奶牛全泌乳期饲料配方筛选试验研究

为筛选奶牛泌乳期系列饲料配方,试验选用30头泌乳后期奶牛,参考胎次、产奶量、泌乳天数、膘情、体型等因素,采用随机区组对比设计,分为4组,即对照组、试验1组、试验2组和试验3组,组间差异不显著。对照组饲喂奶牛场使用的精料补充料,试验1组、试验2组和试验3组分别饲喂专门设计的奶牛饲料精料补充料A、B和C系列。结果表明:泌乳前期试验2组奶牛产奶量显著高于对照组(P<0.05),泌乳中期试验组产奶量均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),泌乳后期试验组奶牛产奶量均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),其中以试验2组,即B饲料配方效果最为显著,显著高于其它各组(P<0.05)。泌乳前期试验组奶牛乳蛋白、乳脂率和乳干物质含量均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),但试验组之间差异不显著(P>0.05)。泌乳中期和泌乳后期试验组奶牛乳蛋白、乳脂率和乳干物质含量均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),试验2组奶牛乳蛋白、乳脂率和乳干物质含量均显著高于试验1组和试验3组(P<0.05)。乳糖含量无显著变化(P>0.05)。由此可知,试验2组,即B系列饲料配方可以显著提高产奶量、乳脂率、乳蛋白、乳干物质含量及日粮养分消化率。     

酶制剂对奶牛产奶量及乳成分的影响

试验选择胎次、泌乳时间、产奶量相近的荷斯坦牛92头,随机分为试验组和对照组,每组46头。两组均饲喂相同TMR,试验组额外每头牛每天添加20g的酶制剂FE907,对照组不添加。结果表明,试验期试验组产奶量比对照组高出1.05kg/(头·d),提高了3%,差异显著(P0.05);两组的各项乳成分指标统计分析差异均不显著(P0.05)。     

CT2000对高温季节奶牛产奶性能的影响

选择2～3胎次泌乳中后期(180d)且产奶量相近的荷斯坦奶牛10头随机分为两组,饲喂相同基础日粮,试验组在基础日粮中添加CT2000,饲喂标准为30g/日·牛.结果显示:(1)两组奶牛产奶量均与牛舍日平均湿热指数(THI)和最高温度呈负相关(P<0.01);(2)饲喂CT2000前,试验组受高温影响产奶量下降率极显著高于对照组(P<0.01);饲喂CT2000期间,试验组产奶量受高温影响变化幅度小;停饲CT2000后,试验组产奶量有升高的趋势.(3)试验组日乳蛋白合成量呈逐渐上升趋势,而对照组逐渐下降;对照组日乳脂合成率逐渐下降,而试验组在停饲CT2000后又呈上升趋势.     

几种添加剂对奶牛产奶量、乳成分和乳体细胞数的影响

试验选取年龄、体重、胎次、泌乳时间、产奶量及生理状况相近的中国荷斯坦牛24头,随机分为4组,每组6头,试验期为40d,其中预试期10d,正试期30d。在管理条件相同的情况下,对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组在此基础上添加不同的添加剂,试验1组每头牛每天添加3g富兰宝,试验2组每头牛每天添加40g腐殖酸钠,试验3组每头牛每天添加80g植物提取物。结果表明:试验结束时各组的产奶量无显著差异,试验1组、3组产奶量较试验开始的降幅低于对照组;试验2组的乳脂率较其他各组有所提高,但差异不显著(P0.05),3个试验组的乳蛋白率均略低于对照组,差异不显著(P0.05);试验1组、2组乳体细胞数均较对照组显著降低(P0.05)。综合分析,富兰宝在减缓泌乳后期奶牛产奶量下降和降低乳体细胞数方面效果最佳。     

CT2000对高温季节奶牛产奶性能的影响

选择2~3胎次泌乳中后期(180d)且产奶量相近的荷斯坦奶牛10头随机分为两组,饲喂相同基础日粮,试验组在基础日粮中添加CT2000,饲喂标准为30g/日.牛。结果显示:(1)两组奶牛产奶量均与牛舍日平均湿热指数(THI)和最高温度呈负相关(P<0.01);(2)饲喂CT2000前,试验组受高温影响产奶量下降率极显著高于对照组(P<0.01);饲喂CT2000期间,试验组产奶量受高温影响变化幅度小;停饲CT2000后,试验组产奶量有升高的趋势。(3)试验组日乳蛋白合成量呈逐渐上升趋势,而对照组逐渐下降;对照组日乳脂合成率逐渐下降,而试验组在停饲CT2000后又呈上升趋势。     

