The frequency of coccidial infection in dog families of different husbandry and breeds in south Germany

Oocysts and/or sporocysts were detected in 50 litters and 37 bitches of 100 coproscopically examined dog families in Southern Germany. Oocysts of Isospora spp. were excreted by 41 of the 50 positive litters, 36 and 16 litters shedding oocysts of Isospora ohioensis/burrowsi and I. canis, respectively. Sporocysts of Sarcocystis spp. and oocysts of Hammondia heydorni were detected in 12 and 7 litters, respectively. The excretion rates of the dams were arranged analogous to the detection of oocysts of Isospora spp. in 25 animals. Sporocysts of Sarcocystis and oocysts of H. heydorni were excreted by 19 and 6 dams, respectively. With regard to husbandry conditions distinct differences were established only for Isospora spp., because dog families kept in kennels always revealed higher excretion levels than dog mothers and their litters kept indoors. Excretion intensities increased directly proportional to the number of additional adult dogs and the number of litters born per year/stock, reaching maximum values of 80-100%. Analysis revealed no breed-related differences.     

Toxocara canis: frequency of detection and extent of infection in bitches of various breeds and husbandry and their litters in South Germany

Epidemiological investigations of 100 randomly selected dog families in Southern Germany revealed eggs of Toxocara canis in 67% of the litters and in 45% of the bitches. Eggs were isolated from litters at the earliest on the 16th day and at the latest on the 55th day post partum, in bitches on the 19th and 60th day respectively after giving birth. With regard to the coproscopically detected frequency of T. canis eggs in separate analyses of the dog breeds, only slight differences were found; very large breeds, however, revealed substantially a greater excretion extent. An evaluation exclusively concerned with the way the dog families were kept showed a higher percentage of 76.2% for litters from kennels than among those kept indoors, which amounted only to 51.4%. Relating the excretion extent to the number of additionally kept fully grown dogs/breeder, evident correlations were found, as the number of positive litters increased together with the number of additionally kept adult dogs/dog family. In comparison with dog families exclusively kept indoors, kennel dogs had a higher extent of excretion. Regarding the number of litters born per year/stock compared with excretion extent a positive correlation could be drawn for dog families up to 5 litters/year only. The number of litters born per bitch had no influence on the excretion extent of the litters. Correlations between the number of anthelminthic treatments of litters or bitches during and following pregnancy and the excretion extent of T. canis could not be deduced. The litters remained positive even after 5-8 treatments during the investigation period of 9 weeks and positive results continued after the puppies had been sold.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Fauna and incidence of endoparasites in kittens and their mothers from different husbandry situations in south Germany]

In this epidemiological study 100 litters of Southern Germany were investigated. 70 litters were kept on farms and 30 litters originated from mother cats kept indoors. At least 9 species were detected in litters from farms, 77.1% of these litters were infected with T. cati, 1.4% with hookworms, 10% with Capillaria, 10% with H. taeniaeformis, 67.1% with I. felis, 48.6% with I. rivolta, 17.1% with Toxoplasma/Hammondia, 4.3% with C. parvum and 1.4% with Giardia. In litters kept indoors only 5 species were established. 3.3% were infected with T. cati, 46.6% with I. felis, 33.3% with I. rivolta, 6.6% with Giardia and 3.3% with C. parvum. Analogous differences as regards to the keeping conditions existed also for the mother cats.     

Coccidiosis in cats

Coccidia infections occurring in cats (Isospora, Cryptosporidium, Toxoplasma, Hammondia, Sarcocystis), peculiarities of their life cycles, and diagnostic, prophylactic and therapeutic possibilities are described; the problems of Toxoplasma infections of cats are intensively discussed. If the oocystshedding cat is suspected to be the source of infection for the owner, only both coproscopical and serological results allow an appropriate advice.     

