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1.
Soil conditions under no-tillage (NT) are often unfavorable for the growth of maize roots in comparison to conventional tillage (CT). In 1997 and 1999, the impacts of tillage on the morphology and spatial distribution of maize ( Zea mays L.) roots at anthesis were investigated in a 5-year field trial at two sites (loamy silt and sandy loam soils) in the Swiss midlands. Four soil cores, perpendicular to the maize row, were taken to a depth of 100 cm in each plot; the root length density (RLD), the mean root diameter (MD), and the relative length per diameter-class distribution (LDD) of the roots were determined. Roots were longer and thinner in 1999 than in 1997. The RLD was significantly higher and the MD was smaller on the loamy silt than on the sandy loam. The RLD and MD decreased with the distance from the plant row. Most of the maize roots, about 80% of the total root length, were in the layer from 0 to 40 cm, with maximum values from 5 to 10 cm; the thickest roots were in the soil layer from 10 to 50 cm. Significant differences in RLD with increasing distance from the row of plants were found in the top 30 cm. Averaged over the whole soil profile, RLD was higher and MD was smaller under CT than under NT. The impact of tillage on RLD and MD interacted with spatial factors and years. Within the soil profile, RLD was significantly higher under NT than under CT at a depth of 5 cm, whereas it was higher under CT than under NT below 10 cm. Below 50 cm, there was no difference in RLD between the tillage systems. In a horizontal direction, MD was consistently higher in the row and lower in the mid-row under NT than under CT. Our results show that differences in maize root growth between tillage systems, which were reported in previous studies, persist until anthesis. The accumulation of maize roots near the soil surface in NT suggests that subsurface-banding of starter fertilizer is a more efficient way of applying fertilizer (particularly immobile nutrients such as phosphorus) compared with broadcasting in order to supply sufficient nutrients for NT maize. 相似文献
2.
通过免耕和非免耕稻田中土壤物理化学特性和水稻根系生长发育特性的试验观测,研究了快速清茬免耕栽培的影响效果.结果表明:常年连作免耕有助于改善土壤的物理结构和增强土壤持水保肥能力;而且免耕田耕作层有机质、全N、全P、有效K、速效P、有效N含量均高于翻耕对照,但是Zn和全K低于对照.免耕栽培有利于水稻根系发育和在土壤中的分布,同时免耕大幅度提高水稻根系的吸收活力. 相似文献
3.
开展根系生物量的观测和研究,建立通用性的根系生物量模型对于开展生态系统生物量的监测和评估具有重要意义。为得到根系生物量的实时信息,2016年9月末利用挖土法和根系扫描系统,获取玉米根系的生物量及生态指标,分析了玉米根系生物量的垂直分布特征并建立了根系生物量与根系生态指标之间的模拟方程。结果表明:玉米根系生物量主要集中于0~30 cm,占玉米根系垂直分布量的94.44%。利用普通最小二乘法建立根系生物量模型均存在异方差问题,增加根长作为自变量建立的根系生物量模型显著提高了模拟精度,决定系数( R2)达0.91以上。采用对数转换消除方程的异方差及比较不同的模拟方程后发现,玉米根系生物量与根径和根长的组合变量( D2H)建立的指数函数是模拟玉米根系生物量的最优方程,决定系数( R2)最高,为0.90,平均绝对误差(MAE)、估计值的标准误差(SEE)、平均预估误差(MPE)均最小,满足了模拟方程的精度要求。对该方程进一步验证发现,模拟值和实测值之间的相关系数为0.92,说明此模型能较好地模拟根系生物量。利用根系生物量模型结合微根管法,可解决根系生物量实时观测难的问题。 相似文献
4.
通过对江苏省5大农区5个点连续免耕两年后土壤容重收缩性能和破碎强度的测定,结果表明:免耕能改善土壤结构和土壤排水通气状况。体变率与土壤〈0.01mm的物理性粘粒和〈0.001mm粘粒含量相关密切;常耕与免耕破碎强度的差值也与粘粒含量有一定的相关。 相似文献
5.
