一种基于驻波比原理测量土壤介电常数的方法

土壤介电常数是影响土壤含水率快速、准确和可靠测量的关键参数。通过检测土壤介电常数换算出土壤含水率的测量方法已成功地应用在基于ＴＤＲ原理的现代先进测量仪器中。文中依据传输线理论探讨了基于驻波比原理的土壤介电常数测量方法,解决多针探头特征阻抗的计算,实验结果证实了理论分析的正确。     

野外试验中热脉冲探针间距校正方法的应用

土壤热特性是土壤的重要参数之一,热脉冲探针是目前土壤热特性最为常用的测量方法。在用热脉冲探针测量土壤热特性时,探针间距对测量结果的准确性影响非常大。而在野外试验中,由于土壤受到植物根系、土壤冻融、土壤动物活动等的影响,会造成探针间距的变化。因此,探针间距的校正在野外实地测量时十分重要。本研究团队在2013年提出热脉冲探针间距的校正方法,即在温度探针中使用两个热敏电阻,并通过理论公式校正探针初始间距后,得到间距变化后的探针真实间距。将此校正方法应用于野外试验中,分别于夏季和冬季监测土壤中三个深度处(3 cm、8 cm和13 cm)探针间距的变化。结果显示探针间距校正后得到的土壤热特性参数与未校正探针间距时的土壤热特性相比,探针间距校正后得到的土壤热特性参数更加准确可靠;但由于冬季表层土壤存在结冰现象,造成热脉冲探针无法准确测量热特性参数。     

均质土壤承压下陷模型改进及验证

针对传统土壤承压模型依赖拟合原位承载试验曲线的复杂性或建立在土壤力学参数基础上的预测模型的理想化等问题,该文提出一种改进的土壤承压下陷模型。依据地面力学和土壤力学相关理论将土壤承压力学模型分3类进行简要介绍,分析其各自特点和参数意义。结合土壤承压极限理论的指数形式,提出改进的土壤承压模型。利用庄继德等人的相关试验研究结果进行验证,结果表明砂性土、水稻土的土壤承压下陷计算预测曲线与实际拟合曲线吻合度较好,其中砂土试验的Bekker下陷曲线与改进模型计算所得曲线的决定系数R2为0.9998;利用Bekker文献中的黏性土试验参数数据进行验证,计算所得土壤极限应力值与相应位置贝氏方程拟合应力值误差在5%~21%之间,土壤变形指数求解值与实际值误差在7%~36%之间。该模型普适性、准确性较强,可在测得土体基本力学参数的基础上预测载荷下陷曲线,为研究车辆行驶下陷提供参考。     

多针热脉冲技术测定土壤热导率误差分析

土壤热导率是研究土壤热传输、水热耦合运移的基本物理参数。为了探知多针热脉冲技术的误差,该研究以能够准确测定热导率的单针法作为参比,在4种质地土壤上,对多针热脉冲技术在不同体积质量、含水率和气压条件下测定的热导率进行了分析。结果表明,多针热脉冲技术的热导率结果与单针法总体符合较好,其热导率测定值的平均误差为0.074 W/(m·K)。干土热导率随气压增大呈现对数增长,这是由于气体分子平均自由程下降的原因。多针热脉冲技术的测定误差主要出现在中等含水率区域,关键问题是加热针的温度升高偏大,促进了水汽潜热传输。另外,土壤与探针之间的热接触阻力、探针导致的土壤体积质量改变、温度梯度引起的液水流也影响测定结果的准确性。该研究可为农业水土工程中的土壤热导率模拟提供依据。     

坡面流输沙能力与土壤可蚀性参数对细沟土壤侵蚀过程影响的有限元计算模型研究

土壤侵蚀预报模型对于定量评价水土保持效果,合理制定水土保持措施等具有重要意义。细沟侵蚀模型是土壤侵蚀预报模型的重要组成部分。本研究建立了一个以物理概念为基础的细沟侵蚀预报模型,模型包括水流连续性方程、水流动力学方程和泥沙运移方程;同时,模型改进了部分参数的计算方法,以线性形式的水流输沙能力计算方法取代原有的对数形式方法,将土壤最大剥蚀率用于土壤可蚀性参数的计算;采用有限元方法对模型进行顺序求解;Visual C++语言数值计算程序被用来模拟细沟侵蚀产沙变化过程,并进行了一系列室内试验验证该数学模型、模型参数及数值计算方法。结果表明,模型预测值和实测值具有很好的一致性,改进的模型参数计算方法能够准确地反映土壤可蚀性参数与水流输沙能力对细沟侵蚀过程的调控作用。     

