广西1999年农作物主要病虫发生概况

广西 1 999年农作物主要病虫害发生程度为中等偏重局部大发生 ,农田杂草、鼠害为中等程度发生。全年总发生面积 1 338.1 0万hm2 次 ,与历年相比 ,仍呈扩大态势。其中病害 2 89.81万 hm2次 ,虫害 6 4 2 .85万 hm2次 ,农田鼠害 1 0 3.88万 hm2次 ,是农作物总播种面积的 2 .1倍。总防治面积 1 2 6 3.49万 hm2次 ,占总发生面积的 94.4% ,其中化学除草面积上升的幅度较大。经防治后挽回粮食损失 (含水稻、玉米、小麦、大豆 ) 2 6 3.86万t,油料 4.6 9万 t,其它 (甘蔗、果树和蔬菜等 ) 2 37.77万 t,与上年相比 ,分别增加9.4%、 2 9.8%、 77.2 % ;经…     

广西1996年农作物主要病虫草鼠发生概况

1996年广西农作物病虫的发生程度属中等偏重、农田草鼠害属中等发生程度。主要病虫草鼠的发生面积为1013.5万hm2次,其中病害为250.62万hm2次,虫害为529.45万hm2次,农田草害为138.73万hm2次,农田鼠害为94.73万hm2次。现将水稻、玉米、甘蔗、柑桔等作物主要病虫草鼠发生为害概况分述如下。1　水稻病虫害　　1996年水稻病虫的总体发生程度属中等偏重,局部大发生。全年发生574.82万hm2次,占水稻种植面积的241.96%,较历年(1984～1995年,下同)平均值增加17.5%;防治后挽回稻谷176.49万t,实际损失25.41万t。虫害与病害相比,虫害发生面积比病害面积多…     

2021年全国农区鼠害发生趋势预报

根据2020年各地农田、农户鼠情监测调查结果,结合气候趋势和作物种植分布情况等因素综合分析,研判2021年全国农区鼠害发生趋势预报.预计全国农区鼠害发生面积约2 586.7万hm2,较2020年减少约80万hm2,其中重发面积约333.3万hm2、减少约86.7万hm2.预计2021年农区鼠害总体呈中等发生,东北、华南...     

龙须草上发现一柱香病

在八十年代,全国农田鼠害每年发生面积均在2-3千万公顷左右,1987年达到3933.29万公顷,每年因鼠害损失粮食1500万吨左右,相当于江苏省全省人口的年食粮全部被鼠吃掉。十年累计防治面积1.03亿公顷,防治过的地方害鼠密度由原来15％左右下降到5％以下,每年挽回粮食损失500万吨,防治区鼠传疾病明显减轻。     

实行杀鼠剂定点供应和定点经营安全有效控制农田鼠害

唐山市南临渤海,北靠燕山,气候温和,作物种类多,农田生态非常适合鼠害发生,是农田鼠害重发区,在55.3万hm2耕地中,常年鼠害发生面积达20万hm2左右,产量损失最高可达20%。同时,破坏田间环境,影响耕作及灌溉,已成为农业生产的一大自然灾害。为了有效控制农田鼠害,我们根据本市害鼠     

安徽省农区害鼠数量消长动态的初步研究

安徽省是全国粮食主产省份之一。全省现有耕地420万hm2以上,其中小麦、水稻等作物常年种植面积分别为187万hm2、213万hm2。同时又是1个人口大省,现有农户1 600万户以上。全省农区(农田、农舍)害鼠发生较为严重。据统计,常年发生鼠害面积农田约80万hm2,农户害鼠发生普遍率达80%以上,农区害鼠密度较高(百夹捕获率),平均农田为4.77%,农舍为7.73%。2003年全省实施农区统一灭鼠。近2年来,通过对贵池市、和县、霍邱县、宁国市、利辛县、屯溪区、萧县等全省鼠情监测点监测结果进行了系统研究。1害鼠发生种类本省农区害鼠有褐家鼠(Rattus norvegicu…     

农田害鼠损失率与防治指标的初步研究

1980年以来,我省农田害鼠逐年加重,危害面积不断扩大,每年全省农田鼠害发生面积达1100～1500万亩,占全省粮食作物总面积的22～30%,鼠密度一般为10～20%,全省每年农田害鼠损失粮食2.5—3亿公斤,为了探讨农田鼠害防治指标,1989年晚稻期间,我们在萍乡市及赣县进行了农田害鼠损     