免耕覆盖试验结果表明,免耕覆盖玉米秸秆4500kg/hm2以上的处理比传统耕作玉米增产22.15%~25.65%,土壤水分利用效率提高2.9625kg/hm2·mm.春播前0~200cm土层速动易效水含量比传统耕作增加17.02~47.9mm,距地表5cm、10cm、15cm处的地积温与秸秆覆盖量呈极显著直线负相关关系,0~10cm土层土壤容重随秸秆覆盖量增加而减小,土壤有机质、全N、速效磷与秸秆覆盖量呈极显著直线回归关系.与传统耕作比较,脲酶、碱性磷酸酶和转化酶分别增加0.04~0.48mg/g、0.05~1.08mg/g和1.7~12.8mg/g,脲酶、碱性磷酸酶、转化酶与免耕秸秆覆盖量的关系呈极显著直线相关关系. 相似文献
6.
The capability of the soil water balance model SIMWASER to predict the impact of soil compaction upon the yield of maize ( Zea mays L.) is tested, using the results of a field experiment on the influence of soil compaction by wheel pressure upon soil structure, water regime and plant growth. The experimental site was located on an Eutric Cambisol with loamy silt soil texture at an elevation of 260 m in the northern, semi-humid sub-alpine zone of Austria. Within the experimental field a 7 m wide strip was compacted by a tractor driven trailer just before planting maize in May 1988. Compression effects due to trailer traffic resulted in distinct differences of physical and mechanical soil parameters in comparison with the uncompressed experimental plots down to a depth of about 30 cm: bulk density and penetration resistance at field capacity were increased from 1.45 to 1.85 g/cm 3, and from 0.8 to 1.5 MPa, respectively, while air-filled pore space as well as infiltration rate were appreciable lowered from about 0.08–0.02 cm 3/cm 3 and from 50 to 0.5 cm per day, respectively. The overall effect was a clear depression of the dry matter grain yield from 7184 kg/ha of the non-compacted plot to 5272 kg/ha in the compacted field strip. The deterministic and functional model SIMWASER simulates the water balance and the crop yield for any number of crop rotations and years, provided that daily weather records (air temperature, humidity of air, global radiation, wind and precipitation) are available. Crop growth and soil water regime are coupled together by the physiological processes of transpiration and assimilation, which take place at the same time through the stomata of the plant leaves and are both reacting in the same direction to changes in the soil water availability within the rooting zone. The water availability during rainless seasons depends on the hydraulic properties of the soil profile within the rooting depth and on rooting density. Rooting depth and density are affected by both the type of the crop and the penetration resistance of the soil, which depends on the soil moisture status and may be strongly increased by soil compaction. The model SIMWASER was able to simulate these effects as shown by the calculated grain yields, which amounted in the non-compacted plot to 7512 and to 5558 kg dry matter/ha in the compacted plot. 相似文献
7.
According to the kind of opener applied, no-tillage seeders can variously modify soil physical properties in relation to soil and climate conditions, thus potentially affecting crop emergence and early growth.The technological evolution of seeders for direct drilling of arable crops, progressively achieved in recent years, has been considerable, but new improvements now available need to be individually tested. In a field trial at Udine (NE Italy), the effects of a new kind of wide-sweep opener (i.e., side coulters curved upwards in their final part and slightly angled towards the direction of work) on soil physical properties in the seed zone and on crop emergence and early root growth of maize were evaluated in four different soils over a 2-year period (2002–2003), in comparison with the widely used double-disk opener.With respect to the double-disk opener, in general the wide-sweep type led to higher soil–residue mixing—without excessive reduction of the soil-covering index being observed, −27 and −6%, respectively. The wide-sweep opener also showed lower bulk density and soil penetration resistance in the top 5-cm soil layer of the seed furrow, although no greater root length density was found in maize at the three-leaf stage, probably due to the smoothing effect caused by the side coulters at the seeding depth. A certain delay in plant emergence in some cases was also revealed for the wide-sweep opener, which may be related to the lower soil/seed contact.Deviations from this general behaviour in the various soils (texture and initial conditions) are discussed. 相似文献
8.