土壤剖面水分传感器的边缘电磁场分析

为了提高基于驻波比原理（Standing Wave Ratio,SWR）的土壤剖面水分传感器非接触式测量精度及传感器在田间土壤水分测量中的实用性,该研究基于电磁仿真软件和印刷电路板工艺设计了一种基于边缘电磁场理论的小型定向测量探头,并进行了探头阻抗变换电路的设计,最后借助矢量网络分析仪探究了探头测量与介质、电导率的关系。在论证检测原理有效性的基础上,首先采用High Frequency Structure Simulator电磁场仿真验证探头结构的合理性。并配置不同介电常数的介质溶液进行试验,进行了试验检验,确定了此剖面土壤水分传感器的阻抗特性及测量范围。同时,为了分析土壤电导率对测量结果的影响,配置不同水分、电导率梯度的土壤样本,利用矢量网络分析仪分析了探头阻抗与水分及电导率的关系,得出结论：在土壤含水率3%～56%、土壤电导率0～6 300 μS/cm时,水分测量受电导率影响的最大绝对误差6.33%。与ET-5、5TE两种商用传感器受土壤电导率影响精度性能进行对比,传感器在非盐碱土壤（电导率在0～6 300 μS/cm内）受土壤电导率影响的最大土壤体积含水率相对误差相比其他两款传感器减少了0.17%～5.27%,受电导率影响在非盐碱土壤测量时更小,且传感器探头具有体积小、成本低、非接触式定向测量受内部介质干扰较小等优点,基本满足非盐碱地土壤田间实际检测需求。研究成果可为土壤剖面水分测量提供理论基础与技术参考。     

探针有限特性对热脉冲技术测定土壤热特性的影响

在利用热脉冲方法测定热特性时,通常对探针形状做理想化处理,即假设探针为线性热源,热导率无限大而热容量为零。在实际应用中,探针本身的有限特性(有限半径以及有限热容量)会导致热特性测定误差。为了研究探针有限特性对热脉冲技术测定土壤热特性的影响,该研究采用改进的热脉冲探针(直径2 mm、长度40 mm、间距8 mm)测定土壤热特性,并分别使用PILS(pulsed infinite line source,无限长线性脉冲热源)和ICPC(identical cylindrical perfect conductors,近似圆柱形完美导体)2种理论估计土壤热特性,比较分析了探针有限特性对热脉冲技术测定热特性结果的影响。结果表明:1)与PILS理论相比,利用ICPC理论拟合得到的温度升高曲线,可以有效减少探针有限半径和热容量对土壤热特性测定结果的影响。与ICPC理论相比,在0.03~0.25 m3/m3的含水率范围内,用PILS理论得到的砂土热扩散率和热导率分别偏低11.8%和5.2%;与模拟热容量相比,PILS和ICPC理论分别将热容量高估16.1%和7.9%;2)探针有限特性对土壤热特性的影响与含水率有关:在干土上最大;随着土壤含水率的增加,其影响逐渐降低。该研究对提高热脉冲技术测定土壤热特性的准确性具有指导意义。     

土壤含水率测量探头特性阻抗的镜象解

在基于驻波比原理的土壤含水率测量仪中，探头特性阻抗是影响土壤含水率快速、准确和可靠测量的关键参数。基于静电场中的镜象原理，该文推导出三针、四针土壤含水率测量探头特性阻抗的镜象计算公式。各种规格尺寸下，该镜象解与高精度边界元法数值解的比较结果表明：当探头尺寸满足D/d≥5时，该镜象解与高精度边界元数值解间的相对偏差不大于0.18%，可应用于土壤含水率测量仪中。     

以水面蒸发量为参考推求土壤实际蒸发量的数学模型

为了准确估算土壤在实际条件下的蒸发量,该文以水面蒸发量为参考,结合能量平衡方程及微气象学方法,推导计算土壤实际蒸发量的数学模型.结果表明所建模型所需参数为水面及蒸发土壤表面的日最高温度和日平均温度、水面日蒸发量、风速等.模型的验证结果表明计算的土壤蒸发量与实测蒸发量比较吻合(R2=0.90).模型所引入的参考蒸发面使其避开了土壤蒸发复杂的物理本质,从而使得对土壤蒸发的计算变得简单易行.     

