不同湿地松种源木材材性遗传变异的研究

本文对浙江省长乐林场的湿地松 (Pinuselliottii) 18个种源的木材性质进行测定与分析。结果表明 ,种源间木材气干密度、抗弯强度、抗弯弹性模量和顺纹抗压强度差异极显著 ;管胞长度与宽度、冲击韧性差异显著 ,而管胞壁厚及胞壁率差异不显著 ;种源内木材气干密度、力学强度及胞壁率差异不显著 ,管胞长、宽和壁厚的差异均显著且高于种源间的差异。实验结果表明在种源水平上 ,进行木材气干密度、力学强度和管胞形态的种源选择 ,可取得良好的效果 ;种源内个体管胞形态 (管胞长、宽和壁厚 )变异大于种源间的差异 ,表明湿地松种源材质改良如在种源选择基础上进行个体改良会取得更好的增益。 18个种源木材管胞长度及宽度、管胞壁厚、胞壁率的广义遗传力分别为 :0 36 15、0 5 993、0 74 73、0 16 98;木材气干密度、抗弯强度、抗弯弹性模量、顺纹抗压强度与冲击韧性的广义遗传力分别为 :0 4 14 2、0 2 6 4 6、0 10 82、0 2 977和 0 12 4 6 ;种源树高及胸径的广义遗传力为 :0 4 0 5 7和 0 4 74 7;说明湿地松种源木材管胞性状、木材气干密度及树木生长性状 (胞壁率除外 )受中度或弱度遗传控制 ,通过一定强度的选择 ,能获得较高的遗传增益。本研究还从树木生长性状与管胞形态、力学强度方面对 18个种源进     

人工林马尾松木材性质的变异

本文研究了广西人工林马尾松木材性质的变异及幼龄材与成熟材的差异。结果表明 ,幼龄材与成熟材的分界年龄在 14　 16a ,解剖性质在径向上的变异规律为 :射线比量、树脂道比量、胞壁率、胞腔直径、胞壁厚、管胞长度、管胞宽度和晚材壁腔比是自髓心向外呈递增趋势 ,管胞比量和晚材率为递减趋势 ,早材壁腔比和早材腔径比则近似于一条直线。方差分析结果表明 :树脂道比量、胞壁率、胞壁厚、管胞长度和管胞宽度 ,幼龄材与成熟材差异达显著或极显著水平。 5项木材物理力学性质均为成熟材高于幼龄材 ,且均达差异显著水平。木材性质间的相关分析表明 :木材基本密度与管胞长度、管胞宽度、射线比量、树脂道比量、胞壁率呈显著的正相关关系 ,木材气干密度与抗弯强度、抗弯弹性模量、顺纹抗压强度也呈显著的正相关关系     

华北落叶松与长白落叶松基本材质材性的研究

按国家标准对河北省木兰围场国有林场管理局华北落叶松和长白落叶松木材基本物理力学性质进行对比试验,结果表明:2种落叶松木材的pH值均呈酸性;长白落叶松的晚材率为29.70%,大于华北落叶松的26.30%;2种落叶松的弦向干缩率均大于径向干缩率,长白落叶松的干缩率略小;长白落叶松的气干密度为0.547g/cm3,略大于华北落叶松的气干密度0.534g/cm3,长白落叶松全干密度为0.413g/cm3,小于华北落叶松的0.419g/cm3;顺纹抗压强度和弹性模量中,长白落叶松为59.0 MPa和11.48GPa,华北落叶松为59.3MPa和12.87GPa,华北落叶松的力学性质较好;华北落叶松管胞的长度为2 490.24μm、宽度为28.45μm、长宽比86.43,略优于长白落叶松管胞长度2 684.42μm、宽度36.12μm、长宽比80.12。通过方差分析可知,2种落叶松管胞宽度差异显著,其余所测木材的材性无显著差异,长白落叶松晚材率较高、干缩稳定性较好、力学性质略小。     

火炬松半同胞家系主要经济性状的遗传变异及选择

对1988年营造的火炬松36个半同胞家系测定林的研究结果表明：树高、胸径、材积、木材密度、纤维素含量、管胞长度和宽度等生长和木材性状在家系间有显著的差异，具有较高的遗传力。生长性状和木材性状在一定程度上受遗传因素所控制，树高、胸径、材积间呈正遗传相关关系，木材基本密度、纤维素含量、管胞长度、管胞宽度和材积生长相关关系不显著。据此，利用约束和无约束选择指数，根据纸浆材的要求，进行生长和材性联合选择，评选出82-51、82-89、82-22、82-32、82-5、84-6、82-64、85-32、83-19等9个家系为纸浆材优良家系。     