玉米根系在土壤剖面中的分布是准确量化植被与气候相互作用不可缺少的参数,也是玉米生产科学管理和节水农业发展的重要科学依据.在中国气象科学研究院固城生态环境与农业气象实验站内的大型根系观测系统中,采用地下室玻璃窗观测法和方形整段标本法,观测了\"屯玉46号\"玉米的根深、根宽、根长和根重,分析了玉米根长、根长密度、根重密度和根系粗度等在土壤剖面中的分布状况.结果表明,玉米根长、根干重均随土壤深度的增加基本呈递减类型.吐丝期0~40 cm土层根长占整层根长51.5%,0~80 cm土层占76.2%,0~120 cm土层占90.5%.乳熟后期其分布趋势与吐丝期相似.玉米根系粗度随着土壤深度增加,在上层呈减少分布型,在下层呈增加分布型.乳熟后期,玉米最大根深可达230 cm,根长总量达8.288 km·m-2,显示出该玉米品种有较发达的根系.通过玻璃窗观测的根深大于远离玻璃窗处的根深. 相似文献
9.
Root studies are generally believed to be very important in ecological research. Soil coring is a valuable approach to root research, but it requires a very large amount of processing time. We present here a method for processing soil cores consisting of the combination and homogenization of several soil cores from a plot, with subsequent subsampling for root extraction. The required subsample size was determined for a topsoil and a subsoil sample from a groundnut field and was found to be 5–10% of the total soil sample. Advantages and limitations of the method are discussed. 相似文献
10.
In the tropical area of Veracruz (Mexico) the decision of when and how to carry out tillage operations is based on qualitative criteria. It often results in excessive and unnecessary work, energy waste, operational delay, soil exposure to water erosion and soil structural damage. Objective criteria are needed in this area for selecting when and how to do cultivation in order to meet crop and conservation requirements. The workable range of typical soils of the area (Haplic Pheaozems) was quantified by assessing in-field implement effects on the soil structure and measuring the specific energy applied by the tractor–implement combination. This was done over a range of soil moisture contents inside and outside the theoretical friable consistency state of the soils, determined by the shrinkage and plastic limits. Empirical relationships between initial moisture content and the technological result of tillage showed that these results for moist loam and clay soils shifted from optimum to poor at soil water potentials that coincides quite well with the plastic limit. However, as soil was drying out, the implement effect changed from optimum to sub-optimum at soil moisture contents well above the shrinkage limit, so the actual field workable range was smaller than the theoretical friable status of the soils. The minimum input of specific energy to obtain optimum results, was close to the soil water potential where results changed to sub-optimum as soils were drying out. To support decisions for tillage planning and operation, valuable information on workable periods can be obtained by making use of quantified workability thresholds. 相似文献
11.
采用分根法进行玉米水培试验, 研究局部水分胁迫对玉米根系生长的影响。设4个水分胁迫水平: CK, 0.2 MPa, 0.4 MPa, 0.6 MPa, 在整个根系经受一定的水分胁迫之后对部分根系复水处理, 测定局部供应后 0 h、6 h、12 h、1 d、3 d、5 d、7 d、9 d等不同时期各部分根系的面积、长度及干重。结果表明, 各胁迫程度均表现为, 与对照相比, 复水侧根区的根系面积、根长与根干重出现了明显增长, 且始终显著大于持续胁迫侧根区, 且随处理时间延长更加明显。不同胁迫程度下复水侧玉米根系的增长幅度不同。水分胁迫预处理后, 0.2 MPa水平下, 复水侧根区根系的面积、长度与干重以及整个根区总根长、总面积均可以达到甚至高于对照水平, 其他处理均显著低于对照。轻度胁迫后复水的根区根系产生明显的补偿效应。适度胁迫后复水有利于作物根系总面积增长, 但对总根长、根干重无显著影响。根系补偿效应与胁迫强度及复水的时间有关。 相似文献
12.
