麦田秸秆覆盖效应及增产作用

冬小麦田覆盖稻草能增加N、P,特别是有机质和速效钾含量,增加土壤孔隙度,降低土壤容重。稻草覆盖能保墒、调温和减缓土壤水分、温度波动,降低麦田杂草密度。由于麦田覆盖稻草的上述综合生态效应,使小麦籽粒产量增加13.5%～46.1%,公斤稻草增产小麦0.12～0.23kg。冬小麦稻草经济有效覆盖量为3000kg/hm²。     

不同覆盖方式对旱地春玉米土壤水分及作物生产力的影响

为提高我国北方地区的旱作农田降水利用率,改善作物的水分有效性,于2008-2013年在山西省寿阳县国家旱作农业科技攻关试验区,连续定点定位设置渗水地膜与行间秸秆覆盖(SJ)、渗水地膜覆盖(S)、普通地膜与行间秸秆覆盖(PJ)、普通地膜覆盖(P)、秸秆覆盖(J)5个不同覆盖栽培模式,以传统平作为对照(CK),研究不同覆盖栽培模式对春玉米田土壤水分、产量及玉米经济效益的影响。6年研究结果表明:各覆盖处理均对土壤水分具有保持作用,0-200cm土层6年平均土壤贮水量较对照增加3.5%~8.8%。渗水地膜与行间秸秆覆盖(SJ)、渗水地膜覆盖(S)、普通地膜与行间秸秆覆盖(PJ)、普通地膜覆盖(P)和秸秆覆盖(J)处理增产效果显著,6年平均产量分别较对照增产27.8%,26.7%,19.2%,17.0%和6.9%,平均水分利用效率提高30.16%,29.63%,21.16%,15.87%和5.29%。渗水地膜覆盖(S)处理净收入最高,渗水地膜与行间秸秆覆盖(SJ)次之,6年平均净收入分别较对照增加1 924.2,1 703.6元/hm2。因此,渗水地膜覆盖(S)和渗水地膜与行间秸秆覆盖(SJ)处理在改善土壤水分效应的同时能显著增产增收,是北方半湿润偏旱区春玉米的高效栽培模式。     

液体地膜覆盖对棉花产量与土壤环境的影响

基于棉田可持续发展的思想,研究了液体地膜覆盖对棉花产量与土壤物理性状的影响。结果表明,适量液体地膜(112.5 kg/hm²)覆盖棉花增产显著,平均增产皮棉21.7%。液体地膜覆盖棉田提高土壤温度和含水量,降低土壤容重。表明液体地膜覆盖棉田对土壤环境无不良影响,利用液体地膜覆盖棉田是一项可行的技术。     

土壤秸秆注孔对土壤含水量及作物生长的影响

[目的] 研究土壤秸秆注孔对土壤含水量及作物生长的影响,为旱作农田增加雨水蓄集能力及提高水分利用效率提供理论依据。[方法] 开展玉米-小麦轮作田间试验,设置常规种植(CK)、土壤秸秆注孔2孔/m²(T₁),4孔/m²(T₂),8孔/m²(T₃)4个处理。[结果] 秸秆注孔所有处理均提高了整个试验期表层土壤含水量。T₂,T₃处理提高了收获期深层土壤含水量,试验结束时两者底层土壤(60-80 cm)含水量较CK分别提高了29.19 %和28.18 %。秸秆注孔处理提高了作物株高、经济产量和生物量,以及降水利用效率和水分利用效率,T₂,T₃处理的提高效果最明显,且彼此差异不显著。[结论] 秸秆注孔具有保水性能和增产能力,根据成本和效果综合考虑,推荐秸秆注孔4孔/m²(T₂)作为优选处理。     