火炬松半同胞家系遗传测定与早期性状评定

对15年生火炬松半同胞家系的生长和材性性状测定表明:火炬松家系树高、胸径、材积、木材基本密度、纤维素含量、管胞长度与宽度等具有显著的差异;在家系水平上,木材基本密度、纤维素含量、管胞长度与宽度和材积生长相关不明显．遗传力测定表明:家系生长性状与材性性状平均遗传力均较高,达到中等程度以上．对树高生长、胸径生长、木材基本密度、纤维素含量、管胞长度与宽度等性状进行年度相关、早晚期选择研究表明:火炬松家系的生长相关主要由遗传决定;树高从第5年开始,胸径从第4年开始与以后各年的相关系效均在0．7以上,表明以此为最低年龄进行早期选择有较大的可靠性;木材基本密度10年生与其后各年龄级的相关系数值趋于稳定,术材密度最低选择年龄为10年;木材纤维素含量11年生与其后各年龄级的相关系效值趋于稳定,木材纤维素含量的最低选择年龄为11年．     

施肥对湿地松幼林生长和木材物理力学性质的影响

研究了黄红壤立地上湿地松幼林施肥种类、施肥量及施肥配比对生长量、木材物理力学性质的影响 ,结果表明 :(1)施用N肥对湿地松生长有显著的抑制作用 ,K肥处理材积明显下降 ,P肥和P肥与N、K配比施肥及N、P、K配比施肥显著地促进湿地松胸径、树高、材积的生长 ;(2 )施肥处理对木材弦向干缩率、径向干缩率、纵向干缩率、体积干缩率、差异干缩 5个气干干缩性状的影响没有达到差异显著的水平 ,但单施P肥、NP配比施肥使木材差异干缩、纵向干缩率明显减小 ,单施K肥、单施N肥使木材纵向干缩率增大 ;(3)单施P肥或P肥与N、K配比施肥及单施一定量的K肥能明显提高湿地松木材晚材率、基本密度、顺纹抗压强度、抗弯弹性模量 ,且P肥量与材性提高量成正比 ,而N肥处理显著降低了木材性质 ;(4)施肥处理对生长量与木材性质间相关性的影响因施肥种类而异 ,树高、胸径、材积因子与顺纹抗压强度、抗弯弹性模量、抗弯强度基本上呈正相关 ;晚材率、木材密度与顺纹抗压强度、抗弯弹性模量、抗弯强度呈正相关 ;(5 )林分内优势木木材物理力学性质明显优于中庸木 ,中庸木木材性质优于劣势木     

湿地松家系生长和材性遗传变异分析*

对广西南宁地区林科所引自津巴布韦１０年生的１０个湿地松家系的材性和生长因子进行了遗传变异分析。结果如下：（１）湿地松材性和生长因子都具有中等以上的家系遗传力，各因子家系间差异显著，特别是管胞长度、树高和材积指数家系间差异极显著，具有较大的遗传改良潜力。（２）基本密度与晚材率间具有中等程度的正向表型和遗传相关关系，与管胞长度为弱的负向表型相关和遗传相关；晚材率与管胞长度为弱的负向表型和遗传相关。生长性状间存在着极显著的正向表型和遗传型相关关系。基本密度和晚材率与生长因子间为弱的正向遗传相关；管胞长度与生长因子间具有弱的负向表型相关和极显著的负向遗传相关关系。（３）树高对湿地松材性具有较高的间接选择效应。     

间伐强度对湿地松木材性质的影响规律研究

通过对不同间伐强度处理 (未间伐、弱度 (伐去株数 18 6 % )、中度 (伐去 35 7% )、强度 (伐去5 2 9% ) )的 19年生湿地松林分其林木木材的主要材性指标进行全面测试分析研究 ,结果表明 :间伐后 8a ,间伐强度对湿地松木材气干密度、全干密度、径向全干缩率、体积全干缩率、差异干缩、顺纹抗压强度、抗弯强度、弹性模量、径向抗剪强度及端面硬度有显著影响 ;随着间伐强度的增大 ,树干年生长轮平均宽度、木材差异干缩是增大的 ,而随间伐强度的增加木材气干密度、全干密度有不同程度的减小 ,木材顺纹抗压强度、抗弯强度、抗弯弹性模量、硬度等主要力学性质则是呈先增加后减小的趋势。     

火炬松纸浆材优良家系多性状选择

对６年生火炬松自由授粉子代测定林进行了生长、材性和干形等性状的遗传参数估算和相关关系分析。树高、木材基本密度在家系间存在极显著差异，且具有较高的遗传力，胸径、材积、干材干重和管胞长度具中度遗传力，树干通直度和分枝性状未发现显著的家系间差异。干材干重与生长性状呈高度正相关，与木材基本密度呈微弱的负相关，而与管胞长度呈负相关。以浆材为选择目的进行家系指数选择，认为包含产量（干材干重）和质量（木材基本密     

湿地松与马尾松人工林木材物理力学性质的比较研究

通过对湿地松和马尾松人工林木材物理力学性质的测定和比较分析,结果表明:湿地松人工林木材密度、干缩系数和除冲击韧性以外的力学强度均稍大于马尾松人工林木材,而冲击韧性则恰恰相反.经差异显著性t检验表明:湿地松和马尾松木材物理力学性质指标中顺纹抗压强度、抗弯强度、弦面顺纹抗剪强度和冲击韧性差异极显著,气干密度、基本密度、径面顺纹抗剪强度和端面硬度差异显著,除此之外的其余指标差异不显著.     

