二点委夜蛾幼虫高毒力球孢白僵菌菌株筛选与生物学特性初步研究

本研究对分离自二点委夜蛾Athetis lepigone（Moschler）越冬幼虫僵虫上分离的43株球孢白僵菌菌株进行生物测定,筛选到致病力较强的4株菌株,并对这4株菌株的菌落形态、菌株生长速度、产孢量和萌发率等生物学性状进行了测定。同时以二点委夜蛾2龄幼虫为供试虫源,测定了这4株白僵菌菌株对二点委夜蛾的致病力,从中筛选出具有生长速度快、萌发率高、产孢量大等培养性状优及毒力较强的球孢白僵菌Ed-41菌株。该菌株在浓度为1×107孢子.mL-1悬浮液喷雾接种处理后,在26℃条件下,第8 d供试幼虫的死亡率达85%,显示出对靶标害虫的具有较好的毒力,在二点委夜蛾害虫生物防治中将有潜在的的应用价值。     

白僵菌孢子不同浓度对萧氏松茎象成虫的毒力差异

应用白僵菌在1×10^5个孢子／ml、1×10^6个孢子／ml、1×10^7个孢子／ml、1×10^8个孢子／ml和1×10^9个孢子／ml 5个不同浓度对萧氏松茎象成虫进行毒力测定。其中以10^9个孢子／ml毒力最强,接种20d后,平均校正死亡率达100％,白僵率达95％,对萧氏松茎象成虫的致死和白僵速度最快,其LT50分别为8．39d和9．52d,10^8个孢子／ml次之,分别为9．30d和11．20d。各浓度对萧氏松茎象成虫的致死率和白僵率均随时间的增加而增加。在同一时间,致死率和白僵率均随孢子浓度的增加而增加。虽然10^9个孢子／ml和10^8个孢子／ml毒力强,但所需孢子量大,不适合应用于生产实践;10^7个孢子／ml毒力也很强,所需孢子量适中,因此较适合在生产实践推广应用。     

虫生真菌对节瓜蓟马种群的控制作用

室内试验表明,在1.5×108个/ml孢子浓度下,白僵菌对节瓜蓟马成虫、蛹和若虫的寄生率分别为70%、50.20%和17.78%,而在相同浓度下绿僵菌的寄生率较低。在2×108个/ml孢子浓度下田间土壤和植株喷施球孢白僵菌,5d后可使蓟马成虫减少49.22%。     

球孢白僵菌生物学特性与其对不同昆虫侵染差异相关性分析

球孢白僵菌对不同目标昆虫的侵染能力存在很大差异。应用4株不同寄主来源的球孢白僵菌对2龄小菜蛾和棉铃虫幼虫进行毒力测定,扫描电镜观察分生孢子在试虫体表的萌发及侵染过程,同时测定了4菌株的生长速率、产孢量和孢外酶水平等生物学特性。结果表明,供试菌株中HFW-05的生长速率及酶活性均高于其余3菌株;菌株HFW-05对小菜蛾致病力较高,处理6d后校正死亡率为87．1％,其余3株为30％左右;4菌株对棉铃虫6d后校正死亡率均低于20％。扫描电镜观察结果表明,菌株HFW-05附着在小菜蛾表皮12h后,孢子萌发后直接或产生较短芽管穿透表皮,36h后,未穿透小菜蛾表皮的菌丝体断裂为芽生孢子;其余处理分生孢子在试虫表皮均能萌发,但芽管多呈蔓延生长直至断裂为芽生孢子,未能有效穿透寄主表皮,且孢子生长周期均长于菌株HFW-05。单纯依据孢子萌发率、产孢量或酶活评价筛选高毒力菌株是不够的。     