Endoparasitic infestation of wild hedgehogs and hedgehogs in human care with a contribution to therapy

In order to confirm the prevalence of endoparasites fecal samples from 127 hedgehogs living outdoors as well as from 85 in an animal home and from 542 hedgehogs hibernating in private homes were examined. 52.0%-72.3% of the animals from natural surroundings proved to be infested with the lung worm and 72.3%-74.0% with Capillaria species of the intestine, respectively. Capillaria aerophila were found in 15.1%-40.7%, whereas coccidia (1.4%-12.9%) were less frequent. In animal homes and private care hibernating hedgehogs excreted larvae of Crenosoma striatum (23.5% and 21.0%, respectively), eggs of Capillaria species of the intestine (47.1% and 37.1%), and eggs of Capillaria aerophila (7.1% and 19.4%), but oocysts of Isospora rastegaievae were found to be predominant (44.7% and 32.3%). Proglottides of Hymenolepis erinacei and eggs of Brachylaemus erinacei appeared only in the faeces of 3 and 2 hedgehogs, respectively. Helminths of the lung and gut were already found in May, therefore it must be concluded that these parasites are able to survive the winter in the host during the hibernation period. Even young hedgehogs (400-500 g) were infected with Crenosoma and/or Capillaria spp. of the intestine, however, compared with the adults the excretion of eggs and larvae was rather low. The antiparasitic agent Ivermectin (0.3 mg/100 g body-weight) was effective against Crenosoma striatum (efficacy: 95.9%) and Capillaria spp. (100%); therefore it can be recommended as a new, well tolerated anthelmintic against nematodes of the hedgehog.     

海州湾及邻近海域春夏季典型断面鱼类浮游生物群落的结构特征

根据2015年5―7月在海州湾及邻近海域存在空间异质性的南北两个典型断面进行的鱼卵、仔稚鱼水平拖网调查数据,采用多元统计分析等方法研究了该海域春、夏季鱼类浮游生物群落的空间变化。结果表明,本次调查共获得鱼卵33587粒,仔稚鱼713尾。出现鱼卵25种(未定种1种),隶属于14科25属,仔稚鱼13种(未定种1种),隶属于13科13属。鱼卵优势种主要是鳀(Engraulis japonicus)、多鳞鱚(Sillago sihama)、(魚銜)属(Callionymus spp.)、皮氏叫姑鱼(Johnius belengerii)、江口小公鱼(Stolephorus commersonni)和短吻红舌鳎(Cynoglossus joyneri);仔稚鱼优势种主要是(魚銜)属和斑鰶(Konosirus punctatus)。鱼类浮游生物种类组成年代际变化明显,目前以生命周期短、个体小、资源更新节律快的小型鱼种为主;研究表明,鱼类浮游生物的优势种在不同月份和断面之间存在一定变化,5、6月南北两断面优势种组成不同,7月开始出现共同优势种。从鱼类浮游生物的空间分布来看,近岸海域的丰度较高,5、6月鱼类浮游生物的平均丰度均为北面断面1高于南面断面2,7月反之。鱼类浮游生物群落在两个典型断面随月份呈现出不同特征,水深、温度和盐等海洋环境因子综合影响着春、夏季海州湾及邻近海域鱼类浮游生物群落结构。     

大亚湾鱼卵、仔稚鱼种群特征与环境因子的相关关系

为了解大亚湾鱼卵、稚仔鱼种群动态变化及其与环境因子的关系, 2015年采用浅水I型浮游生物拖网对大亚湾鱼卵、仔稚鱼进行了4个季度的调查,结果表明,4个季度共采获鱼卵31361粒,仔稚鱼244尾。经鉴定分析共有27种,其中鱼卵19种,隶属于6目16科18属;仔稚鱼18种,隶属于5目15科16属;鱼卵、仔稚鱼共有种11个。鱼卵平均丰度为614.55 ind/1000 m^3,稚仔鱼的平均丰度为3.69 ind/1000 m^3。鱼卵丰度季节变化由高到低依次为夏季、春季、冬季、秋季;空间分布显示,丰度由高到低依次为中央列岛、人工鱼礁区、湾口东岸。鱼卵多样性指数(H￠)范围为0.05～2.26,平均值为0.86,稚仔鱼多样性指数(H?)范围为0～2.53,平均值丰度0.82;鱼卵均匀度指数(J)范围为0.02～0.99,平均值为0.50;稚仔鱼均匀度指数(J)范围为0～1.00,平均值为0.52。根据Pearson相关性结果分析表明,与种群关系最密切的环境因子为温度和溶解氧(P<0.01)。研究结果显示,春夏季是大亚湾海域鱼类产卵的重要时期,中央列岛海域是大亚湾鱼类繁殖的关键区域。     

