襄阳市农药减量控害工作实践与思考

介绍了湖北省襄阳市农作物病虫害防治农药减量控害工作的具体做法,强化宣传、搞好基层植保测报体系建设,农作物病虫害实施达标防治,见"点"打"片"、准确防治,推动植保专业化服务组织建设,推广适合本地特点的新型植保机械及药剂,开展农作物病虫害绿色防控技术研究,加强农药质量监管;指出了群众认识尚待进一步提高、植保系统从业人员素质有待提高、财政资金投入不足等目前需要解决的问题,提出了进一步加大宣传力度,提高农药减量控害意识,进一步加大财政投入、确保公共植保工作落到实处,进一步增强提高服务能力建设等进一步做好农药减量控害工作的建议。     

建设现代植保 服务现代农业

党的十八大高度重视“三秘”工作,提出‘椎动城乡发展一体化”。我们植保工作者学习贯彻十八大精神,就是要着力加强十八大报告对“三农”工作要求部署的理解和把握。比如“加快发展现代农业”就要求我们建设现代植保,服务现代农业;比如“着力推进农民增收’’就要求我们全力抓好农作物病虫测报与防控,最大限度地减轻病虫危害损失,实现减损增效;比如“大力推进生态文明建设”,就要求我们加强农药监管,推广安全用药技术,降低农药使用量,减少环境污染。严把植物检疫关口,防止有害生物入侵,保护生态环境。十八大报告内容博大精深,我们要反复学习,深入理解,落实到推进现代植保建设之中,落实到2013年具体植保工作之中。     

建设现代植保 服务现代农业

党的十八大高度重视"三农工作,提出"推动城乡发展一体化"。我们植保工作者学习贯彻十八大精神,就是要着力加强十八大报告对"三农"工作要求部署的理解和把握。比如"加快发展现代农业"就要求我们建设现代植保,服务现代农业;比如"着力推进农民增收"就要求我们全力抓好农作物病虫测报与防控,最大限度地减轻病虫危害损失,实现减损增效;比如"大力推进生态文明建设",就要求我们加强农药监管,推广安全用药技术,降低农药使用量,减少环境污染。严把植物检疫关口,防止有害生物入侵,保护生态环境。十八大报告内容博大精深,我们要反复学习,深入理解,落实到推进现代植保建设之中,落实到2013年具体植保工作之中。     

建设现代植保服务现代农业

党的十八大高度重视"三农"工作,提出"推动城乡发展一体化".我们植保工作者学习贯彻十八大精神,就是要着力加强十八大报告对"三农"工作要求部署的理解和把握.比如"加快发展现代农业"就要求我们建设现代植保,服务现代农业;比如"着力推进农民增收"就要求我们全力抓好农作物病虫测报与防控,最大限度地减轻病虫危害损失,实现减损增效;比如"大力推进生态文明建设",就要求我们加强农药监管,推广安全用药技术,降低农药使用量,减少环境污染.严把植物检疫关口,防止有害生物入侵,保护生态环境.     

周至县猕猴桃病虫害绿色防控工作进展及建议

周至县坚持“科学植保、绿色植保”理念,以保证果品质量安全为核心,以服务绿色防控示范园创建为切入点,全面实施“病虫基数控制、部分害虫诱杀、植物免疫诱导、安全药剂防治、高效药械应用”五大绿色防控集成技术,开展猕猴桃病虫害绿色防控技术试验、示范及推广和农民宣传培训,减少果园化学农药的使用,确保猕猴桃生产安全和果品质量安全,不断推进周至县猕猴桃产业升级.     

建设现代植保服务现代农业

党的十八届三中全会高度重视“三农”工作,提出“推动城乡发展一体化”.我们植保工作者学习贯彻十八届三中全会精神,就是要着力加强对“三农”工作要求部署的理解和把握.比如“加快发展现代农业”就要求我们建设现代植保,服务现代农业;比如“着力推进农民增收”就要求我们全力抓好农作物病虫测报与防控,最大限度地减轻病虫危害损失,实现减损增效;比如“大力推进生态文明建设”,就要求我们加强农药监管,推广安全用药技术,降低农药使用量,减少环境污染.严把植物检疫关口,防止有害生物入侵,保护生态环境.     

扬州市邗江区推进“农药使用量零增长行动”实践与思考

介绍了扬州市邗江区通过优化病虫测报技术、推广农药零差率配送模式、提档升级植保机械、集成病虫害绿色防控技术模式等措施,使得单位面积农药使用强度和全区农药使用量逐年下降。分析了当地在推进农药减量控害过程中面临的问题,并提出了加大土壤封闭除草剂的处理应用、加大种苗处理力度、大力推广应用绿色防控技术等持续推进农药减量控害绿色发展战略的对策建议。     

进一步加强新疆生产建设兵团植保体系建设的建议

在新疆生产建设兵团深入推进团场综合配套改革形势下,兵团植保体系面临新形势和新任务。基于团场植保系统机构设置、人员配备和工作开展情况,指出植保体系面临着服务能力弱、预测预报工作压力增大、病虫害有效防控风险增加、农作物病虫害农药监管工作难度加大等问题。提出应强化植保技术推广服务体系建设,积极转变理念、增强主动服务职能,培育多元化病虫害专业防治组织,完善基层植保工作绩效考核制度,加大植保技术推广经费投入力度,加大技术指导和培训宣传力度,加强农药市场监督管理等发展建议。     

江西水稻农药减量技术集成优化与推广应用

介绍了江西省水稻播种、水稻病虫害防控及大力推广水稻病虫害绿色防控农药减量技术的概况。优先应用生态调控、理化诱控、生物防控等绿色防控技术,集成优化新型药剂替代老药剂、高效植保药械替代传统施药机械、应用助剂等水稻农药减量技术,以统防统治方式,提高病虫害防控效果、效率和效益,通过政府引导、项目引领、加强宣传和创新融合等措施积极推进农药零增长行动。本省农药使用量连年减少,统防统治和绿色防控覆盖率、农药利用率逐年提高。     

《湖北植保》稿约

《湖北植保》是湖北省植保总站和湖北省植保学会合办的农业技术期刊,该刊立足本省,面向全国,主要报道国内外植保技术新成果、新理论、实用技术。设有试验研究、预测预报、病虫分析、植物检疫、农药管理、绿色防控、农业论坛、植保知识、农家小顾问、读者信箱等栏目。读者对象为基层农业科研和推广人员、大专院校师生、各级农业管理干部、农药药械生产经销单位、农村专业户。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.     

Tumours of Begonia and some other ornamentals,induced by Corynebacterium fascians

In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.