为了研究玉米生长后期根系的生长发育规律,利用中国气象局固城农业气象试验站大型根剖面系统,采用微根管观测系统及方形整段标本法和地下根系室玻璃窗,对‘屯玉46号’玉米根系的生长状况进行了试验研究。结果表明:垂直方向上,方形整段标本法和微根管法测得的根长密度占整层总根长密度比例的变化趋势一致,相关系数分别为0.987和0.717,且两种方法在0~20 cm土层的根长密度比例均为最大。0~60 cm土层为玉米根系生长活跃区,方形整段标本法测得根长密度生长量为其余层的4倍。两种方法测得的根长密度无显著差异,相关系数为0.830,均匀性水平较好。玉米成熟期根系的水平幅度较乳熟期窄,下层根系仍处于生长中,垂直深度增加。玻璃窗与方形整段标本法观测的根深测定结果存在差异,这可能与观测环境条件不一致有关。 相似文献
13.
Many biological processes vary in a curvilinear manner, reaching a maximum rate at an optimum water content. Optimum conditions commonly extend across a range in water contents, and providing there are no soil-related limitations to biological processes, this range can be referred to as the non-limiting water range (NLWR) of a soil. The rate of a biological process would be expected to be similar in soils with different structure when the water content is in the NLWR and soils are under similar environmental conditions. This range potentially is a useful characteristic to describe the quality of soil structures with respect to a biological process—the larger the range the higher the quality. The distinction between optimum and NLWR has received little attention. The objective of this study was to determine if gas exchange rates, biomass accumulation in shoots and roots, root morphology and rate of development of maize ( Zea mays L.) vary among soils under optimum soil water contents. Plants were grown to the 12-leaf stage under controlled environment conditions in four soils of different texture, packed to two levels of compaction with two rates of N addition and maintained at three different water contents. The optimum water content, for processes involving both shoots and roots, bracketed an air content of 0.15 for the different soils. The magnitude of the plant responses at optimum water content varied among soils and with relative compaction. Plant responses were largest in the Conestogo (loam soil) and smallest in soils with the highest clay contents. The magnitude of several responses decreased with increasing compaction. In the process of determining the NLWR, it is not appropriate to assume that either shoot or root characteristics are similar in soils of different structure when the water content of each soil is within a range that is optimum for that soil. The largest root and shoot growth that can be achieved at optimum water content across a range of soil conditions must be determined and NLWR determined on soils exhibiting these growth rates. Soils at their optimum water content with root and shoot growth that are less than the largest values imply the existence of soil-related limitations and therefore, by definition, have a value of zero for NLWR. 相似文献
14.
为探明不同耕作方式对土壤剖面结构、水分入渗过程等的作用机理,采集田间长期定位耕作措施(常规耕作、免耕、深松)试验中的原状土柱(0~100 cm)及0~10 cm、10~20 cm、…、90~100 cm环刀样、原状土及混合土样,通过室内模拟试验进行了0~100 cm土层土壤入渗过程和饱和导水率的测定,分析了不同土层的土壤有机碳含量、土壤结构特征及相互关系。结果表明:从土柱顶部开始供水(恒定水头)到水分全部入渗到土柱底部的时间为:常规耕作免耕深松;土柱土壤入渗速率和累积入渗量为:深松免耕常规耕作;土柱累积蒸发量为:常规耕作免耕深松。土壤的饱和导水率表现为:0~10 cm和50~60 cm土层,免耕深松常规耕作;20~50 cm和60~100 cm土层,深松免耕常规耕作。随土层的加深,0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量和土壤有机碳含量均表现为先增加(10~20 cm)再降低的趋势。在0~40 cm土层和80~100 cm土层,均以深松处理0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量最高。在60 cm以上土层,土壤有机碳含量表现为:免耕深松常规耕作,而60 cm土层以下土壤有机碳显著降低,均低于4 g·kg?1,且在70 cm以下土层,常规耕作免耕深松。综上,耕作措施能够改变土壤有机碳含量,改善土壤结构,促进土壤蓄水保墒;深松更利于水分就地入渗,而免耕则更利于有机碳的提升和水分的储存,其作用深度在0~60 cm土层。 相似文献
15.