安徽升金湖秋季浮游藻类多样性与水质评

2006年10月对升金湖中的浮游藻类进行了调查,分析了浮游藻类分布规律及优势种的组成、浮游藻类多样性分布和浮游植物与环境因子的关系;利用多种多样性评价指数对水体的污染情况进行了评价.结果表明,升金湖有浮游藻类8门、101属、358种.浮游藻类的密度差异明显,介于81.7×104～6 427×104个/L,主要由蓝藻、绿藻、硅藻、甲藻、裸藻、隐藻、黄藻和金藻等组成,以蓝藻门的鞘丝藻、平裂藻和鱼腥藻,硅藻门的小环藻、针杆藻和直链藻,绿藻门的栅藻和盘星藻为优势种.各种评价指数显示,水体大部分区域的污染程度较为严重,整个湖泊属富营养化范畴.     

长江上游珍稀特有鱼类国家级自然保护区干流段鱼类组成及其多样性

2010年9-11月、2011年5-7月和9-11月、2012年5-7月在长江上游珍稀特有鱼类国家级自然保护区干流宜宾、合江及江津江段进行了4次鱼类资源调查,共采集鱼类样本27 836尾,隶属于7目17科111种(亚种),其中长江上游特有鱼类27种,产漂流性卵鱼类45种,外来鱼类6种。宜宾、合江及江津江段鱼类物种数分别为85、91及91种,宜宾与合江江段鱼类相似度指数为69.23%,合江与江津江段为71.70%,宜宾与江津江段为77.78%。铜鱼(Coreius heterodon)、南方鲇(Silurus meridionalis)、长鳍吻(Rhinogobio ventralis)及圆口铜鱼(C.guichenoti)为保护区干流主要经济鱼类,产漂流性卵鱼类占渔获物总重量的66.35%。鱼类Shannon-Wiener多样性指数在4次调查中江津江段均最高,宜宾次之,合江最低,但三江段之间多样性指数均无显著性差异(P>0.05)。与历史资料相比,该江段鱼类资源明显减少,急需加强保护措施。     

基于DNA条形码技术的永暑礁泻湖鱼卵鉴定研究

为了解南海珊瑚礁鱼类的产卵时间、产卵地点和种类分布,本研究以南海永暑礁泻湖鱼卵为研究对象,根据形态学特征和DNA条形码序列信息对其进行种属鉴定分析。71个鱼卵样品根据形态学特征分为圆形和椭圆形2种类型,圆形鱼卵44个,椭圆形鱼卵27个。利用DNA条形码技术扩增测序获得了30个鱼卵样品的线粒体COI条形码序列,经BOLD数据库比对分析显示30个鱼卵样品均可鉴定到种,分属于1个目,7个科,13个种。双斑栉齿刺尾鱼有10个鱼卵,白尾栉齿刺尾鱼有4个鱼卵,为该海域的优势种类,其余各种类均为1~2个鱼卵。根据线粒体COI序列计算种内的K2P(Kimura-2-parameter)遗传距离为0.002,同一个属种间的遗传距离为0.004~0.132,而同一个科不同属间的遗传距离为0.117~0.185。该研究结果表明DNA条形码技术可以作为鉴定南沙群岛珊瑚礁海域鱼卵的有效方法,能被广泛应用于南沙群岛珊瑚海区域鱼卵和仔稚鱼的鉴定工作。     

Helminth infections in wild boars in enclosures in southern Germany: species spectrum and infection frequency

To determine the helminth fauna of wild boars, stomachs and intestines of 124, lungs of 62, and livers of 39 animals from 5 enclosures in Southern Germany were examined. The evaluation of the species composition revealed at least 13 species: Metastrongylus apri, M. salmi, M. pudendotectus, Physocephalus sexalatus, Hyostrongylus rubidus, Globocephalus longemucronatus, Ascaris suum, Trichuris suis, Oesophagostomum dentatum, O. quadrispinulatum, Fasciola hepatica, C. tenuicollis and Capillaria. The most frequently isolated species was M. salmi with 91.9%, followed by G. longemucronatus with 91.1%, M. apri with 88.7%, M. pudendotectus with 87.1%, P. sexalatus with 51.6%, O. dentatum with 46%, T. suis with 30.6%, H. rubidus with 14.5%, A. suum with 12.1% and O. quadrispinulatum with 8.1%. Differences in the prevalence of infection, determined for animals up to 1 year old, 1-2 year-old and adults, were minimal for Metastrongylus spp. and G. longemucronatus. P. sexalatus, T. suis and A. suum, however, occurred more often in 1 year old, whereas H. rubidus, O. dentatum and O. quadrispinulatum were isolated more often from adults. A correlation of the infection rate with the sex of the animals was not found.     

厦门南部海域春季鱼卵、仔稚鱼种类组成与数量分布

根据2013年4月在厦门南部海域的调查资料,对其鱼卵和仔稚鱼的种类组成与数量分布特点进行初步研究和探讨.结果表明,本调查海域春季共出现鱼卵和仔稚鱼21种,其中鱼卵14种,仔稚鱼9种.21个种类隶属于16科.鱼卵、仔稚鱼数量主要以黄姑鱼（Nibea albifora）、青鳞小沙丁鱼（Sardinella zunasi）和鰕虎鱼科（Gobiidae sp.）为主;春季水平拖网鱼卵和仔稚鱼平均密度分别为107.7 ind/网和1.0ind/网,垂直拖网鱼卵和仔稚鱼平均密度分别为0.69 ind/m3和0.47 ind/m3;春季鱼卵数量分布以浯屿岛东侧的11站位和小金门岛北侧的9站位较为集中,仔稚鱼以下鸡屿北侧的4站位和大担岛东南侧的12站位较为集中.比较以往的研究成果,随着厦门南部海域的高度开发利用,海域生态环境已发生很大变化,导致鱼卵、仔稚鱼种类数明显减少,主要优势种也发生较大变化.     

Species identification of Alaska pollock,Gadus spp., and Micromesistius spp. in cod roe products using a PCR-based method

Fish species identification techniques for authentic food labeling were developed using species-specific PCR primers for cod roe products. A salted, seasoned fish roe product, karashimentaiko (chilli cod roe), is produced from the eggs of Alaska pollock, Theragra chalcogramma, according to the fair trade competition agreement authorized by the Fair Trade Commission of the Japanese government. To examine whether Alaska pollock ovaries or those of other fish species are being used as raw materials for the fish roe products, we developed species identification techniques using PCR amplification of a 255-bp fragment encoding the mitochondrial ATP synthase Fo subunit 6 (ATP6) gene with a species-specific primer set for Alaska pollock mitochondrial DNA. We also designed two species-specific primer sets corresponding to the mitochondrial ATP6 and cytochrome b (cytb) for Gadus spp. and Micromesistius spp. by PCR amplification of 332- and 223-bp fragments, respectively. We examined the species specificity of these PCR-based methods among nine commercially important Gadidae species.     

