药物和疫苗控制鸭疫巴氏杆菌病效果比较研究

１９９５年７月以来，对福州郊区某鸭场５批确诊为鸭疫巴氏杆菌病的番鸭群，选用敏感药物治疗，又对２批发病番鸭紧急性注射鸭疫巴氏杆菌灭活铝胶苗，且与药物治疗相比较，二者均获得满意的疗效，试验表明鸭疫巴氏杆菌灭活铝胶苗可用于该病的紧急控制。     

鸭巴氏杆菌病的诊治

鸭巴氏杆菌病的诊治黎秋华，杨峻（湖北省农科院畜牧兽医研究所）我省某鸭场鸭群大面积发病死亡，经我们确诊系由多杀性巴氏杆菌引起的鸭霍乱，现将诊治结果报告如下：１流行情况１９９３年４月，该场从国外引进１０周龄利加种鸭６００只，生长状况一直很好，８月初鸭群中...     

鸭猝死病例诊治

1基本情况 巴氏杆菌可引起各日龄鸭发生一种急性、出血性败血症，该症又名鸭霍乱，俗名“摇头瘟”。其发病急，致死快，病鸭常无临床症状就突然死亡。重庆某场饲养的1000只左右、接近成年的良种种鸭在一段时间内发生难见症状的猝死现象，经临床观察，病理解剖，病原菌分离、鉴定以及血清分型，确诊为多杀性巴氏杆菌引起的鸭巴氏杆菌病。     

肉鸭传染性浆膜炎的诊断和治疗

肉鸭传染性浆膜炎是由鸭疫巴氏杆菌引起的主要侵害小鸭的传染病，亦称鸭疫巴氏杆菌病。本病是肉鸭养殖业中的主要疾病，急性型发作的特点是发病迅速，高的发病率以及出现神经症状，由于高死亡率、体重下降以及淘汰，造成很大经济损失。１流行情况１～８周龄的肉鸭都易自然...     

鸭疫巴氏杆菌病的防治

鸭疫巴氏杆菌病，又称鸭传染性浆膜炎，是由鸭疫巴氏杆菌即鸭疫里默氏杆菌引起鸭的一种急性或慢性接触性传染病。我市从１９９５年在甘棠发现本病以来，其危害性日益突出，已成为影响我市养鸭业的一种主要传染病。为了更好地防治本病，提高广大鸭农饲养效益，现将本市鸭疫巴氏杆菌的诊治情况介绍如下：１流行病学本病主要发生于７～５６日龄的麻鸭、半番鸭和番鸭，其中以２～３周龄的鸭最易感，而１周龄以下和８周龄以上的不易感染发病。本病在我市一年四季均有发生，但以冬春气候变化剧烈时较易感，此外，还与栏舍环境、饲管水平及其它…     

鸭疫巴氏杆菌病的诊断及治疗

鸭疫巴氏杆菌病的诊断及治疗陈同海，陈房桂，许保柱，叶文辉（深圳市皇岗动植物检疫局动检二科深圳市５１８０４５）郑星道，包傻珊（吉林农业大学动物科学系长春１３０１１８）鸭疫巴氏杆菌病又称鸭传染性浆膜炎、鸭败血症，是鸭、火鸡和多种禽类的一种接触性传染病，主...     

鸭巴氏杆菌病的发生及诊断

鸭巴氏杆菌病是一种威胁较为严重、发病较急、致死率较高的细菌性传染病,对规模化鸭养殖业危害较大。任何年龄品种的鸭均可发病,并且发病较急,年龄越小死亡率越高。笔者介绍了鸭巴氏杆菌病的流行特点、临床症状、病理特征和诊断方法,并提出了相应的防治措施,希望能为控制该病有所帮助。     

鸭巴氏杆菌病流行、诊断及防治

巴氏杆菌病是一种可以危害很多动物的条件性致病菌,其中对禽类动物造成的危害最为严重。鸭巴氏杆菌病俗称摇头瘟,是一种发病急、过程短、死亡率高的急性传染性疾病。发病后,患病鸭精神萎靡不振,不愿意下水游泳,即使可以下水,也行动缓慢,常落后于鸭群,或单独在一个地方呆立不动,闭目嗜睡。发病后从患病鸭的口腔和鼻腔中流出粘液,呼吸困难,常张嘴呼吸,不断摇头,因此被称为摇头瘟。该文主要结合一些实际案例,分析了鸭巴氏杆菌病的流行、诊断和防治过程。     