耕作土壤侵蚀模型简介

耕作引起的侵蚀与耕作搬运系数关系密切 ,耕作搬运系数取决于耕作工具和土壤之间的相互作用。耕作工具的特性直接影响土壤的运动。耕作土壤的运动可模拟为牵拉、掷跳和翻滚 3种状态 ,土壤侵蚀专家D .Torri等人通过试验 ,将其运动的 3种系列方程装配成计算机模型 ,即耕作土壤侵蚀模型 (SETi) ,此模型可以说明铧式犁的特性参数 ,从而用来计算很多经验模型的耕作搬运系数 ,也可用来设计减少耕作侵蚀的耕作工具。     

Performance of a non‐nuclear resonant frequency capacitance probe. II. Measurement of dryland crop water use

Abstract

Resonant frequency capacitance techniques have been recently developed as a safe and reliable method for measuring water content of various materials. A previous study with a commercial capacitance probe (Troxler Sentry 200‐AP) showed it to be a safe, reliable, and a rapid method of in situ measurement of soil water content in the field provided it is calibrated for individual soils. Further testing of this resonant frequency capacitance probe was done to evaluate the performance of the probe by comparing results of field measured crop water use to those reported in similar studies using other methods of determining in situ soil water content in the field. These tests were done in two field experiments which were conducted during the summer of 1994 using corn and sorghum as the indicator crops. The experimental field was the same used to calibrate the capacitance probe in the previous study. Treatments consisted of three plant populations of corn and four plant populations in two cultivars of grain sorghum. The crop water use for corn and sorghum averaged over all treatments were 452 and 424 mm, respectively. The measured crop water use values for corn and sorghum were comparable to the crop water use values reported in several similar previous studies using different in situ soil water measuring instruments.     

应用基于测定介电常数的技术对粘性红壤水分含量进行测定

Two time-domain reflectometry(TDR) systems and a new impedance measuring instrument, Thetaprobe,which are based on determination of soil dielectric constant,were used to measure water content of clayey red soil to evaluate the accuracy of these instruments .The results indicatied that these instruments should be carefully re-calibrated before being applied in clayed red soil.With a new calibration curve fed into one of the TDR systems tested ,Trase system,the measured data compared well with those by standard oven-drying method.     

A porous-matrix sensor to measure the matric potential of soil water in the field

The matric potential of soil water is probably the most useful assessment of soil water status. However, the water‐filled tensiometer (the benchmark instrument for measuring matric potential) typically only operates in the range 0 to ?85 kPa. In this paper, we report the development of a porous‐matrix sensor to measure matric potential in the approximate range ?50 to ?300 kPa. The sensor uses a dielectric probe to measure the water content of a ceramic material with known water retention characteristics. The calculation of matric potential takes into account hysteresis through the application of an appropriate model to measured wetting and drying loops. It is important that this model uses closed, rather than open, scanning loops. The calibrated sensors were tested in the field and the output compared with data from water‐filled tensiometers and dielectric measurements of soil water content. These comparisons indicated that conventional tensiometers gave stable but false readings of matric potential when soil dried to matric potentials more negative than ?80 kPa. The porous‐matrix sensors appeared to give reliable readings of matric potential in soil down to ?300 kPa and also responded appropriately to repeated wetting and drying. This porous‐matrix sensor has considerable potential to help understand plant responses to drying soil.     

含碎石土壤的含水量测定误差分析

碎石的存在增加了土壤含水量测定的难度,为便于应用,一些学者将碎石当作细土或不透水介质处理,这在一些情况下可能产生很大误差。本文对忽略碎石或其含水量所引起的土石混合介质和细土含水量的误差进行了分析,并用室内实验验证了所得到的结果与相对误差的关系。结果表明,细土和土石混合介质含水量的相对误差与碎石含量以及碎石与细土含水量的比值有关。当碎石与细土含水量比值很大时,即便碎石含量很低也会产生很大误差;而当碎石与细土含水量比值很小时,高的碎石含量同样导致很大误差。此外,碎石与细土含水量的相对大小并非常数,而是随含水量变化的。因此,对土石混合介质田间水分状况的准确监测,以及水分和溶质迁移过程的定量模拟需要考虑碎石特性的影响。     

Compatible measurements of volumetric soil water content using a neutron probe and Diviner 2000 after field calibration

Field calibrations for a neutron probe and a capacitance sensor (Diviner 2000) for measuring the soil water content of a shrinking–swelling clay soil were substantially different from commonly used default values. Using our field calibrations, the two instruments estimated similar changes in the cumulative water content of a soil profile (0–1 m depth) over one growing season.     