罗源湾夏季鱼卵和仔稚鱼种类组成与数量分布

分析研究了2009年7月福建罗源湾鱼卵、仔稚鱼的种类组成及数量分布。共鉴定19种鱼类的鱼卵和仔稚鱼,隶属于13科。其中,鱼卵10种、仔稚鱼14种。夏季,罗源湾水平拖网鱼卵和仔稚鱼平均密度分别为1.80 ind/m3和0.54 ind/m3;垂直拖网鱼卵和仔稚鱼平均密度分别为4.11 ind/m3和2.63 ind/m3。鱼卵、仔稚鱼以鳀科数量最多,优势种类为中颌棱鳀(Thrissa mystax)和康氏小公鱼(Stolephoruscommersonli)。与历史资料相比,不但种类数减少,且优势种由多科鱼类并存向鳀科鱼类为主转变。夏季鱼卵、仔稚鱼主要分布在罗源湾中北部海域及湾口附近。     

长江中游宜昌江段鱼类早期资源现状

为了探明长江中游宜昌江段鱼类早期资源状况,2014年和2015年连续两年于5―7月在长江中游宜昌江段对产漂流性卵鱼类进行监测,期间共采集鱼卵12209粒。通过分子生物学方法共鉴定出27种鱼类,隶属于2目、4科。其中鲤科鱼类种类数最多,占77%;其次是鳅科,占15%;平鳍鳅科和银鱼科最少,均为4%。鉴定出的27种鱼类中,产漂流性卵鱼类有22种。2014年和2015年长江中游宜昌江段产漂流性卵鱼类的产卵量分别为79.1×10~8粒和70.9×10~8粒,其中四大家鱼产卵量分别为5.65×10~8粒和6.13×10~8粒。监测期间共出现7次产卵高峰(2014年4次,2015年3次),集中在6月初及6月中下旬。四大家鱼产卵量日变化与长江流量日变化关联性较强。2014年宜昌断面采集的四大家鱼鱼卵来自采样点上游的葛洲坝下(坝下–庙咀)、宜昌(胭脂坝–云池)和白洋(白洋镇–关州)三处产卵江段,2015年的四大家鱼鱼卵则来自葛洲坝下(坝下–庙咀)、宜昌(胭脂坝–红花套)两个产卵场。和历史资料相比,长江中游宜昌江段四大家鱼产卵场位置略有下移,规模呈减少趋势。建议继续科学适宜地开展生态调度和增殖放流,满足长江中游鱼类繁殖需求。     

长江中游监利江段鱼卵及仔稚鱼时空分布

2010年5-7月对长江中游监利江段鱼卵和仔稚鱼的时空分布进行调查,共采集到鱼卵样品9494粒,仔稚鱼样品328422尾,分属8目15科43属51种.结果显示:5-7月鱼卵的平均密度为13.3 ind./100m3,最大密度值87.8 ind./100 m3,主要集中在5月;5-7月仔稚鱼平均密度为61.8 ind./...     

三峡库区丰都江段鱼类早期资源现状研究

探究三峡库区丰都江段鱼类早期资源现状,评估长江上游梯级水库群联合调度对鱼类早期资源的影响,可为三峡库区渔业资源管理和保护措施制定提供科学依据。2018年5-7月,在三峡库区丰都江段利用圆锥网在左岸、江心和右岸进行鱼卵、鱼苗逐日取样调查。结果显示,调查期间共采集鱼卵7426粒、鱼苗15461尾,隶属于5目、10科、40种(鱼卵16种,仔鱼36种),其中产漂流性卵鱼类19种。估算通过丰都断面的卵苗径流量为290.55×10⁸粒(尾),其中鱼卵89.84×10⁸粒,鱼苗200.71×10⁸尾;四大家的卵苗总径流量为2.24×10⁸粒(尾),其中鱼卵0.95×10⁸粒,鱼苗1.29×10⁸尾。调查期间出现3次产卵高峰,集中在5月下旬和6月下旬。各类仔鱼数量呈现出不同的时间动态,太湖新银鱼(Neosalanx taihuensis)、吻鰕虎鱼属(Rhinogobius sp.)、鲤(Cyprinus carpio)主要出现在5月,四大家鱼以及宜昌鳅鮀(Gobiobotia filifer)主要出现在6月。研究表明,三峡库区靠近库尾段的鱼类早期资源丰富,库尾江段仍存在四大家鱼产卵场。     