秸秆覆盖对旱作冬小麦农田土壤呼吸、作物产量及经济 环境效益的影响

基于2009-2011年田间试验, 研究了黄土旱塬区不同秸秆覆盖措施下冬小麦农田土壤呼吸和小麦产量变化, 计算了生产每千克籽粒产量下土壤CO₂的释放量, 并以此比较了处理间的经济 环境效益值。试验包括4个处理: 无覆盖对照(CK)、全年9 000 kg·hm^-2秸秆覆盖(M₉₀₀₀)、全年4 500 kg·hm^-2秸秆覆盖(M₄₅₀₀)和夏闲期秸秆覆盖(SF)。结果表明: 冬小麦生育期内土壤CO₂累积释放量在处理间无显著差异, 但第1年生育期为14.92~17.43 t(CO₂)·hm^-2, 显著高于第2年[12.95~13.69 t(CO₂)·hm ^-2](P<0.05), 处理和年份的交互作用不显著。与CK(产量5.03 t·hm^-2)相比, 秸秆覆盖降低了作物产量, 其中M₉₀₀₀ (4.71 t·hm^-2)与CK差异显著。经济 环境效益值计算结果显示, 冬小麦生育期内生产每千克籽粒释放2.96~3.16 kg CO₂, 处理间无显著差异。从各处理平均值看, 小麦产量以及经济 环境效益值均存在显著的年际差异, 降水偏少的第1年度作物产量(4.60~4.98 t·hm^-2)显著低于降水相对丰富的第2年度(4.50~5.47 t·hm^-2), 但经济 环境效益值(3.03~3.69 kg·kg 1、2.45~2.88 kg·kg^-1)结果相反。处理和年份对作物产量和经济 环境效益值具有显著的交互影响, 在缺水年份秸秆覆盖能够提高作物产量, M₉₀₀₀处理具有最优的经济 环境效益; 而在丰水年份, 秸秆覆盖导致产量显著下降, CK具有更好的经济 环境效益。     

黄土塬区长期不同耕作、覆盖措施对表层土壤理化性状和玉米产量的影响

【目的】研究不同耕作、覆盖措施对土壤理化性质及对作物农艺性状的影响,为选择适合黄土高原沟壑区最佳耕作、覆盖措施提供参考。【方法】田间定位试验设置12个处理,分别为传统耕作、传统耕作+膜上种植、传统耕作+秸秆覆盖、传统耕作+膜侧种植、传统耕作+全膜覆盖、传统耕作+秸秆覆盖+地膜覆盖、隔年耕作、免耕、免耕+地膜覆盖、免耕+秸秆覆盖、免耕+生草覆盖、免耕+秸秆覆盖+地膜覆盖,每个处理3个重复。于2014年对已持续12年的不同耕作、覆盖措施土壤理化性质与农艺指标进行测定与分析。【结果】免耕处理降低了土壤容重,提高了土壤饱和导水率和4月下旬至10月上旬表层土壤含水量,降低了作物出苗期温度,降低了成熟期土壤全磷与速效磷含量,降低了株高、叶面积指数和产量。相反,地膜覆盖极显著增加了土壤容重(P < 0.01),显著降低了土壤饱和导水率(P < 0.05),降低了成熟期土壤有机质、全氮含量,有较为明显的保持和调节温度的作用,不同类型的地膜覆盖均能极显著提高玉米株高和叶面积指数进而提高产量(P < 0.01)。秸秆覆盖对土壤容重和含水量的影响与耕作方式有关,翻耕条件下,秸秆覆盖增加了土壤容重;免耕条件下,降低了土壤容重且均不显著。翻耕+秸秆覆盖土壤表层含水量最高;免耕+秸秆覆盖处理的土壤含水量最低。但秸秆覆盖下土壤有机质含量、全氮含量、作物株高、叶面积指数和产量与未覆盖时相比均有增加,影响皆达到显著水平(P < 0.05),且均有降低地表温度的作用。【结论】免耕虽有利于改良土壤物理性状,却较传统耕作降低了作物产量。免耕条件下秸秆+地膜处理显著提高作物产量和土壤全氮、有机质含量(P < 0.05),是免耕处理组中最优选择。不同类型的地膜覆盖均可显著提高作物产量(P < 0.05),而且秸秆+地膜双覆盖增产效果最显著,并显著提高土壤全氮、有机质含量,是黄土塬区最适宜的覆盖措施。     

渭北旱原冬小麦不同覆盖栽培模式的节水效益

在陕西渭北旱原区，通过田间试验对冬小麦不同覆盖栽培模式的水分利用效率、节水增产效果和投入产出进行详细的分析，并对不同覆盖栽培模式的节水增产机理进行了探讨。研究结果表明：渭北旱原区冬小麦不同覆盖栽培模式均优于常规栽培，垄覆膜沟覆秸秆更为突出。垄覆膜沟覆秸秆栽培模式提高水分利用效率到11.59 kg·mm^-1·hm^-2，单位粮食生产节水量达到37.21%～39.85%，单位耗水量增产达到58.68%～66.25%，产投比为1.34∶1，均高于其它覆盖栽培模式。垄覆膜沟覆秸秆模式栽培技术是提高旱地冬小麦产量和经济效益的有效途径之一。     