Soil compaction generally reduces crop performance because of degraded soil physical and biological properties, and possibly inappropriate soil nutritional status. The effects of varying compaction, and phosphorus (P) and zinc (Zn) supplies on the growth of Berseem or Egyptian clover ( Trifolium alexandrimum), and accumulation of P and Zn in shoots and roots were investigated in a pot experiment using a surface layer of a Typic Torrifluvent (USDA), Calcaric Fluvisols (FAO) soil. Plants were treated with three soil compaction levels, three rates of P and three rates of Zn in a factorial combination. Phosphorus accumulation in shoots did not change up to bulk densities of 1.65 Mg m −3 and declined at bulk density of 1.80 Mg m −3. Increasing the levels of Zn and P resulted in a significant increase in shoot dry mass (from 0.3 to 0.8 g pot −1), and root length (from 11.4 to 32.5 m pot −1). Shoot and root growth were reduced by soil compaction particularly at low P and Zn application rates. Shoot dry mass was reduced from 0.8 to 0.3 g pot −1, and root length from 43 to 5 m pot −1 at bulk densities of 1.4 and 1.8 Mg m −3, respectively. However, the accumulation of P (from 0.06 to 0.15 g kg −1) and Zn per unit length of roots (from 0.8 to 1.8 μg pot −1) increased as soil compaction increased. As the Zn supply increased, Zn accumulation per unit length of roots, and total Zn accumulation increased. Severe compaction reduced P and Zn accumulation in shoots and also decreased shoot dry mass, and root length compared to lower soil compaction levels. The present study suggests that Zn and P supply can moderate the adverse effect of soil compaction on clover performance. 相似文献
16.
本文对影响免耕的有利和不利条件进行了讨论 ,分析不同土壤对免耕的适应性 相似文献
17.
土壤条件是否或在多大程度上限制了我国玉米产量潜力的实现是亟需回答的科学问题。本文选择我国4个玉米主产区的典型土壤(黑龙江黑土、陕西黑垆土、河南潮土和四川紫色土)进行了实证研究。结果表明:不同土壤条件下玉米产量潜力的实现程度不同,黑龙江852农场、陕西长武、河南温县与四川简阳4个试验点在设定的高产栽培管理条件下获得的产量分别为10.7 t.hm 2、14.1 t.hm 2、9.2 t.hm 2与6.7 t.hm 2,分别实现了当年光温水条件下该栽培体系产量潜力的92%、104%、84%与78%。相关分析表明,土壤容重与产量潜力实现程度呈显著负相关,根干重密度与产量潜力实现程度呈显著正相关。土壤物理(容重)与肥力(有机质含量)条件对玉米根系的生长和产量潜力的实现有显著影响。对土壤容重和有机质含量分析表明,黑龙江852农场黑土土壤容重适中,土壤有机质含量高,耕层有机质为69.3 g.kg 1,陕西长武黑垆土土壤容重最小,耕层容重为1.15 g.cm 3,土壤质地为壤质土,两地的土壤条件有利于根系生长,玉米根量较大,0~40 cm横向分布广泛,有利于产量潜力的实现,分别实现92%和104%产量潜力;河南温县潮土10 cm以下土壤容重大,尤其10~20cm的犁底层容重最大为1.53 g.cm 3,土壤有机质含量较低,四川简阳紫色土土壤有机质含量较低,整个土体容重较高,并且土壤黏重,两地的土壤性状不利于根系生长,分别实现了产量潜力的84%和78%。因此,应根据各主产区的土壤状况进行针对性的土壤改良与培肥,为实现玉米产量潜力与大面积均衡增产奠定基础。 相似文献
18.
通过田间试验研究了少量多次和少次多量的灌溉方式下冬小麦根系的分布与水分养分的空间有效性。结果表明 :少量多次的灌溉方式降低了冬小麦返青后表层根系的生长 ,减少了拔节后该层根系的衰退。在少次多量的灌溉方式下返青期不灌水促进了表层根系的生长 ,然而拔节后该层根系衰退较多 ,但中层 ( 3 0~ 60cm)根系生长高于少量多次的灌溉方式。不同灌溉策略下根系分布的差异并不影响冬小麦对土壤水分和养分的吸收 ,由于播前土体内蓄水不足 ,三种灌溉方式下 0~ 90cm土壤可用水在收获后均消耗殆尽。灌溉促进了表层硝态氮的吸收和向下迁移 ,但两种灌溉方式下硝态氮在土体内的迁移均未超出 60cm土体 ,仍在根层之内。而不同的灌溉方式对冬小麦全生育期内土体速效磷钾的分布没有影响。扬花前两种灌溉方式下冬小麦的生长发育和养分的吸收并无差异 ,扬花后少次多量的灌溉方式由于水分供应不足 ,影响了灌浆 ,降低了千粒重 ,进而影响了产量 ,同时土壤水分缺乏也减少了该时期养分的吸收。而在少量多次的灌溉方式下 ,扬花后灌水不仅可以促进冬小麦灌浆 ,提高千粒重 ,而且增加了对养分的吸收。 相似文献
19.
轮作直根系的覆盖作物被认为是缓解土壤压实的有效手段,但不同覆盖作物对土壤压实的适应性在不同气候和土壤条件下存在较大差异.为筛选更适宜缓解砂姜黑土压实的覆盖作物品种(模式),在安徽典型砂姜黑土设置不压实(Non-compacted,NC)与压实(Compacted,C)处理,通过种植不同覆盖作物(休闲、苜蓿、油菜、萝卜+... 相似文献
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探明长期免耕措施对土壤孔隙特征、土壤结构及土壤水分参数等影响,可为阐明在小麦、玉米轮作过程中,长期进行免耕对土壤剖面物理特征的改善及其作用机理提供科学依据。采用CT扫描法定量分析了免耕和常规耕作0~100 cm土层土壤孔隙(80~1 000μm、1 000μm、80μm)的数目、孔隙度及孔隙在土壤剖面上的分布特征,同时采用常规方法测定了土壤大团聚体、土壤容重、有效水含量及饱和导水率等。结果表明:长期免耕不仅提高了土壤1 000μm、80~1 000μm、80μm孔隙数,且其孔隙度也相应提高,较常规耕作孔隙数分别提高55.3%、58.2%、57.9%,孔隙度分别提高97.4%、39.4%、72.6%。同时土壤孔隙形态也得到了改善,孔隙成圆率提高。对不同土层而言,免耕更利于提高0~25 cm土层80~1 000μm和80μm孔隙数以及0~45 cm土层1 000μm孔隙数,且显著提高了0~20 cm和25~40 cm土层1 000μm、80μm及0~20 cm土层80~1 000μm的土壤孔隙度。说明长期免耕对土壤剖面孔隙的分布产生一定影响。此外,免耕提高了0~25 cm土层土壤的有效水含量、0~55 cm土层饱和导水率和0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量,降低了土壤容重,其作用深度在55 cm以上土层。通过CT扫描测得的土壤孔隙参数与常规方法测定的土壤物理参数之间存在极好的相关性,说明可从微观土壤孔隙特征来表征宏观的土壤物理性质。总之,长期免耕有利于改善土壤结构和土壤孔隙状况,提高土壤的渗透能力及土壤水分的有效性,促进作物的生长。 相似文献
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