酶制剂对泌乳前期奶牛产奶量和乳成分的影响

选择年龄、胎次、产奶量和泌乳时间相近的30头泌乳前期荷斯坦牛,随机分为3组(试验Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组和对照组),每组10头。在试验组精料补充料中添加300g/t和600g/t的非淀粉多糖酶制剂,研究其对奶牛产奶量和乳成分的影响。结果表明,与对照组相比,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组奶牛产奶量分别提高了1.18kg/d和1.23kg/d,乳脂率分别提高了0.03和0.39个百分点,乳蛋白率分别提高了0.01和0.05个百分点,体细胞数分别下降15.86万个/mL和14.63万个/mL,但差异均不显著(P>0.05);在泌乳前期的奶牛日粮中添加外源非淀粉多糖酶制剂具有促进奶牛泌乳、改善乳成分的趋势。     

大豆异黄酮对奶牛泌乳后期泌乳性能、免疫功能和乳腺肥大细胞白介素-4水平的影响

本试验旨在研究大豆异黄酮对泌乳后期中国荷斯坦奶牛泌乳性能、免疫功能和乳腺肥大细胞白介素-4水平的影响.选择12头泌乳后期的荷斯坦奶牛随机分为4组,每组3个重复.对照组和A、B、C组分别添加不同水平的大豆异黄酮(0、10、20、30 mg/kg).分离采自奶牛乳腺的肥大细胞,并分别与0、0.25、0.50、0.75 mg/mL的大豆异黄酮共育.结果表明:1)大豆异黄酮可显著减缓泌乳后期奶牛产奶量下降趋势(P<0.05),其中A、B和C组奶牛的产奶量比对照组提高7.29%、12.66%和10.13%;2)B和C组乳蛋白质率显著高于对照组(P<0.05);3)大豆异黄酮可提高血清和乳中生长激素(GH)和催乳素(PRL)的含量,B和C组效果显著(P<0.05),显著降低生长抑素(SS)含量(P<0.05);4)大豆异黄酮可显著提高血清(P<0.05)、乳(P<0.01)和乳腺组织(C组,P<0.05)中白介素-4(IL-4)的水平;5)0.25 mg/mL大豆异黄酮能够极显著增加奶牛乳腺肥大细胞的IL-4表达量(P<0.01).由此可知,大豆异黄酮能够通过对乳腺免疫指标表达量的调控,提高奶牛泌乳性能,增强奶牛的免疫功能,可促进乳腺肥大细胞IL-4的分泌.     

奶牛专用脲酶抑制剂复合预混料提高奶牛产奶量效果的试验

通过32头健康泌乳奶牛进行饲喂奶牛专用脲酶抑制剂复合预混料的对比试验.结果表明,饲喂脲酶抑制剂复合预混料的试验组,泌乳奶牛平均日产标准乳22.81kg/头,对照组泌乳奶牛平均日产标准乳20.12 kg/头,产奶量提高13.37%(P<0.05);校正体重后试验组比对照组提高产奶量14.41%,差异显著(P<0.05);提高饲料转化率13.43%,差异显著(P<0.05);提高经济效益13.68%,增收效益明显.     

调控饲料对奶牛产奶量和乳成分的影响

为研究调控饲料对奶牛产奶量和乳成分的影响,试验选择10头年龄、胎次、泌乳天数、产奶量相近的泌乳牛,按照配对试验设计分为2组,一组为对照组(饲喂基础日粮),另一组为试验组(饲喂添加调控饲料的基础日粮)。结果表明,试验组每头奶牛日均增奶量比对照组多1.366kg(P<0.05),乳蛋白、乳脂率、乳糖、乳中干物质含量相比差异不显著。通过试验前后对比可知,调控饲料显著提高了奶牛的产奶量。     

奶牛专用脲酶抑制剂复合预混料提高奶牛产奶量效果的试验

通过32头健康泌乳奶牛进行饲喂奶牛专用脲酶抑制剂复合预混料的对比试验.结果表明,饲喂脲酶抑制剂复合预混料的试验组,泌乳奶牛平均日产标准乳22.81kg/头,对照组泌乳奶牛平均日产标准乳20.12kg/头,产奶量提高13.37%(P<0.05);校正体重后试验组比对照组提高产奶量14.41%,差异显著(P<0.05);提高饲料转化率13.43%,差异显著(P<0.05);提高经济效益13.68%,增收效益明显。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.