秸秆覆盖量对不同容重黑土坡耕地水土流失的影响

[目的] 研究免耕背景下土壤容重和秸秆覆盖对东北黑土坡耕地水土流失的影响,为东北黑土区保护性耕作技术的改良和推广提供理论依据。[方法] 通过模拟传统翻耕和免耕条件下的土壤容重（1.2,1.3 g/cm³）,结合不同秸秆覆盖量（0,328,656,984 g/m²）开展人工降雨试验,对比不同方式下黑土的初始产流时间、产流速率、径流量以及土壤流失量。[结果] ①土壤容重的增加显著缩短了初始产流时间并增加了水土流失量。同一秸秆覆盖量条件下,与容重为1.2 g/cm³时相比,1.3 g/cm³容重时的土壤初始产流时间缩短了13.1%～49.9%,径流量增加了0.4%～90.4%,土壤流失量增加了24.6%～302.8%;②与无秸秆覆盖相比,秸秆覆盖下的土壤初始产流时间延长了1.2～2.9倍,径流量减少了3.1%～38.9%,土壤流失量减少了34.0%～97.9%,且秸秆覆盖的保土效果与秸秆覆盖量呈极显著正相关关系（p<0.01,r=0.862）;秸秆覆盖量为656 g/m²时达到最佳的水土保持效果;③土壤容重的增加会加剧黑土水土流失,但秸秆覆盖显著降低了黑土水土流失,综合对比发现土壤容重为1.3 g/cm³时采取秸秆覆盖,平均减少了10.7%的径流量和74.2%的土壤流失量。[结论] 为有效防治水土流失,建议东北黑土区免耕时应注意结合秸秆覆盖措施,且秸秆覆盖量保持在656 g/m²以上为宜。     

微塑料输入与秸秆添加对潮土和黄棕壤氮淋溶的影响

为探究微塑料输入与秸秆添加对农田土壤氮淋溶的影响，以潮土和黄棕壤为研究对象，每种土壤各设置8个处理，包括对照（CK）、低量微塑料（PE1）、中量微塑料（PE2）、高量微塑料（PE3）、秸秆（S）、秸秆+低量微塑料（S+PE1）、秸秆+中量微塑料（S+PE2）、秸秆+高量微塑料（S+PE3），研究了添加秸秆与不添加秸秆条件下，不同微塑料输入量对土壤氮淋溶的影响。结果表明，仅添加微塑料条件下，与对照（CK）相比，潮土PE1、PE2、PE3处理总氮（TN）淋溶量均无显著差异，黄棕壤仅PE1处理显著增加了TN淋溶量。在添加秸秆（S）处理中，与对照（CK）相比，潮土添加秸秆后显著降低了硝态氮（NO₃^--N）、铵态氮（NH₄⁺-N）、TN淋溶量，分别降低了31.15%、13.45%、15.26%，黄棕壤添加秸秆后显著增加了TN淋溶量，增加了22.56%。添加秸秆处理相较于不添加秸秆处理，潮土各浓度微塑料输入下NO₃^--N、NH₄⁺-N、TN的累计淋溶量呈降低趋势，而黄棕壤低量微塑料输入降低了TN淋溶量，高量微塑料输入增加了TN淋溶量。偏最小二乘路径模型（PLS-PM）分析表明，在潮土中添加秸秆主要通过影响淋溶液pH和NO₃^--N淋溶量影响氮素淋溶，微塑料添加量对氮淋溶无显著影响；在黄棕壤中添加秸秆主要通过影响淋溶液NO₃^--N、NH₄⁺-N淋溶量影响氮淋溶，微塑料添加量主要通过影响淋溶液NH₄⁺-N淋溶量影响氮淋溶。研究结果可为农田土壤微塑料污染风险的管控及减少土壤氮素的淋失提供依据。     

