培育方式对和牛犊牛健康及生长发育的影响

本试验旨在研究在寒冷地区不同培育方式对和牛犊牛健康及生长发育的影响。选取20头健康、初生的和牛犊牛,采用单因素随机分组设计,分为2组。对照组采用母牛带犊自然哺乳方式培育犊牛,试验组采用人工哺乳方式培育犊牛。试验期为180 d,定期测定犊牛体重和体尺指标,观察犊牛健康状况。结果显示,犊牛在3月龄断奶时,试验组犊牛断奶体重及日增重显著高于对照组（P<0.05）;试验组6月龄时体重及日增重显著高于对照组（P<0.05）;对照组犊牛粪便指数、腹泻率、腹泻频率及死亡率均高于试验组的犊牛,其中腹泻率与腹泻频率两组间差异显著（P<0.05）。对照组犊牛呼吸系统疾病发病率、发病频率及死亡率也均高于试验组犊牛,且均差异显著（P<0.05）。结果提示,人工饲养培育和牛犊牛提高了和牛犊牛成活率,降低了犊牛腹泻和犊牛呼吸道疾病等的发病率,可充分发挥提高犊牛断奶体重的潜力,不仅降低了养殖和牛的经济成本,也提高优质肉牛的经济效益。     

奶牛犊牛球虫病诊断治疗实例

沙湾县金沟河镇大泉乡地处城郊,奶牛养殖具有一定的规模,奶牛犊牛市场交易频繁,近年来农户养殖和购买的奶牛犊牛有10几头相继出现腹泻、下痢、出血性肠炎等症状。通过对其流行病学的调查、临床表现、病理剖检变化以及实验室诊断、治疗效果分析,确诊为奶牛犊牛球虫病。现将有关诊治情况报告如下:1发病情况及临床症状1.1发病情况犊牛饲养一周后发病,初期用抗菌素治疗无效果,按出     

犊牛喂奶不当急性致死的防治

部分农民由于不懂奶牛解剖生理特点,不会科学、正确地饲养管理初生犊牛,导致许多初生犊牛满月前急性发病死亡,且均以高热不退突发感染性休克死亡或持续腹泻导致脱水和心力衰竭而死亡为主要表现症状。发病特点:本病具有群发性,但不具有传染性。本病仅侵害哺乳期犊牛。急性死亡的败血性病例多始发生于15日龄以内、肠壁闭锁前的犊牛,如延误治疗,死亡率较高;腹泻型可发生于整个哺乳期,如及时治疗,多可痊愈。发病无明显季节性。畜舍卫生条件差,犊牛有舔癖时易发本病。病因分析:分析初生奶牛犊牛解剖生理特征,我们知道其有功能完善的食管沟,牛犊抬…     

一例肉牛腹泻的诊断报告

正近来,养牛业规模壮大和集约化的增强,犊牛腹泻的致病和致死呈上升趋势。犊牛腹泻病是犊牛致死原因之一,康复后,其生产性能受到较大影响。刚出生的牛腹泻发病率达80%,发病时间短、致死高、难以诊断。犊牛腹泻是由外界环境与病原的共同作用、机体状态与病原的相互作用、饲养管理与病原相互作用以及这些因素共同作用的结果。1发病情况2016年12月通辽某牛场送检一头因腹泻致死的未断奶小牛犊。经询问及剖检怀疑该病例为细菌性腹泻。本试验     

犊牛铜铁硒-VE锰缺乏症防治

一般将从出生至6月龄的牛称为犊牛。犊牛抵抗力差，易患病，尤以夏冬季发病较多，其发病死亡率也较高。犊牛发病率、死亡率高是这一时期饲养管理不善造成的。     

犊牛腹泻病的中药治疗

正犊牛腹泻又称犊牛拉稀,一年四季均可发生,是犊牛常发的一种胃肠疾病。犊牛常在出生后2~3d开始发病,对犊牛的发育、生长、成活等有很大影响。在大群饲养时,犊牛腹泻发生率常达90%~100%,死亡率最高可达50%以上,对养牛业的发展威胁很大。1病因牛犊腹泻的发生与胎儿发育期的条件以及外界环境的影响有关。因地区和季节等的不同,犊牛患腹泻的情况也不一样。主要有以下几方面的原因引起:(1)细菌     

我国奶牛场犊牛饲养管理现状调查与犊牛腹泻风险因素分析

为了对我国犊牛饲养管理现状进行阐述，同时鉴定我国规模化奶牛场中致犊牛腹泻的风险因素，本调查采用网络调查问卷和多元线性回归法，收集国内奶牛场产犊管理、初乳管理、犊牛日常饲养管理和腹泻犊牛治疗的相关信息并从中分析致犊牛腹泻的风险因素。结果显示，受访的57个奶牛场中，犊牛腹泻年平均发病率为22.53%(2.50%～97.50%,分位数：1.0%～80.0%);问卷所得信息经整理分析后展示了受访奶牛场在产犊管理、初乳管理、犊牛日常饲养管理和腹泻犊牛治疗方面的现状；风险因素分析结果显示，寒冷季节、初乳采用60℃1 h的巴氏杀菌程序、产圈垫料更换频率低于1次/2周、奶桶消毒频率低于1次/7 d、仅采用口服补液治疗腹泻犊牛均与犊牛腹泻发病率呈正相关；出生2 h和出生12 h进行脐带消毒、产圈垫料更换频率为1周1次、使用独立的产圈、使用初乳折射仪检测初乳质量、由兽医或犊牛饲养员饲喂初乳、以抗生素为主配合口服或静脉补液和以口服补液为主配合抗生素治疗犊牛腹泻与犊牛腹泻发病率呈负相关。本调查归纳总结了当前国内奶牛场犊牛饲养管理现状，分析了导致犊牛腹泻的相应风险因素，为进一步提高国内犊牛饲养管理水平提供参考。     

肉牛基础母牛难产综合防治技术

为了弄清张掖市百万头肉牛基地母牛难产发病情况和发病原因进一步制定,采取综合防控措施,减少母牛发病率、提高犊牛产活率.采取健全母牛电子档案,推行科学饲养管理,规范人工受精技术,及时准确诊断,合理有效治疗等方法.使该病的发病率由8.65％降低至2.5％.科学的饲养管理及防治方法,对难产发病率降低和犊牛产活率的提高有显著效果.     

犊牛的饲养管理要点

<正>作者通过对灵武市散养户70头犊牛的健康情况的调查,发现有21头犊牛腹泻,发病率为30%,有13头犊牛有肺炎,发病率为18.57%。根据调查,发病的原因是散养户科学养殖水平落后,不注重初乳的饲喂时间和数量,对犊牛的饲养管理没有引起足够的重视,造成犊牛上呼吸道、肠胃道感染机会增多,     

奶犊牛共济失调的病因调查

近几年来 ,大庆三环奶牛场每年均发生一种以犊牛运动障碍致使犊牛陆续淘汰的疾病。本病主要发生在该场的四牧场和一牧场。据初步调查 :每年大约有十几至二十几头发病 ,发病率约占新生母牛犊的 3.5 % ,发病犊淘汰率为 1 0 0 % ,严重地制约了养牛业的发展 ,给牧场带来了较大的经济损失。为此我们对此病进行了病因调查 ,从实验室检验、流行病学调查及临床症状等结果来看 ,本病为犊牛铜缺乏症。1　流行病学调查1 .1　发病与年龄的关系　主要发生在刚断奶的犊牛 ,一般 2～ 3月龄发病 ,5月龄以上的犊牛很少发病 ,育成牛和成奶牛不发病 ,两牧场 1 9…     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …