黄山松球果害虫化学防治研究

黄山松球果害虫主要有松实小卷蛾和松果梢斑螟的幼虫，它们是一类生活隐蔽、危害严重、防治难度大的钻蛀性害虫，通过几年室内外的反复试验研究，提出了防治黄山松主要球果害虫的农药品种、用量（浓度）及施药的最佳时间和方法等。     

黄连木缀叶螟的发生及防治

针对重治轻防，过分强调农药的错误做法，提出了以生物手段和绿色植保相结合为主要手段，多种防治方法相结合的害虫综合防治措施，取得了显著的效果。     

赤松梢斑螟空间分布型的研究

赤松梢斑螟是红松幼林主要害虫之一，危害红松的嫩梢（主梢为主）及球果，平均被害率嫩梢为20．3％、球果为22．7％。1991～1995年，对其空间分布型进行了研究。1研究方法1．1赤松梢斑螟幼虫调查方法调查地海拔高度为250m，坡度为低山缓坡（8～9°），坡向东南，土壤为暗棕壤，土层厚度为45～50cm。林地为红松纯林，树高10～12m、胸径8～12cm，1960～1970年造林。调查是结合1993年10周鹤岗市红旗林场红松幼林疏伐抚育进行的，调查前先选择好样地，即59林班6小班、60林班20小班、75林班2小班。在样地内每隔2株间伐1株，并对伐倒木进行逐株调…     

微红梢斑螟对国外松的危害及防治研究

微红梢斑螟对国外松的危害比较普遍,据在湖南52块标准地调查,占被调查块数的71.15％;被害株率为10.13％。其中最严重1块为3年生火炬松幼林,被害株率达87.5％;单株受害梢严重的达28个枝条之多、主要是主梢和上部1—2轮生侧梢。此虫在湖南一年发生二代,生活史极不整齐,以幼虫在被害处越冬。化学和生物林间防治试验证明,多种化学药剂防治均有一定效果,而生物防治则以白僵菌防效明显。化防林间喷雾以2.5％溴氰菊酯2000倍液最好,防效可达53.97—64.81％;生防林间措施以含孢量65/克白僵菌,每亩1公斤,死虫率达73.91％。     

板栗栗绛蚧药剂防治试验

应用速扑杀、杀扑磷、快克和氧化乐果、杀灭菊酯防治板栗栗绛蚧若虫。试验结果表明速扑杀1000倍、杀扑磷1000倍、快克800倍喷雾防治15天后，栗绛蚧若虫虫口减退率为88．9％－89．99％，30天后若虫虫口减退率为93．85％－96．84％，防治效果好于氧化乐果、杀天菊酯，结合农药成本、防治效果，确定快克800倍，可作为喷雾防治栗绛蚧若虫道选农药之一。     

天津开发区园林植物害虫无公害防治技术

通过对天津开发区园林害虫的种类和危害情况的调查，摸清了开发区园林主要害虫有食叶害虫、蛀干害虫、刺吸害虫和地下害虫4大类；遵循安全、保护环境和维护生态平衡的原则，摸索出生物防治方法、信息素的应用、植物农药烟参碱的应用、仿生农药灭幼脲系列药剂的应用、无机农药的应用、人工和物理机械方法的应用、栽培防治方法的应用及植物检疫方法的应用的几种无公害防治方法，防止了环境污染和副作用的产生。     

杉木短须螟的研究初报

杉木短须螟 Sacada sp.属鳞翘目螟蛾科螟蛾亚科。1989年5月22日在我州三穗县台烈国营林场杉木林中首次发现,发生面积7,500亩,其中严重受灾的4,500亩;当年9月22日又在麻江县谷硐铁路林场发现,发生面积1.440亩,1990年5月观察,有950亩杉梢无法萌发,杉木林已枯死;1990年4月初又在黎平县乌下江林场邓蒙村杉木林中发生,为害面积150亩.据以上三县的调查,虫口密度达2,800条/株,个别单株高达万余条。     

肉桂枝枯病的防治试验

于广东德庆县三叉顶林场肉桂林设试验小区对枝枯病及其媒介昆虫进行了化学防治试验。采用杀菌剂和杀虫剂单施或混施的方式。施用的农药扬甲基托布津，菌毒清，敌杀死，桂虫灵和敌敌畏。其中只有1%敌杀死粉剂防治枝枯病效果较好。达63.5%。     

赤松梢斑螟防治技术的研究

赤松梢斑螟(D ioryctria sylvestrellaRatzeburg)主要以幼虫危害红松幼林的球果、嫩梢和干部,造成红松种子产量下降、质量低劣,严重的可导致红松种子绝产。为了解决红松种子严重短缺的问题,利用2.5%溴氰菊酯、20%速灭杀丁、50%辛硫磷和40%氧化乐果等化学药剂,在黑龙江省苇河林业局林木种子园进行了赤松梢斑螟防治试验。试验结果表明,球果被害率可减少20%~85%,种子被害率减少25%~45%。     

板栗球坚蚧的药剂防治试验

球坚蚧是板栗的一种主要害虫。选用７种农药对球坚蚧若虫进行防治试验，取得了显著效果，其中４０％速扑杀１０００倍液的防治效果达９１％以上。     

Canopy management possibilities for arboreal Leucaena in mixed sorghum and livestock small farm production systems in semi-arid India

A major problem for small farmers in the semi-arid tropics is the chronic shortage of fodder for draft animals. Leucaena leucocephala has improved productivity in many places in India and in various cropping systems, usually as either a pure crop or in a hedgerow alley-cropping configuration. Mixed cropping with arboreal forms is seldom seen. For off-season fodder production, hedgerows have the disadvantage of being open to unmanaged browsing when unfenced (as is usual). Arboreal forms are generally far less vulnerable. In this paper, the components of production of sorghum and arboreal Leucaena are measured under different intensities of canopy lopping. The most productive management system of those examined was pollarding of the Leucaena at the time of under-sowing with sorghum. In a year with less than 50% of average seasonal rainfall, this system gave a yield of 4.6 tonnes/ha/yr fresh wt fodder and 3.8 tonnes/ha/yr dry wt. of fuel harvests, while increasing the standing crop of wood by 1.8 t/ha/yr and retaining a yield of sorghum grain equivalent to 46% of pure sorghum cropping; the LER of this system was 1.35. Cash values of the alternative management systems were estimated, including the discounted Net Present Value of the standing crop of timber. Maximum value was attained with unlopped pure crop Leucaena followed by pollarded Leucaena with sorghum; pure crop sorghum achieved a lower value. These results demonstrate both the high productivity of Leucaena/sorghum based systems, and the stability of production even in poor rainfall conditions. Pollarding transferred the high future value of Leucaena timber to the present value of sorghum grain and fuelwood.     

天牛体内纤维素酶研究进展

文章综述近年来国内外有关天牛体内纤维素酶的研究进展,主要包括:天牛体内纤维素酶的来源、不同天牛种类纤维素酶的性质、纤维素酶抑制剂、纤维素酶同工酶、纤维素酶基因以及天牛体内纤维素酶活性变化与寄主的关系,并展望了未来的研究方向。     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Modeling spatial variability and pattern of rust and brown eye spot in coffee agroecosystem

The advent of Precision Agriculture has made possible the analysis of complex spatial patterns of plant disease epidemiology considering statements of integrated disease management. The objective of this work was to use geostatistics, statistics and geographical information systems to characterize the structure and magnitude of spatial dependency of rust (Hemileia vastatrix) and brown eye spot (Cercospora coffeicola) incidence and severity in coffee agroecosystem cultivated with Catuai Vermelho IAC-99 (Coffea arabica L.). Evaluations of incidence and severity of rust and brown eye spot were accomplished at 67 georeferenced points arranged in 6.6202 ha of coffee crop, in the years of 2005, 2006 and 2007. Exponential models of covariance enabled the characterization of the magnitude and structure of rust and brown eye spot spatial variability in the evaluated dates. Ordinary block kriging presented satisfactory performance to map rust and brown eye spot outbreaks based on kriging error coefficients. Kriged maps enabled the visualization of intensity of rust and brown eye spot in each evaluation date. Assessments of incidence and severity presented highly statistical correlation based on linear regression models, also confirmed by the spatial variability of kriging maps. Kriging maps of rust and brown eye spot enabled to observe that intensity of disease was dispersed in foci patterns along the coffee plantation, indicating that the current strategy of disease control based in total area may be replaced by site specific disease management, with less environmental impact and sustainability of coffee crop, according to statements of integrated disease management and precision agriculture.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Nutrient cycling and growth in forest ecosystems of south western Australia: Relevance to agricultural landscapes

Nutrient and hydrologic cycles in harvested native forests in southern Australia are largely balanced. For example, we have little or no evidence of any decline in nutrient capital or availability in harvested forests. Short-term and small-scale reductions in evapotranspiration due to loss of leaf area after harvesting are adequately balanced at the landscape scale by large areas of regenerating or older-age forest. In contrast, agricultural systems on similar soils are a) dependent on large inputs of fertilisers to maintain growth and b) frequently subject to increasing salinity and waterlogging or other forms of degradation. The large-scale replacement of long-lived communities of perennial and often deep- rooting native species with annual crops or other communities of shallow-rooting species might be better managed within the framework of knowledge developed from studies of native plant communities. However, application of such a mimic concept to systems of low natural productivity is limited when agricultural systems require continued high productivity. Nonetheless, the mimic concept may help in developing sustainable management of agriculture on marginal lands, and contribute to the nutritional resilience of agroecosystems. Relevant characteristics for mimic agroecosystems in south western Australia include: high species diversity, diversity of rooting attributes, utilisation of different forms of nutrients (especially of N and P) in space and time, and the promotion of practices which increase soil organic matter content. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