秸秆还田替代化肥对黄土旱塬小麦产量及水肥利用的影响

为研究不同秸秆还田量替代部分化肥后对黄土高原冬小麦产量、水肥利用效率和硝态氮积累特征的影响。于2018—2021年在晋南黄土旱塬冬小麦种植区,设置秸秆不还田(S0)、秸秆半量还田(S1/2)、秸秆全量还田(S1)、秸秆2倍量还田(S2)4个还田量处理,研究不同秸秆还田量替代化肥对冬小麦产量形成、水肥利用效率及土壤硝态氮残留的影响。结果表明:在黄土旱塬麦区,秸秆还田替代8.3%~31.9% N和15.7%~63.2% P₂O₅的基础上,冬小麦产量总体随秸秆还田量增加而增加,且在降水丰沛年份,增加秸秆还田量可产生更大的产量效应。3年试验总体表明,S2处理冬小麦平均产量分别较S0、S1/2和S1处理分别高17.5%(P＜0.05),10.4%(P＜0.05),4.3%。连续3年秸秆还田均提高了冬小麦穗数,S2处理冬小麦平均单位面积穗数分别较S0、S1/2和[JP]S1处理高17.1%(P＜0.05),12.3%(P＜0.05),3.6%,不同处理间穗粒数和千粒重差异不显著。播前2 m土壤贮水量总体随着还田量的增加而增加,试验期间S2处理平均贮水量较S0提高8.3%(P＜0.05)。冬小麦生育期耗水量也表现为随着还田量的增加而增加,S2处理平均耗水量较S0处理增加了10.0%(P＜0.05)。不同处理间水分生产效率差异不显著,平均为14.9 kg/(hm²·mm)。在秸秆还田替代部分化肥基础上,旱塬冬小麦肥料利用效率随着秸秆还田量的增加而增加,其中,S2处理平均氮肥偏生产力(PFP_N)、氮肥农学效率(AE_N)、氮肥当季回收率(RE_N)和磷肥偏生产力(PFP_P)较S0处理分别提高66.4%,155.8%,113.5%,105.2%。连续3年秸秆不还田使0—2 m土壤硝态氮残留量较2018年播前提高100.6%,并随水向下淋溶在深层土壤中累积,而秸秆还田处理2 m土层硝态氮累积量均低于2018年播前,S2处理2 m土壤硝态氮残留量最低,为244.8 kg/hm²。综合考虑,晋南黄土旱塬麦区,在秸秆还田替代8.3%~31.9% N和15.7%~63.2% P₂O₅基地上,可增加播前土壤底墒,降低肥料残留,并提高肥料利用效率,进而提高冬小麦产量,其中,以2倍秸秆还田量(平均为7 477 kg/hm²)产生的产量和水肥效应最佳。研究结果可为推进旱作麦区面源污染防控和冬小麦高产高效绿色生产提供理论依据。     

Bodengefüge gegen Verdichtungen schützen – Lösungsansätze für den Schutz landwirtschaftlich genutzter Böden

Protecting soil structure against compaction—proposed solutions to safeguard agricultural soils To safeguard the ecological soil functions and the functions linked to human activities, measures against harmful changes to the soil are required, in line with the precautionary principle. The German Federal Soil Protection Act sets obligations for precaution in agricultural land use and, if harmful changes to the soil are foreseeable, measures for averting a danger. The results of a research project of the Federal Environmental Agency show that it is possible to describe an impairment of the soil structure, using methods of soil analysis. But this as a sole information would not qualify for the identification of harmful changes to the soil in the context of the Soil Protection Act, which requires an assessment of the severity of disruption of soil functions and the respective subject of protection. This would make additional soil investigations on site mandatory. Approaches in agricultural engineering and soil physics have introduced procedures to preserve the soil structure, in accordance with the precautionary principle. But these procedures have different goals and different ranges of application and hence offer partial solutions to safeguard against soil compaction. The assessment model of “trafficability by measuring the rut depth” provides information about the compaction status of the soil under applied conditions for farming gear, without providing detailed information about affected soil layers. The soil‐physical model of classifying soils into “risk classes for harmful soil compaction” focuses on the relationship between topsoil compaction and crop yields. The soil‐physical models “precompression stress” and “loading ratio” provide information for the assessment of subsoil compaction and a prognosis of a possible impairment of the soil structure at the water content of field capacity. It is necessary to validate the individual models with additional regional data about soil structure before a final assessment of the prognoses is made.     