不同菌株绿僵菌和白僵菌对刚竹毒蛾幼虫致病力及林间防治试验

刚竹毒蛾(Pantana phyllostachysae Chao)是福建省毛竹林的一种主要害虫,本研究应用5种金龟子绿僵菌(Metarhizium anisopliae)菌株和1种白僵菌(Beauveria bassiana)菌株,对3龄初幼虫进行感染力测定,旨在筛选出感染该虫的高致病力菌株。结果表明:应用1.45×10 7孢子/mL孢悬液感染12 d后,3龄初幼虫的校正死亡率均达到63.16%以上;其中MaFzzL-01和Ma1291-2两个绿僵菌株对该幼虫的致病力分别为90.93%和84.21%,其LT50值分别为5.97 d和6.67 d,LC50值分别为1.727×10 4孢子/mL和2.029×10 4孢子/mL。结果说明:绿僵菌MaFzzL-01和Ma1291-2两个菌株对该幼虫的致病力强,且致死速度快。应用1.45×10 8孢子/mL孢悬液进行林间防治可以取得良好效果。     

桃小食心虫高致病力白僵菌菌株筛选

对来源于不同地点或寄主的14株球孢白僵菌进行僵虫率、在虫体上菌丝生长时间、产孢时间及单虫产孢量测定,综合评价各菌株对桃小食心虫幼虫的致病力,选择较好的菌株进行毒力测定。结果表明：基于僵虫率、菌丝生长时间、产孢时间及单虫产孢量4个指标,筛选出 3 株具有较强致病力的优良菌株Bb7、Bb9和Bb14;在孢子浓度为1.0×107 孢子/mL时,对桃小食心虫幼虫的致死率分别为73.33%、77.78%和80.00%, LT50分别为8.45、7.49、8.42 d;LC50分别为1.76×105、3.03×106、2.10×105孢子/mL。     

4种虫生真菌对朱红毛斑蛾幼虫的室内毒力测定

以朱红毛斑蛾幼虫为研究对象,研究1株自朱红毛斑蛾幼虫僵虫上分离得到的球孢白僵菌Beauveria bassiana PfBb,与3种常用虫生真菌(金龟子绿僵菌Metarhizium anisopliae Mafz01、卵孢白僵菌B. brongniartii 400和球孢白僵菌B.bassiana DSXJ-07)进行致病力比较,以期筛选出高效的虫生真菌用于朱红毛斑蛾的生物防治。采用浸虫法,测定4种虫生真菌不同浓度下朱红毛斑蛾幼虫的校正死亡率及僵虫率。室内毒力测定结果表明,金龟子绿僵菌Mafz01、卵孢白僵菌400、球孢白僵菌DSXJ-07和球孢白僵菌PfBb对朱红毛斑蛾幼虫的致死中浓度分别为3.1×10~8、1.1×10~8、1.9×10~7和2.8×10~5孢子/mL;1.0×10~9孢子/mL浓度处理下的僵虫率分别为52.5%±6.45%、52.5%±6.45%、73.75%±6.29%和97.50±2.89%,且球孢白僵菌PfBb处理后的朱红毛斑蛾幼虫僵虫率显著高于其他3种虫生真菌。4种虫生真菌对朱红毛斑蛾幼虫毒力大小依次为球孢白僵菌PfBb球孢白僵菌DSXJ-07卵孢白僵菌400金龟子绿僵菌Mafz01。推荐使用浓度大于1.0×10~7孢子/mL的球孢白僵菌PfBb防治朱红毛斑蛾幼虫。     

球孢白僵菌HFW-05的诱变筛选及其对烟粉虱若虫的毒力测定

对田间分离到的球孢白僵菌进行孢子紫外诱变选育，获得一毒力较高、性能稳定的突变株HFW-05。初步研究结果表明，该菌株在SDAY、PDA、PCA平板培养基上8d内的平均菌落直径生长速度分别为3．13、2．25、2．75mm／d。在感染浓度（1×10^8孢子／m1）下，HFW．05菌株对2龄烟粉虱若虫的6d平均累计致死率为96．4％；对1、2龄烟粉虱若虫的LC50分别为1．87×10^6孢子／ml、2．09×10^6孢子／ml，其毒力分别为出发菌株的2．68和3．2倍。     