加强宣传与培训科学安全地开展农田灭鼠工作

农田鼠害是威胁农业生产和人类身体健康的重要生物灾害之一。老鼠不仅盗食粮食，还给人类带来鼠疫、流行性出血热、钩端螺旋体等严重危害人类健康的５０多种疾病。近年来我国农田鼠害发生面积增加，年均发生面积由“八五”期间的１６７０万hm２发展到现在的２６７０万hm２。并且在灭鼠过程中，剧毒急性鼠药引发的中毒事件时有发生，特别是非法生产、销售国家明令禁止的剧毒急性鼠药的问题突出，不法分子甚至利用鼠药投毒作案，严重危害人民生命安全和社会安定。为确保科学安全地开展农田灭鼠工作，２００２年以来，农业部以内部明电第１８号…     

2011年全国农区鼠害发生趋势分析

据全国农业技术推广服务中心会同全国从事鼠类研究的科研、教学以及各省(自治区、直辖市)级和部分县级植保系统的专家会商分析,2011年全国农田鼠害总体呈中等发生趋势.东北部分地区、内蒙古大部、湖南南部、广西北部、广东、海南部分地区偏重发生.发生程度与2010年基本持平.预计发生面积约3 000万hm2次,比2010年略有增加.     

草原虫鼠害严重威胁着甘肃省张掖市肃南县草地畜牧业

据甘肃省张掖市肃南县草原工作站近期对全县草原虫灾、鼠灾调查显示，目前全县草原蝗虫危害面积达2，67万hm^2．其中严重危害面积达1.2万hm^2，平均虫口密度43头／m^2．发生地段主要在皇城镇、康乐乡、大河乡的冬春草场和部分夏秋草场：鼠害危害面积达8多万hm^2，其中严重危害面积达2多万hm^2.     

小麦重大病虫害综合防治技术体系

小麦是我国的主要粮食作物,病虫害是影响其稳产、高产的重要生物灾害。本文综述了自“七五”以来,我国小麦重大病虫害综合防治技术体系的主要研究进展,内容涉及综合防治的指导思想与策略、基本思路以及不同麦区病虫害综合防治技术体系基本模式,并对现有综合防治体系中存在的问题和发展前景进行了讨论。     

我国鼠害学科发展现状与展望

鼠害作为一种重要的农业生物灾害, 造成的危害不仅涉及国家粮食安全、生态安全, 还严重威胁人民健康。随着鼠害防控理念的转变, 对鼠害治理工作提出了新的要求和目标。本文简要介绍了我国近5年来在鼠害治理研究及相关领域取得的成绩和不足之处, 提出了在生态文明建设为目标的要求下, 研究不同生态区域害鼠群落结构和危害特征、种群数量暴发机理等生物学特性, 建立害鼠物联网智能监测系统, 构建不同生态系统的鼠害防控生态阈值。研发生态环境友好型的鼠害绿色防控技术是鼠害治理的基本发展方向。     

西部退耕还林还草后鼠类群落改变的现状调查

对青海省大通县退耕还林还草地及周边农田鼠类群落组成进行调查研究,在退耕还林还草地共捕获鼠类6种728只,以根田鼠和高原鼢鼠为优势种;农田中共捕获各种鼠类3种75只,以长尾仓鼠为优势种。比较发现,退耕还林还草后,鼠类群落组成发生了明显的变化,与之相适应,鼠害治理应针对不同的鼠类种群和危害程度采取相应的控制措施。     

中国草原鼠害防治现状、问题及对策

草原是我国重要的自然资源,承担着生产、生态和生活等多种功能,在构建生态屏障、促进牧业经济以及维系社会稳定等方面具有重要意义。近几十年来,受全球气候变化和人为过度利用草原的共同影响,我国草原发生大范围退化。草原退化提高了啮齿动物栖息地适合度,促使其种群数量增加,最终导致草原鼠害发生。草原害鼠采食牧草降低草地生产力,掘洞造丘消弱草原固碳、水土保持等生态功能,携带病菌威胁人畜健康。因此,控制草原鼠害事关退化草原治理修复和社会经济的可持续发展。尽管国家开展了一系列草原鼠害研究和工程实践,取得了阶段性成果,但由于草原生态系统的复杂性和社会经济发展需求的不断提升,现有草原鼠害防治成果难以满足草原生态保护与建设的需求,相关理论和技术体系尚未完全形成,学科交叉、技术集成等亟待加强。本文总结了中国草原鼠害发生和防治的现状,并对草原鼠害防治存在的问题进行了讨论,最后从管理和技术层面对加强草原鼠害防治工作进行了展望。     