Soil Erodibility and Physicochemical Properties of Collapsing Gully Alluvial Fans in Southern China

In southern China, collapsing gully erosion produces massive deposits of sediment on the plough layer of alluvial fan farmland, leading to reduced nutrients, increased erodibility, and even desertification. The aim of this study was to investigate soil erodibility (the factor K in the universal Soil Loss Equation, USLE) and physicochemical properties of the alluvial fans of the most severe collapsing gully erosion areas (Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong provinces) in southern China. The soils of the collapsing gully alluvial fans had a higher bulk density, but a lower total porosity, saturated water content, and silt and clay fractions than the control (CK) soils from the farmland without desertification. Soil quality gradually decreased from fan edge to fanhead. Significant decreases were found in soil pH, organic matter, cation exchange capacity, and total potassium, nitrogen, and phosphorus, as well as available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, resulting in a gradual decrease in soil nutrients from the fanedge to the fanhead. Soil erodibility was greatest in the fanhead, and soil erodibility K values of the alluvial fans were 53.71%, 66.28%, 67.53%, and 71.68 % greater than that in those of the CK soils of Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong, respectively, indicating a significant correlation between the soil erodibility K values and physicochemical properties, particularly sand fraction and organic matter content. The results provide new insights into the relationship between soil physicochemical properties and erodibility of alluvial fans, and suggest that improving soil structure might increase soil fertility in the collapsing gully alluvial fan farmland.     

Soil health – What should the doctor order?

The concept of soil health has been extensively reviewed in the scientific literature, but there is only patchy and inconsistent information available to farmers and growers who are concerned about the declining condition of their soils and are looking for appropriate test methods and management interventions to help reverse it. Although there are well‐established laboratory methods for soil chemical analysis, and a range of laboratory and field methods for measuring soil physical properties, only now are methods starting to emerge for soil biological analysis. This study provides an overview of the methods that are currently available commercially (or are close to commercialization) for farmers and growers in the UK. We examine the science underpinning the methods, the value of the information provided and how farmers and advisors can use results from such assessments for informed decision‐making in relation to soil management.     

土壤孔隙结构与土壤微环境和有机碳周转关系的研究进展

土壤结构是土壤功能的基础,不仅影响土壤养分的供应、水分的保持及渗透、气体的交换等过程,还为土壤微生物提供了物理生境,并调控土壤有机碳的周转这一关键过程。土壤的孔隙特征能够直接、真实地反映土壤结构的好坏;用土壤的孔隙特征作为试验指标能更好地反映土壤结构对这些过程的调节作用。在此基础上,将高度异质性的土壤孔隙结构同土壤微环境的变化和土壤有机碳的周转过程进行定量分析,对深入了解土壤结构在土壤生态系统中的功能至关重要。因此,着重从土壤孔隙结构对土壤微环境的影响及其与有机碳的关系两方面展开,剖析土壤孔隙结构调控作用下的土壤微环境响应过程,阐述土壤孔隙结构对土壤有机碳周转产生的直接、间接影响,强调土壤孔隙结构在调节土壤有机碳周转进程中的重要作用,并对土壤孔隙结构在调节土壤有机碳周转、植物残体分解及其与微生物协调作用机制等方面研究提出展望。     

土壤因子研究综述

介绍了国内外土壤因子的研究方法及研究成果,指出我国目前土壤因子研究中存在的问题,并结合我国土壤因子研究现状,认为继续土壤水蚀机理的研究是今后土壤因子研究的内容之一,同时,随着GIS和RS技术发展,应用GIS和RS技术研究区域土壤因子也将成为潮流。     