火炬松不同种源纸浆材材性的变异

1983年火炬松31个种源引种栽培在浙江富阳中国林业科学研究院亚热带林业研究所实验林场,研究表明该批种源间10年生树木生长量和纸浆材材性因子如晚材率、管胞形态特征值(管胞长度、宽度、腔径、壁厚、长宽比、腔径比、壁腔比)、管胞S2层微纤丝角和木材基本密度存在着显著差异,木材主要化学成分中纤维素和木素含量种源间存在着显著差异,而戊聚糖和苯醇浸提物含量种源间差异不显著.这些材性特征除了木材化学性状因子外,均受中等以上程度遗传控制.木材纤维素、木素、戊聚糖和苯醇浸提物含量的广义遗传力分别为0.088、0.003、0.340和0.307,其余性状广义遗传力均大于0.50.引种地栽培环境对木材性状有显著影响.种源原产地纬度与树木生长量、管胞宽度、管胞直径和管胞微纤丝角呈负相关,与晚材率、木材密度呈正相关.31个种源树木胸高直径与管胞长宽比、管胞壁腔比、木材密度呈显著负相关,与管胞宽度、管胞直径、管胞腔径比呈正相关.     

Variation Within Trees of Wood Anatomical Properties in Chinese-Fir Plantation and Their Relationship Modeling Equations

A comprehensive analysis on the variation pattern of early- and latewood tracheid morphological parameters along tree (Cunninghamia lanceolata Hook.) height, including length and width, wall thickness, tissue proportion, cell wall percentage, width of growth rings, and on the relationship among them are conducted. The results indicate an initially rapid and then gentle increase of tracheid length and width, thickness of the radial wall and tangential wall of tracheid, area percentage of tracheid from pith to outward, while S2 microfibril angle (Mfa) of tracheid, and rays percentage gradually decrease and then tend to be stable. The variation of all anatomical parameters but earlywood cell wall thickness shows no significance along tree height. The radial variation pattern of width of growth rings is characterized with initially slight decrease followed immediately by a rapid and then much more gentle increase from pith to outward. The delimitation age between juvenile and mature wood is 14-16 years. Com     

Relationships among selected wood properties of 20-year-old Taiwania (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Taiwania cryptomerioides</Emphasis>) trees

The relationships between bending properties, compressive strength, tracheid length, microfibril angle, and ring characteristics of 20-year-old Taiwania (Taiwania cryptomerioides Hay.) trees were examined. The trees came from different thinning and pruning treatments, but the practices showed no significant effect on the investigated properties. The results showed that based on comparison with the literature, plantation-grown immature Taiwania have noticeably lower average strength properties than mature trees of the same species. Wood density and bending and compressive strengths were not related to either tracheid length or microfibril angle in young Taiwania. There were positive relationships between bending strength and compressive strength. The wood density, ring width, earlywood width, earlywood density, and latewood percentage were the most important predictors of strength by simple linear regressions. The wood density and ring width/earlywood width may be considered as indicators for assessing the bending strength, while wood density and latewood percentage were the best predictors of compressive strength by multiple linear regressions.     

长白落叶松纸浆材优良家系多性状联合选择研究

采用胸径木芯与伐倒木取样方法,对24年生长白落叶松优树子代测定林14个处理的生长性状、木芯材质性状、解析木材质性状及其制浆造纸特性进行了研究,结果表明:生长性状、木芯基本密度、木芯管胞性状均存在丰富的变异;家系间生长性状差异极显著;木芯基本密度、木芯管胞性状差异显著,家系遗传力在0.56 0.80之间;解析木基本密度、早材微纤丝角、管胞长度、早材壁腔比、木质素、阿拉伯糖含量、抗张强度、撕裂度等差异极显著,家系遗传力在0.64 0.86之间;晚材率、管胞长宽比、综纤维素含量等差异显著,家系遗传力在0.51 0.61,家系水平的材性改良潜力较大。生长性状与木芯管胞长度呈极显著正相关,与木芯基本密度、管胞长宽比相关不显著;木芯基本密度、管胞长度、管胞宽度以及管胞长宽比与解析木相应性状呈极显著正相关关系,且回归模型较为理想,可以利用胸径木芯各性状值预测其单株值,间接选择和评价纸浆材优良家系。通过生长性状、木芯基本密度和木芯管胞长宽比综合分析选出166、169为优良家系,根据解析木生长、材质以及纸张物理性状选出的优良家系与其结果一致。优良家系材积、木芯基本密度和木芯管胞长宽比的遗传增益(超过对照)分别为48.34%(38.80%)、14.01%(3.63%)和19.89%(6.42%)。     