球孢白僵菌不同分离株的生物学特性的研究

为了明确不同白僵菌菌株的生物学特征,对15株白僵菌菌株的ITS片段进行测序分析,并对这些菌株的菌落生长速率、产孢量、孢子萌发率、单芽管孢子萌发比例、单芽管平均长度和长芽管平均长度等多项生物学指标进行测定。结果表明,单芽管孢子萌发比例变化范围在11．91％～96．03％;单芽管平均长度和双芽管平均长度分别为6．28-21．43μm和10．338～19．902μm;各菌株间孢子萌发率差异很大,变化范围22．09％-86．32％。对菌株的培养特性（孢子萌发率、产孢量和菌落生长速率）与孢子萌发特性（单芽管孢子萌发比例、芽管总平均长度和芽管整齐度）这两个主因子进行典型相关分析,两性状集团总体相关不显著（P=0．341）,而孢子萌发率与单芽管孢子萌发比例相关显著,菌落生长速率与芽管总平均长度呈显著相关。     

球孢白僵菌可湿性粉剂对马铃薯甲虫的防治效果

从受感染的马铃薯甲虫Leptinotarsa decemlineata（Say）分离出菌株1513,经鉴定为球孢白僵菌Beauveriabassiana（菌种保藏号为ACCC32222）。为了评价其对马铃薯甲虫的防治潜力,本研究测定了不同浓度白僵菌对不同龄期马铃薯甲虫幼虫的毒力作用。结果表明,在室温条件下（22～28℃）,处理9 d时1～2龄幼虫的僵虫率与孢子浓度成正比,其LC50为3.09×107孢子mL 1;处理8 d时,对3～4龄幼虫的LC50为9.92×107孢子mL 1;而孢子浓度为1×107孢子mL 1时,虫卵未受到明显的抑制。田间施菌2250 g hm 2时,在新疆新源县的防治效果较好,18 d时98.87%的虫体落地,地表僵虫率为53.91%;而在新疆尼勒克县,仅在土壤中发现僵虫,僵虫率为19.61%。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

The use of Solacol® (validamycin) as a growth retardant in the isolation of soil fungi

Solacol^®, a formulation of the antibiotic validamycin, at 0.33% in 2% malt extract agar, reduced the spread of fungi on dilution plates drastically and allowed twice as much incubation time before subculturing; this resulted in an elevated number of species isolated. Using pure cultures of 62 common soil fungi, it was shown that all fast-growing species (exceptPythium ultimum) were efficiently inhibited but not completely suppressed. Inhibition was comparable to that by 0.5% oxgall, though, while this substance completely suppressed several species, Solacol very strongly inhibited onlyGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum andRhizoctonia solani. In a further experiment each separate constituent of Solacol was tested against 22 fungi at equivalent concentrations. Validamycin strongly inhibitedChaetomium globosum and two Basidiomycetes, though hardly more than the non-ionic detergent which mainly inhibited the other fungi. A few species were, however, more inhibited by Solacol than by the detergent alone. Solacol at 0.33% is a suitable aid in dilution plating of soil fungi, by increasing the number of colonies and species observed.Samenvatting Solacol^®, een formulering van het antibioticum validamycine, remde de groei van schimmels in verdunningsplaten met een concentratie van 0.33% in 2% moutagar en maakte het mogelijk de periode tot afenten met een factor 2 te verlengen; daardoor was het aantal geïsoleerde soorten duidelijk toegenomen. Met reincultures van 62 algemene grondschimmelsoorten werd aangetoond, dat alle snelgroeiende soorten (met uitzondering vanPythium ultimum) voldoende geremd, maar niet volkomen onderdrukt werden. Het remmingspercentage was vergelijkbaar met dat van 0.5% ossegal, hoewel dit laatste sommige soorten volkomen onderdrukte; Solacol remde alleenGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum enRhizoctonia solani zeer sterk. In een volgend experiment werden de componenten van Solacol t.o.v. 22 fungi apart getoetst in concentraties equivalent aan 0.33% Solacol. Validamycine remde alleenChaetomium globosum en twee basidiomyceten behoorlijk, maar nauwelijks meer dan de niet-ionische uitvloeier, die in hoofdzaak de overige remeffecten veroorzaakte. Enkele soorten werden echter door het complete Solacol veel sterker geremd dan door de uitvloeier alleen. Solacol in een verdunning van 0,33% wordt aanbevolen bij verdunningsplaten voor het isoleren van grondschimmels ten einde het aantal kolonies en soorten te verhogen.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.