Performance of a non‐nuclear resonant frequency capacitance probe. III. error analysis

Abstract

All techniques used to measure soil water content have errors associated with them. These errors are further propagated when soil volumetric water contents are numerically integrated over a number of depth intervals to estimate the soil water storage for the entire profile. Previous studies had field‐tested the performance of a commercial capacitance probe (Troxler Sentry 200‐AP). The probe was calibrated and the measured data on crop water use were compared with that reported previously in literature using other instruments. However, the errors associated with the field estimates of soil water storage and crop water use measured with the Sentry 200‐AP capacitance probe were not evaluated. The objective of this study was to analyze these associated errors. Equations were derived to evaluate the errors incurred in calculating the volumetric water content using the fitted field calibration curve for the Sentry 200‐AP capacitance probe and in the estimates of the crop water use. This study suggests that the error in making in situ measurements of soil water content in heterogeneous soil systems using the Sentry 200‐AP capacitance probe depends on the degree of saturation at the point of measurement in the soil profile. The Sentry 200‐AP capacitance probe produces errors of >5% in measuring soil volumetric water contents of >35% in heterogeneous soil systems.     

一种土壤盐分传感器的敏感场分析及其校正研究

从基本理论出发,计算了一种新型探针式四电极外部电势的理论分布,通过对敏感场分析得出了该四电极的敏感响应范围为径向直径约1.5倍电流电极间距的椭球体.通过研究土壤表观电导率(ECa)、土壤盐分(EC1:5)和土壤质量含水率(θ)之间的关系,利用非线性回归的方法获得了精度较高的ECa-EC1:5校正模型,为土壤盐渍化调查和监测提供了便捷有效且费用低廉的方法.     

Temperature dependence of time domain reflectometry–measured soil dielectric permittivity

The purpose of this study is to determine the temperature influence on the soil bulk dielectric permittivity, ?_b, calculated from the measurement of the electromagnetic‐wave velocity of propagation along the parallel waveguide in a TDR probe, i.e., a probe working in time domain reflectometry technique. The experimental evidence shows that the existing models do not completely describe the temperature effect. However, it has been confirmed that the observed temperature effect is the result of two competing phenomena: ?_b increases with temperature following the release of bound water from soil solid particles, and ?_b decreases with temperature increase following the temperature effect of free water molecules. It has been found that there is a soil type–characteristic moisture value, θ_eq, named the equilibrium water content, at which both competing phenomena compensate each other. The equilibrium water content, θ_eq, is correlated with the soil specific surface area. Based on knowledge of θ_eq, a temperature‐correction formula is presented that adjusts the TDR soil‐moisture measurements at various temperatures to the corresponding value at 25°C. This decreases the absolute measurement error of soil moisture, θ_TDR, by the factor of 2 as compared to the uncorrected values.     

基于红外结构光三维技术的土壤表面粗糙度测量

土壤表面粗糙度是一项重要的土壤物理参数,已有的各种测量方法存在测量效率和误差难以兼顾的问题。为了在一定精度下提高野外测量工作效率,该研究基于红外结构光技术设计了一套便携的土壤表面粗糙度测量系统。该系统主要包括红外结构光扫描仪、便携式计算机、支架等,具有3.2 mm空间分辨率和3 mm的距离分辨率的性能。通过水平面板测量试验,发现本系统相对误差较小,相对误差最小区域中0.5个测量单位以内的误差（e≤1.5 mm）占87.87%,1个测量单位以内的误差（e≤3 mm）占99.58%,而大于1个测量单位的误差仅占0.42%。通过土壤表面粗糙度测量试验,发现本系统绝对误差较明显,其测量结果低于1 mm 分辨率的土壤粗糙度值。通过误差分析发现：该系统的测量误差包括固有误差和随机噪声,呈特定的规律性分布;导致绝对测量误差的主要原因为该系统的性能;由于系统的随机噪声,基于水平面板距离图像的土壤表面距离图像校正存在不确定性。该研究结果为进一步降低红外结构光三维技术测量土壤表面粗糙度的误差提供了依据。