Hydraulic and mechanical properties of young Norway spruce clones related to growth and wood structure

Stem segments of eight five-year-old Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) clones differing in growth characteristics were tested for maximum specific hydraulic conductivity (k(s100)), vulnerability to cavitation and behavior under mechanical stress. The vulnerability of the clones to cavitation was assessed by measuring the applied air pressure required to cause 12 and 50% loss of conductivity (Psi(12), Psi(50)) and the percent loss of conductivity at 4 MPa applied air pressure (PLC(4MPa)). The bending strength and stiffness and the axial compression strength and stiffness of the same stem segments were measured to characterize wood mechanical properties. Growth ring width, wood density, latewood percentage, lumen diameter, cell wall thickness, tracheid length and pit dimensions of earlywood cells, spiral grain and microfibril angles were examined to identify structure-function relationships. High k(s100) was strongly and positively related to spiral grain angle, which corresponded positively to tracheid length and pit dimensions. Spiral grain may reduce flow resistance of the bordered pits of the first earlywood tracheids, which are characterized by rounded tips and an equal distribution of pits along the entire length. Wood density was unrelated to hydraulic vulnerability parameters. Traits associated with higher hydraulic vulnerability were long tracheids, high latewood percentage and thick earlywood cell walls. The positive relationship between earlywood cell wall thickness and vulnerability to cavitation suggest that air seeding through the margo of bordered pits may occur in earlywood. There was a positive phenotypic and genotypic relationship between k(s100) and PLC(4MPa), and both parameters were positively related to tree growth rate. Variability in mechanical properties depended mostly on wood density, but also on the amount of compression wood. Accordingly, hydraulic conductivity and mechanical strength or stiffness showed no tradeoff.     

Variation in density of Picea sitchensis in relation to within-tree trends in tracheid diameter and wall thickness

The influences of cambial age and ring width on density of Sitkaspruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr) were analysed in relationto within-tree trends in tracheid diameter and cell wall thickness.Discs were sampled at breast height from a total of 24 trees,from seven stands at three contrasting sites in Wales, and atbreast height, 30 per cent and 60 per cent total tree heightfrom one of the stands. Across the juvenile wood, ring density decreased with ring numberfrom the pith while radial tracheid diameter increased. Theseoverall trends were considered to be inherent to tree growth,presumably associated with cambial ageing, since they occurredin all trees on all sites. In juvenile wood, density also variedwith site growth rate (as indicated by ring width) at similarcambial age, wider rings being associated with more rapidrateof change in tracheid diameter with ring number and with decreasein tracheid wall thickness. Consequently, on a site having treeswith high growth rate density decreased more rapidly acrossthe juvenile wood, down to a lower minimum value, than on siteswith a slower growth rate. In mature wood, the decrease in densitywith increase in ring width was associated with differencesin both tracheid diameter and wall thickness. Density was slightly(though not significantly) higher at breast height than in comparablerings at 30 per cent total height, associated with significantlythicker tracheid walls at breast height. Changes in radial tracheid diameter (with ring number, or withring width) were associated with greater differences in theearlywood than towards the latewood end of each growth ring,while variations in wall thickness with ring width were associatedwith rate of increase in wall thickness towards the latewoodend. This may account for some previously conflicting reportson influence of silvicultural management on density, for densityis likely to vary with influence of environment on the seasonalcycle of cambial activity. The extent of the juvenile wood as delimited by the inner coreof wide growth rings does not necessarily correspond to theregion of varying tracheid dimensions in Sitka spruce.     

日本落叶松无性系木材性质的遗传变异

对10个10年生日本落叶松无性系的木材基本密度、管胞参数进行了测定.结果表明:木材基本密度,早、晚材管胞宽度和早材长宽比无性系间差异显著;木材基本密度,早、晚材管胞长度,早晚材管胞宽度和早晚材长宽比径向变异模式相似,即从髓心向外以曲线形式不断增加,有时亦有起伏;早材从髓心向外以近似直线的形式缓慢增加,晚材从髓心向外以曲线形式增加,初期增加幅度较大,到一定年龄后趋于水平变化并略有波动;材质性状与树木年轮间的关系以对数方程、幂函数方程、指数方程拟合效果较好;除了晚材壁腔比和早材壁厚外,其它木材性质的重复力均在0.5以上,受中度或中度以上的遗传制约,按照20%的选择率,长宽比和晚材管胞长能获得较高的遗传增益.