧化以及1-羟基-2-萘甲酸酯的分解两个途径完成对蒽的降解,初步解析了其降解机制。     

包装方式对牛肉贮藏过程中蛋白质氧化及降解的影响

为探明托盘透氧包装(air packaging,AP)和高氧气调包装(modified atmosphere packaging,MAP,80%O2+20%CO2)对宰后牛肉贮藏过程中对牛肉嫩度影响的潜在机制,以真空包装(vacuum packaging,VP)为对照,选取6头西门塔尔纯种母黄牛背最长肌,分别进行托盘透氧包装、真空包装和高氧气调包装,4℃冷库分别贮藏0、4、7、10 d,分别测定蛋白羰基含量及分布、蛋白表面疏水性值、蛋白质溶解度值以及肌间线蛋白和肌联蛋白的降解变化。结果表明:相对于真空包装组,托盘包装组和高氧气调包装组在宰后贮藏过程中肌细胞外围出现羰基氧化荧光信号显著增加,且不断向细胞内部扩散,说明其蛋白质氧化程度不断增加;宰后贮藏10 d后,托盘透氧包装组和高氧气调包装组的蛋白质表面疏水性显著高于真空包装组(P0.05),而托盘透氧包装组和高氧气调包装组的蛋白溶解性显著低于真空包装组(P0.05);宰后贮藏7和10 d,托盘透氧包装组和高氧气调包装组的肌间线蛋白和肌联蛋白的降解显著低于真空包装组(P0.05),说明托盘透氧包装组和高氧气调包装组抑制了肌间线蛋白和肌联蛋白的降解(P0.05)。托盘透氧包装组和高氧气调包装组能够提高宰后贮藏过程中蛋白质氧化程度,从而抑制其对牛肉骨骼关键蛋白的降解,该研究可为牛肉贮藏提供理论支撑。     

Dual modification of starch via partial enzymatic hydrolysis in the granular state and subsequent hydroxypropylation

The effect of enzymatic pretreatment on the degree of corn and mung bean starch derivatization by propylene oxide was investigated. The starch was enzymatically treated in the granular state with a mixture of fungal alpha-amylase and glucoamylase at 35 degrees C for 16 h and then chemically modified to produce enzyme-hydrolyzed-hydroxypropyl (HP) starch. Partial enzyme hydrolysis of starch in the granular state appeared to enhance the subsequent hydroxypropylation, as judged from the significant increase in the molar substitution. A variable degree of granule modification was obtained after enzyme hydrolysis, and one of the determinants of the modification degree appeared to be the presence of natural pores in the granules. Enzyme-hydrolyzed-HP starch exhibited significantly different functional properties compared to hydroxypropyl starch prepared from untreated (native) starch. It is evident that the dual modification of starch using this approach provides a range of functional properties that can be customized for specific applications.     

Fenton's oxidation of food processing wastewater components. Kinetic modeling of protocatechuic acid degradation

The oxidation of protocatechuic acid (PA), a typical phenol-type compound present in food processing wastewater, has been carried out by means of Fenton's reagent. Both the H2O2 and Fe(II) initial concentrations increase the PA degradation rate. Temperature also enhances the PA conversion when raised from 283 to 313 K, a further increase to 323 K results in a lower PA removal. Increasing the PA initial concentration leads to a decrease of conversion values but an opposite effect in terms of removal rate. pH values in the range 3-4 resulted in the total inhibition of the oxidation process. Similar PA depletion rates were experienced regardless of the oxidation state of the catalyst (ferrous or ferric iron). Additionally, an attempt based on the classic Fenton's chemistry plus some other stages accounting for the Fe(II) regeneration from Fe(III) and the inefficient H2O2 decomposition was conducted to model the process.