闽南山地木荷林套种南方红豆杉的试验

为了解南方红豆杉在闽南山地生长所需的环境条件,开展了木荷林下套种南方红豆杉的试验研究,结果表明,在较高郁闭度的木荷林中套种南方红豆杉,随木荷林郁闭度的增大,南方红豆杉的树高、地径和生物量降低,叶绿素含量减少,养分含量下降。郁闭度为0.5的木荷林套种南方红豆杉,其生产力最高,叶绿素含量和养分含量均最大。     

Native woody species regeneration in exotic tree plantations at Munessa-Shashemene Forest,southern Ethiopia

Regeneration of native woody species was studied in the plantations and the adjacent natural forest at Munessa-Shashemene Forest Project Area, Ethiopia. The aim of the study was to test the hypothesis that tree plantations foster regeneration of native woody species. A total of 60 plots, having 10 × 10 m area each, were studied in monoculture plantations of 4 exotic species (Cupressus lusitanica, Eucalyptus globulus, E. saligna, Pinus patula) and an adjacent natural forest. Ages of the plantations ranged between 9 and 28 years. Soil seed bank analysis was also undertaken from soil samples collected in each of the 60 plots to examine the similarity between the soil seed flora and aboveground vegetation. A total of 56 naturally regenerated woody species were recorded beneath all plantation stands with densities ranging between 2300 and 18650 individuals / ha in different stands. There was a significant difference among plantation stands with regard to understorey density (standard deviation: 4836 ± 1341). Vegetation diversity was assessed through analyses of floristic composition, species richness and abundance. Generally, seedling populations were the most abundant components of the regeneration in most of the plantation stands, forming 68 % of the total regeneration count in all stands. A total of 77 plant species represented by 44 herbs, 13 woody species, 8 grasses and 12 unidentified species were recorded in the soil seed bank from all stands. Similarity between the soil seed bank and aboveground flora was very low implying that the role of soil seed banks is negligible rather dispersal plays an important role in the process of regeneration. These results support the concept that forest plantations can foster the regeneration of native woody species, thereby increasing biological diversity, provided that there are seed sources in the vicinity of the plantations.     

杨树天牛灾害可持续控制策略与技术

人工营建的森林生态系统组分过于单一 ,配置不当是三北地区森林生物灾害严重的根本原因。主要控制策略包括御灾控灾阵地前移 ,控制目标从种群密度控制转为灾害控制 ,对灾害调控从“点状调控”上升为“网状调控” ,提高对“潜在”生物灾害的预警能力。提出生物多样性与生态系统稳定性原理、风险分散理论和抗性相对论作为多树种合理配置抗御人工林生物灾害的 3大理论基础。以多树种合理配置控制杨树天牛灾害为实例 ,从结构和功能的关系 ,将现有防护林划分为 3类 :即一代林网、二代林网和加强型二代林网 ,分析了树种配置结构和抗天牛灾害的功能。进一步将加强型二代林网配置树种类群划分为非寄主树种、目标树种 (或抗性树种 )和诱饵树 ,并对各自的功能进行了定位 ,提出了较为合理的抗御天牛灾害的多树种配置模式以及简便有效的诱饵树管理技术。最后 ,以防护林 (特别是农田防护林 )的经营和管理由静态转变为动态为前提 ,探讨了诱饵树管理的一些新思路     

Measurement of Green Plank Shape for Prediction and Elimination of Compression Wood

The objective of this study was to predict the amount and the distribution of compression wood (CW) within a Norway spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst.] plank based on green plank curvature. The findings indicated a possibility of predicting the longitudinal distribution of CW from the green plank curvature. Areas free from CW showed a typical concave shape in relation to the centre of the log, while CW was present when a convex shape was shown. The larger the magnitude of convex curvature, the higher the concentrations of CW that could be found, and a larger fraction of dried planks was rejected due to excessive warp. This study also determined what information can be used to eliminate areas of high concentrations of CW by cutting and how cutting affects the grading results with respect to warp. Over 50% of the plank length showing a high concentration of CW (>30% of the cross-cut volume) was successfully cut off. Cutting strategies based on predicted CW concentrations resulted in a 10-40% increase in accepted plank length.