金沙江干热峡谷中退化的土壤生态系统生物学特征初探

Distribution characteristics of soil animals,microorganisms and enzymatic activity were studied in the dry red soil and Vertisol ecosystems with different degradation degrees in the Yuanmou dry hot valley of the Jinsha River,China.Results showed that Hymenoptera,Araneae and Collembola were the dominant groups of soil animals in the polts studied.The numbers of groups and individuals and density of soil animals in the dry red soil series were higher than those in the Vertisol series,and the numbers of individuals and density of soil animals decreased with the degree of soil degradation.Bacteria dominated microbiococnosis not only in the dry red soils but also in the Vertisols.Microbial numbers of the dry red soil series were higher than those of Vertisol series,and decreased with the degree of soil degradation.The activities of catalase,invertase,urease and alkaline phosphatase declined with the degradation degree and showed a significant decline with depth in the profiles of both the dry red soils and the Vertisols,but activities of polyphenol oxidase and acid and neutral phosphatase showed the same tendencies only in the Vertisols.It was concluded that the characteristics of soil animals,microorganisms and enzymatic activity could be used as the bio-indicators to show the degradation degree of the dry red soils and Vertisols.Correlation among these soil bio-indicators was highly significant.     

长期化肥有机替代对黑土颜色及腐殖物质的影响

基于30年长期定位试验,通过测定黑土光谱反射率和不同腐殖质组分含量,探究了不同施肥对黑土土壤腐殖质含量、土壤颜色及二者之间的关系。试验设置5个处理:(1)休耕(Fallow);(2)不施肥处理(CK);(3)单施化肥(NPK);(4)有机肥部分替代化肥(NPKM);(5)秸秆部分替代化肥处理(NPKS)。结果表明:与NPK处理相比,Fallow、NPKS、NPKM分别显著提高49.7%,74.3%,27.0%的土壤有机碳含量(p<0.05)。NPKM处理中胡敏酸(HA)含量最高为3.9 g/kg,随后依次为CK、NPKS、NPK、Fallow。NPKM、NPKS和Fallow处理中土壤富里酸(FA)含量为2.2~2.3 g/kg,显著高于NPK和CK。NPKM处理中胡敏素(HM)含量为18.6 g/kg,显著高于其他处理(p<0.05)。不同处理间土壤光谱反射率由高到低依次为NPK>Fallow、CK>NPKS>NPKM,与CK处理相比,NPK土壤光谱反射率在平均提高6.5%,NPKS和NPKM则分别降低11.1%和15.1%。根据线性相关分析结果,黑土土壤光谱反射率与土壤HAHM均呈显著负相关关系(p<0.01),相关系数(r)分别为-0.858,-0.681。综合上述结果,长期有机物料投入可以显著提高黑土腐殖物质含量,降低黑土光谱反射率,使黑土颜色加深,而长期化肥施入则使黑土光谱反射率提高,出现"褪色"现象,有机粪肥在黑土中对土壤有机质和腐殖质含量的提升效果优于秸秆。     

土壤润湿性受土壤特性及土地使用的影响

Depth distribution of soil wettability and its correlations with vegetation type, soil texture, and pH were investigated under various land use (cropland, grassland, and forestland) and soil management systems. Wettability was evaluated by contact angle with the Wilhelmy plate method. Water repellency was likely to be present under permanently vegetated land, but less common on tilled agricultural land. It was mostly prevalent in the topsoil, especially in coarse-textured soils, and decreased in the subsoil. However, the depth dependency of wettability could not be derived from the investigated wide range of soils. The correlation and multiple regression analysis revealed that the wettability in repellent soils was affected more by soil organic carbon (SOC) than by soil texture and pH, whereas in wettable soils, soil texture and pH were more effective than SOC. Furthermore, the quality of SOC seemed to be more important in determining wettability than its quantity, as proofed by stronger hydrophobicity under coniferous than under deciduous forestland. Soil management had a minor effect on wettability if conventional and conservation tillage or different grazing intensities were considered.     

设施栽培下原状土与扰动土水分特性的试验研究

以四川省双流县设施栽培土壤为研究对象,对其原状土与扰动土的土壤水分特征曲线、水分物理性质和比水容量等项目进行了研究。结果表明,扰动土水分特征曲线总体变化趋势与原状土较为一致。在低吸力阶段,相同吸力条件下扰动土含水量高于原状土,在高吸力阶段两者差异较小。扰动土毛管孔隙度、总孔度和凋萎含水量在剖面上的总体变化趋势与原状土较为一致。扰动土不同土层田间持水量和有效水含量差异较小,原状土的田间持水量和有效水含量均随土层加深而减少。在低吸力阶段,相同吸力条件下扰动土比水容量远高于原状土,但随土壤水吸力增加,扰动土比水容量变化趋势逐渐与原状土一致。