万寿菊花中叶黄素提取及分离提纯的研究

研究了利用正己烷和乙醇混合溶剂,或石油醚溶剂,从万寿菊花粉提取、分离、提纯叶黄素的方法.最适工艺参数:正己烷(为提取剂)和95%乙醇(体积比3:2),提取温度60℃,提取时间4～5h,提取次数5～6次,液料比15:1(mL:g);皂化温度55～60℃,皂化时间6h.按本工艺条件操作,万寿菊花中叶黄素得率为7.5%～7.9%.     

超声波、微波及热水提取菊花总糖的比较

研究了常规热水法、超声波、微波、超声波预处理-热水提取和超声波-微波联用5种方法提取菊花总糖的工艺。结合苯酚-硫酸显色法,以菊花总糖提取量为考察指标,采用SAS软件对5种方法的提取结果进行统计分析。结果表明:超声波-热水法、超声波-微波法与常规热水法相比,结果差异显著(P>0.05),提取率大于常规法;超声波法、微波法与常规热水法相比,提取率差异不显著(P<0.05),其中超声波-热水处理法提取率最高。在菊花质量为5 g,料液比(g/mL)为1∶25,超声波功率500 W,温度60℃的实验条件下,先用超声波预处理30 m in,再在85℃的热水中回流提取30 m in,菊花总糖得率最高达到9.86%,比热水法的提取率高1.94%。这种提取方式提取效率高,安全可靠。     

超声波用于强化有机溶剂提取印楝素

研究了用超声波强化有机溶剂提取印楝素的工艺过程，分别考察溶剂、料液比、超声波作用时间、超声波功率对提取率的影响实验发现，较理想的提取条件为：13．3g印楝种仁粉，料液比1：2，超声波功率200W；超声波作用时间与溶剂有关。甲醇15min、乙醇20min、乙酸乙酯10min；3种溶剂较佳提取率分别为0．3786％、0．3658％、0．2462％提取样晶利用高效液相色谱仪采用外标法测定提取物中印楝素的含量。实验结果表明，超声波强化提取与搅拌提取相比，不仅缩短了提取时间，而且提取率有所提高。     

金耳菌丝体多糖的超声波辅助提取与动力学模型

为了改善金耳多糖的分离提取技术,利用超声波技术辅助提取金耳菌丝体中的多糖,研究了超声波功率、初始温度、超声波时间和液料比对多糖得率的影响.结果表明:0.5 g菌丝粉于超声波功率600 W、初始温度100℃、超声波时间20 min、提取2次、液料比120∶1(mL∶g)的条件下,多糖的得率最高为11.16%.与传统水浸提...     

正交试验法优化超声波提取苦楝果实中川楝素

在单因素试验基础上,选取甲醇浓度、提取时间、料液比、超声波功率等4个主要因素,采用L16(45)无重复试验正交设计和方差分析优化超声波提取苦楝果实中川楝素的工艺条件,研究各因素交互作用对苦楝果实中的川楝素提取率的影响。结果表明,甲醇浓度和料液比2个因素对川楝素提取率有显著影响。苦楝果实中川楝素的超声法提取最佳工艺参数分别为,甲醇浓度70%、提取时间20 min、料液比1 g︰30 m L、超声波功率200 W,在此条件下,川楝素的提取率达到了0.32%。超声提取法提取苦楝果实中川楝素的精密度、稳定性、重复性、加标回收率均良好。     

迷迭香叶中鼠尾草酸的分离纯化

以迷迭香叶为原料,采用超声波辅助乙醇提取、超声波辅助正己烷提取及p H值调节、硅胶柱层析3步骤复合提取纯化方法制备鼠尾草酸,结果表明:迷迭香叶经超声波辅助乙醇提取得到迷迭香叶提取物,其鼠尾草酸纯度为21.06%;迷迭香叶提取物经超声波辅助正己烷提取和p H调节得鼠尾草酸粗品,其鼠尾草酸纯度为79.62%,超声波辅助正己烷提取的优化条件为:液固比20∶1(m L∶g)、超声波频率28 k Hz、超声波时间40 min、超声波功率140 W,鼠尾草酸的得率为2.0%;硅胶柱层析的优化条件为:硅胶粒径48~75μm、洗脱剂为乙酸乙酯/石油醚(体积比4∶7)、洗脱剂流速6 m L/min、上样量为0.3 g,鼠尾草酸回收率为54.12%。通过此种方法得到的鼠尾草酸纯度为95.18%。     

超声波辅助提取白果粗脂肪

以自制白果粉为原料,分析了提取溶剂、粉料粒度、提取温度、超声波功率、料液比、提取时间及提取次数对白果出油率的影响。结果表明:石油醚(沸程60～90℃)是较适宜的提取溶剂,出油率为3.88%。最佳提取工艺为:白果粉粉碎度80目,提取温度25℃,超声波提取功率200 W,料液比1∶25(g/ml),每次提取时间40 min,提取次数2次。最优工艺条件下,出油率为3.86%,较索氏提取法,该工艺对白果粗脂肪的提取率为98.71%。     

响应面法优化桑黄菌丝体多糖超声波提取工艺的研究

为了探索超声波法提取桑黄菌丝体多糖的最佳工艺.在单因素试验的基础上,选取超声波时间、液料比和超声波功率为影响因子,应用Box-Behnken中心组合进行3因素3水平的试验设计,以桑黄菌丝体多糖的得率作为响应值,应用响应面法(RSM) 对超声波的提取条件进行进一步的优化.结果表明,超声波法提取桑黄菌丝体多糖的最佳提取条件为:桑黄菌粉0.1g,提取时间260s,液料比49∶1(mL∶g), 提取功率464W,提取两次,桑黄菌丝体多糖的得率为13.19%.桑黄菌丝体多糖得率比常规水提法高,同时大大缩短了提取时间.     

超声波提取金丝小枣多糖的工艺研究

通过分析5种枣的化学成分,确定了金丝小枣为提取枣多糖的较佳原料。探讨了超声波提取枣多糖的优化工艺。通过响应面分析法考察超声波功率、提取时间、提取温度、料液比对枣多糖得率与纯度的影响,得出枣多糖最佳的提取工艺条件为:超声波功率86~96 W,提取温度45~53℃,提取时间20 m in,料液比1∶20(g∶mL),枣多糖得率7.63%,纯度35.57%。与传统的水浴浸提法相比,该方法不仅缩短了提取时间,且提高了枣多糖得率与纯度。同时,用红外光谱技术分析两种方法所得枣多糖,可知其化学结构基本一致。     

苦楝素提取方法的比较研究

对比研究了从苦楝树皮中提取苦楝素的几种方法,通过实验,得出了不同提取方法的最佳条件。超临界CO2萃取在萃取温度45℃、压力20MPa、夹带剂为60%乙醇的情况下萃取2h,苦楝素的萃取率为0.850%;微波辅助提取法,以60%乙醇为溶剂,料液比为1∶9(g∶mL,下同),微波功率340W,辐射时间40s×3次,苦楝素的提取率为0.693%;超声波提取法,以60%乙醇为溶剂,料液比为1∶9,超声波作用时间为30min,超声波功率为200W,苦楝素的提取率为0.715%。将上述3种提取方法与传统的有机溶剂提取法进行详细的比较,结果表明:对于苦楝素提取,超声波提取法最好。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.