鸭疫里默氏杆菌病的诊治

鸭疫里默氏杆菌(Riemerella Anatipestifer)，旧名鸭疫巴氏杆菌病，又称鸭传染性浆膜炎。该病是危害养鸭业的重要的一种疾病，主要侵害1～8周龄的雏鸭，2～3周龄的雏鸭最为易感。8周龄以上的鸭少见发病，冬春阴冷潮湿天气尤甚。本病主要经呼吸道或通过皮肤伤口感染而发病。     

肉鸭鸭疫巴氏杆菌病抗原型的研究及其防治 Ⅰ肉鸭鸭疫巴氏杆菌病的流行病学调查及诊断

流行病学调查表明，肉鸭鸭疫巴氏杆菌病最小发病日龄为１０日龄，直至出售时仍在发病，发病率５％～９０％，死亡率５％～６０％，是肉鸭饲养中的一大传染病。对自然病例和人工感染病例剖检，本病的特征性病理变化为纤维素性心包炎、胸膜炎、气囊炎和肝周炎。疫区病鸭体内分离的１０株细菌，经培养特性和生化试验鉴定均为鸭疫巴氏杆菌；分离的菌株通过易感鸭感染试验获得成功，证明该菌具有致病性。     

Laboratory and field trials with formalin-inactivated Escherichia coli (O78)-Pasteurella anatipestifer bacterin in white pekin ducks

A combination Escherichia coli serotype O78 and Pasteurella anatipestifer bacterin was developed and tested in white pekin ducks in laboratory and field trials. Inoculations with bacterin at 2 and 3 weeks of age provided significant protection against challenge with virulent E. coli O78 and Pasteurella anatipestifer serotypes 1, 2, and 5. No significant cross-protection was observed against heterologous E. coli serotypes, although there was a slight reduction in mortality in ducklings challenged with E. coli serotypes O2a and O119. In field trials, the E. coli-P. anatipestifer bacterin produced significant reduction of mortality in commercial white pekin ducks compared with P. anatipestifer bacterin.     

Development of an ELISA using a recombinant 41 kDa partial protein (P45N') for the detection of Riemerella anatipestifer infections in ducks

Riemerella anatipestifer, a gram-negative bacillus, is the causative agent of duck septicemia, a disease which could incur much economic loss in the duck industry. An indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has been developed to facilitate early detection of R. anatipestifer infection in ducks. The antigen used was a recombinant 41 kDa N-terminal fragment (rP45N') of a newly characterized R. anatipestifer potential surface protein, P45, which was expressed in Escherichia coli as an N-terminal GST fusion protein. The rP45N'-based ELISA successfully detected P45 antibodies in the sera of 20 ducks immunized with bacterin preparations of R. anatipestifer serotypes 1, 10 15, 19 and the ATCC11845 strain. Antibodies to P45 were also detected in the sera of 25% (75/296) of White Pekin ducks which were imported into Singapore from three different farms. Successful discrimination was obtained between sera from infected ducks and that of specific-pathogen free ducks (p<0.01). The rP45N'-GST antigen did not cross-react with antibodies in sera from guinea pigs which were infected with other gram-negative and gram-positive bacterial pathogens, including Aeromonas hydrophila, Citrobacter freundii, E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pastuerella multocida, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella spp., Serratia maccescens, Shigella sonnei and Yersinia enterocolitica. In addition, the DNA sequence encoding P45 was detected in R. anatipestifer serotypes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 and the ATCC11845 strain, suggesting that P45 is probably also universally expressed in these R. anatipestifer serotypes. Thus, the ELISA described is applicable to the detection of R. anatipestifer infection in ducks.     

Comparison of vaccination protocols of broiler breeder hens for Pasteurella multocida utilizing enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and virulent challenge

A commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect serological response to vaccination and virulent challenge with type 1 (X-73) Pasteurella multocida was used to determine the best vaccination protocol for broiler breeders against fowl cholera. Birds vaccinated twice, at 10 and 19 weeks of age, with the avirulent Clemson University (CU) strain both times, with a commercial bacterin first and the CU strain second, or with the CU strain first and bacterin second had the highest survival rates (98-100%) following challenge at 25 weeks. The two groups that received the CU strain and bacterin also produced the highest mean ELISA antibody titers (greater than 10,000). Birds vaccinated once, at 10 weeks, with the CU strain had the same survival rate as birds vaccinated twice with bacterin (90 and 91%). Under the conditions of this experiment, an ELISA titer greater than or equal to 1000 resulted in at least a 92% survival rate after virulent challenge (23% survival in nonvaccinates).     

Mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccination: effects on egg transmission and egg production

The effects of Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) vaccination on egg transmission of MG and egg production were evaluated. Leghorn hens vaccinated with live MG (strain F), with strain F plus MG bacterin, with one dose of MG bacterin, or with two doses of MG bacterin all transmitted MG through the egg at a significantly lower level than unvaccinated controls. Hens vaccinated with two doses of MG bacterin had the longest lag before detectable transmission of MG through the egg. All vaccinated groups were protected against the egg-production drop seen in unvaccinated hens challenged with virulent MG.     

Effect of endobronchial challenge with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 10 of pigs vaccinated with bacterins consisting of A. pleuropneumoniae serotype 10 grown under NAD-rich and NAD-restricted conditions

The efficacy of two bacterins containing an Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 10 strain was evaluated. The bacterial cells constituting bacterin 1 and 2 were grown under nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)-rich (low-adherence capacity to alveolar epithelial cell cultures) and NAD-restricted (high-adherence capacity to alveolar epithelial cell cultures) conditions, respectively. Ten pigs were vaccinated twice with the bacterin 1 and nine pigs with the bacterin 2. Ten control animals were injected twice with a saline solution. Three weeks after the second vaccination, all pigs were endobronchially inoculated with 106.5 colony-forming units (CFU) of an A. pleuropneumoniae serotype 10 strain. In the bacterin 1 and 2 group, three and two pigs died after inoculation, respectively. Only two pigs of the control group survived challenge. Surviving pigs were killed at 7 days after challenge. The percentage of pigs with severe lung lesions (> 10% of the lung affected) was 100% in the control group, 70% in the bacterin 1 group and 22% in the bacterin 2 group. Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae was isolated from the lungs of all animals. The mean bacterial titres of the caudal lung lobes were 7.0 x 10(6) CFU/g in the control group, 6.3 x 10(5) CFU/g in the bacterin 1 group and 1.3 x 10(6) CFU/g in the bacterin 2 group. It was concluded that both bacterins induced partial protection against severe challenge. Furthermore, there are indications that the bacterin 2, containing A. pleuropneumoniae bacteria grown under conditions resulting in high in vitro adhesin, induced better protection than the bacterin 1.     

Antibodies in bovine serum and lacteal secretions to capsular antigens of Staphylococcus aureus

Pregnant cows were immunized systemically with an encapsulated strain of Staphylococcus aureus (Smith diffuse strain). Antibodies in serum and colostrum were detectable by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and prevented capsule production by the Smith diffuse strain in a soft agar medium. Antibody in milk, although detectable by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, did not affect the production of capsule in vitro. Antibodies were absorbed from milk and serum, using staphylococcal surface antigen. In a 2nd experiment, lactating cows were immunized, using Smith diffuse strain antigens in the form of a bacterin or as a surface extract; the bacterin or extract was emulsified in Freund's incomplete adjuvant. Antibody titers in the milk of cows given bacterin were significantly (P less than 0.001) greater than titers in the milk of animals immunized with surface extract. The soft agar technique was insufficiently sensitive to detect antibody in the milk of any of the cattle.     

Streptococcus suis serotype 9 bacterin immunogenicity and protective efficacy

Streptococcus suis diseases in pigs, most importantly meningitis, are worldwide responsible for major economic losses in the pig industry. About one fourth of invasive S. suis diseases are caused by S. suis serotype 9 strains in Europe. However, little is known about serotype 9 since most studies were performed with serotype 2. The objective of this study was to determine the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a serotype 9 bacterin in piglets. Challenge was conducted with a reference serotype 9 strain, belonging to the same clonal complex but to a different sequence type as the bacterin strain. The bacterin induced protection against mortality but not morbidity. Eleven days post infection, 3 of 7 vaccinated survivors were not fully convalescent and had not eliminated the challenge strain from inner organs completely. In accordance with the clinical findings, the majority of piglets showed fibrinous-suppurative lesions in at least one inner organ or tissue. In contrast to the placebo group such lesions were not detected in one third of bacterin-vaccinated piglets. Determination of specific serum IgG titers revealed that the bacterin elicited seroconversion against muramidase-released protein and basic membrane lipoprotein. Furthermore, vaccination was associated with induction of opsonizing antibodies against the serotype 9 challenge strain. However, titers of opsonizing antibodies were rather low in comparison to those found in our previous serotype 2 vaccination trial. Piglets developed substantially higher titers of opsonizing antibodies after challenge. Opsonizing antibodies were absorbable with the serotype 9 challenge strain but not with an unencapsulated isogenic mutant of a serotype 2 strain indicating their specificity. The results indicate that a serotype 9 bacterin is less protective than a serotype 2 bacterin, most likely due to inducing only low titers of opsonizing antibodies. This might contribute to emergence of serotype 9 strains, in particular strains of this clonal complex, in Europe.     

Vaccination of turkeys with cell-free culture filtrate of Pasteurella multocida

Turkeys given cell-free culture filtrate (CCF) of Pasteurella multocida strain R44/6 orally, via air sacs, or subcutaneously mixed 1:1 with incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA) at 6 and 9.5 weeks of age were compared with negative controls given bacteriologic medium and positive controls vaccinated with a commercial bacterin. At 13 weeks of age, serum antibody titers to P. multocida were detectable only in turkeys given CCF in IFA (low titers) and positive control turkeys (high titers), at which time turkeys were challenged orally with either the homologous strain or strain P-1059. Protection against challenge with strain R44/6 was provided by the commercial bacterin, CCF in IFA, and CCF given via air sacs. When turkeys were challenged with strain P-1059, protection was superior in turkeys given CCF via air sacs, intermediate in turkeys given commercial bacterin or CCF in IFA, and absent in negative control turkeys and turkeys given CCF orally. These results indicate CCF is an effective immunogen when administered via the lower respiratory tract for protecting turkeys against pasteurellosis.     

Effect of Endobronchial Challenge with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae Serotype 10 of Pigs Vaccinated with Bacterins Consisting of A. pleuropneumoniae Serotype 10 Grown under NAD‐Rich and NAD‐Restricted Conditions

The efficacy of two bacterins containing an Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 10 strain was evaluated. The bacterial cells constituting bacterin 1 and 2 were grown under nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)‐rich (low‐adherence capacity to alveolar epithelial cell cultures) and NAD‐restricted (high‐adherence capacity to alveolar epithelial cell cultures) conditions, respectively. Ten pigs were vaccinated twice with the bacterin 1 and nine pigs with the bacterin 2. Ten control animals were injected twice with a saline solution. Three weeks after the second vaccination, all pigs were endobronchially inoculated with 106.5 colony‐forming units (CFU) of an A. pleuropneumoniae serotype 10 strain. In the bacterin 1 and 2 group, three and two pigs died after inoculation, respectively. Only two pigs of the control group survived challenge. Surviving pigs were killed at 7 days after challenge. The percentage of pigs with severe lung lesions (>10% of the lung affected) was 100% in the control group, 70% in the bacterin 1 group and 22% in the bacterin 2 group. Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae was isolated from the lungs of all animals. The mean bacterial titres of the caudal lung lobes were 7.0 × 10⁶ CFU/g in the control group, 6.3 × 10⁵ CFU/g in the bacterin 1 group and 1.3 × 10⁶ CFU/g in the bacterin 2 group. It was concluded that both bacterins induced partial protection against severe challenge. Furthermore, there are indications that the bacterin 2, containing A. pleuropneumoniae bacteria grown under conditions resulting in high in vitro adhesin, induced better protection than the bacterin 1.     

Efficacy studies on Haemophilus gallinarum bacterin preparations.

Broth cultures inactivated and potentiated by selected methods were tested in chickens for efficacy against homologous and heterologous challenge inoculation, using 2 serotype A strains of Haemophilus gallinarum. Although the 2 strains were within the same serotype, they failed to cross protect. One dose of thimerosal-inactivated bacterin was protective against homologous challenge, but 2 doses of formalin-inactivated bacterin were required. A bivalent bacterin protected chickens well against 1 strain, but not the other, at the 1-dose level.