长江安庆新洲江段仔稚鱼的群聚特征

安庆新洲江段是长江下游典型的干流-沙洲生境,为掌握该水域仔稚鱼群聚特征,于2018年4月15日—8月4日开展了逐日调查。调查期间,共采集鉴定仔稚鱼121246尾,隶属于6目8科34种,贝氏䱗（）为第一优势种。新洲南汊、北汊分别采集仔稚鱼79338尾和41908尾,数量占比依次为65.44%和占34.56%。所有渔获物中,产漂流性卵鱼类物种数最多（16种,47.06%）,产浮性卵鱼类数量最多（92623尾,76.39%）。就时间特征而言,南汊、北汊仔稚鱼丰度日变化趋势基本一致,表现出与水位上涨高度关联,共监测到三次高峰,其中7月13日达到峰值（2001.28 ind/100 m³）;就空间特征而言,近岸采样点丰度高于河道中泓采样点,南汊丰度总体高于北汊。冗余分析结果显示,与新洲江段仔稚鱼丰度相关性较强的环境因子为水位、浊度、水温和透明度,其中水位为主要的正相关因子。空间尺度的聚类分析将新洲江段6个采样点分为3个群组,表明新洲江段不同采样点仔稚鱼群聚结构差异显著（=0.017）。研究表明,安庆新洲江段仔稚鱼补充量显著大于上游输入量,新洲对该江段仔稚鱼群聚特征具有显著影响,总体表现为南汊的鱼类繁殖条件显著优于北汊。研究结果补充了安庆新洲江段鱼类早期资源的基础数据,为长江下游渔业资源评估与保护提供了依据。     

Flavobacteria colonizing the early life stages of hatchery‐incubated Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum 1792) are markedly diverse

Flavobacterial diseases are significant impediments to hatchery‐based fishery conservation and aquaculture productivity worldwide. Recent studies revealed a multitude of novel flavobacteria within the reproductive fluids and unfertilized eggs of feral Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha broodstock, some of which were associated with systemic disease. Herein, embryonated eggs/fry from these broodstock were assayed for flavobacteria while in incubator stacks in three hatcheries over 2 years, as was the water entering hatchery incubators. Overall, >65% of sampled eggs and 38% of fry were colonized by flavobacteria. One hundred and ninety‐one egg and fry‐associated flavobacterial isolates were characterized phenotypically and via 16S rRNA gene sequencing and phylogenetic analyses, revealing that the majority fell into 22 clades (i.e., 15 Flavobacterium spp. groups and seven Chryseobacterium spp. groups) that varied in presence by facility. Although some matched previously described fish‐pathogenic species, the majority were distinct from all described flavobacteria and likely represent novel species. Of concern, iodophor disinfection at the commonly utilized dose/duration for egg‐surface disinfection did not eliminate flavobacteria. Results also implicated maternal routes of infection and source water for some flavobacteria. In total, study findings underscore the complexity of flavobacterial ecology within hatchery environments and highlight the need for improved hatchery biosecurity practices.     

长江中游监利江段鱼类早期资源及生态调度对鱼类繁殖的影响

为了解三峡水库开展试验性生态调度后长江中游监利江段鱼类早期资源现状,本研究于2018年、2019年的5—7月对该江段卵苗种类组成、资源量、产卵场及生态水文指标开展了调查,共鉴定出鱼类7目14科54种（属）,其中产漂流性卵鱼类26种。仔鱼组成以贝氏䱗（）（占15.2%）、沙鳅属（粒、324.2×10⁸尾;2019年分别为35.9×10⁸粒、1140.7×10⁸尾。监利江段成为鳊（）等鱼类的重要产卵场。生态调度对监利江段贝氏䱗、鳊、银鮈等鱼类的自然繁殖有明显促进作用。产卵量与涨水持续时间、流量累积涨幅呈正相关。监利江段涨水持续时间4 d及以上,流量累积涨幅3500 m³/s及以上时,产卵量可占当年调查期间鱼卵总规模的8.4%以上。建议继续开展并优化生态调度,加强对监利江段鱼类早期资源的基础研究。