The need to implement the landscape of fear within rodent pest management strategies

Current reactive pest management methods have serious drawbacks such as the heavy reliance on chemicals, emerging genetic rodenticide resistance and high secondary exposure risks. Rodent control needs to be based on pest species ecology and ethology to facilitate the development of ecologically based rodent management (EBRM). An important aspect of EBRM is a strong understanding of rodent pest species ecology, behaviour and spatiotemporal factors. Gaining insight into the behaviour of pest species is a key aspect of EBRM. The landscape of fear (LOF) is a mapping of the spatial variation in the foraging cost arising from the risk of predation, and reflects the levels of fear a prey species perceives at different locations within its home range. In practice, the LOF maps habitat use as a result of perceived fear, which shows where bait or traps are most likely to be encountered and used by rodents. Several studies have linked perceived predation risk of foraging animals with quitting‐harvest rates or giving‐up densities (GUDs). GUDs have been used to reflect foraging behaviour strategies of predator avoidance, but to our knowledge very few papers have directly used GUDs in relation to pest management strategies. An opportunity for rodent control strategies lies in the integration of the LOF of rodents in EBRM methodologies. Rodent management could be more efficient and effective by concentrating on those areas where rodents perceive the least levels of predation risk. © 2017 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.     

新疆南部农区鼠害调查与成因分析

南疆农区鼠害严重,但基础资料不足。为摸清当地鼠害发生特点,提供有效治理依据,本研究于2018年-2019年在南疆5地州39乡64村开展实地与问卷调查,并采用夹捕法调查害鼠种群构成。结果表明,南疆5地州农村普遍遭受鼠害影响,喀什与和田地区农田受害比例达89.4%,问卷结果表明农户和农田鼠害发生率均大于75%,且西部地区重于东部,约一半受访农户估计每年因鼠害损失超过500元。褐家鼠Rattus norvegicus是农户主要害鼠,占比超过70%;农田则以小家鼠Mus musculus和乌拉尔姬鼠Apodemus uralensis为主。这些结果表明,南疆农区鼠害处于重发态势,褐家鼠是主要鼠害来源,并有外来入侵风险。下一步应聚焦于监测主要害鼠种群动态规律,阐明褐家鼠来源和侵入机制,并探索建立适于当地的害鼠防治模式。     

Evaluation of Rodent Depredations to Crops and Stored Products1

Estimates of food losses to rodents vary widely. In most cases, such estimates are not statistically defensible. Adequate sampling techniques have only been developed for a few crops and a few situations. Often, estimates have been related to rodent numbers, which have not been validly determined. Environmental management is basic to rodent control, both in terms of growing crops and stored products. Many aspects of intermediate technology have important applications to this need. Needs relate to better understanding of rodent ecology, adequate assessment of damages, training of specialists in management of vertebrate pests, and use and development of appropriate technologies.     

Rodent Control in India

Eighteen species of rodents are pests in agriculture, horticulture, forestry, animal and human dwellings and rural and urban storage facilities in India. Their habitat, distribution, abundance and economic significance varies in different crops, seasons and geographical regions of the country. Of these, Bandicota bengalensis is the most predominant and widespread pest of agriculture in wet and irrigated soils and has also established in houses and godowns in metropolitan cities like Bombay, Delhi and Calcutta. In dryland agriculture Tatera indica and Meriones hurrianae are the predominant rodent pests. Some species like Rattus meltada, Mus musculus and M. booduga occur in both wet and dry lands. Species like R. nitidus in north-eastern hill region and Gerbillus gleadowi in the Indian desert are important locally. The common commensal pests are Rattus rattus and M. musculus throughout the country including the islands. R. rattus along with squirrels Funambulus palmarum and F. tristriatus are serious pests of plantation crops such as coconut and oil palm in the southern peninsula. F. pennanti is abundant in orchards and gardens in the north and central plains and sub-mountain regions. Analysis of the information available on the damage and economic losses caused by rodents in rice, wheat, sugarcane, maize, pearl millet, sorghum, oil seed, legume and vegetable crop fields, horticulture and forestry, poultry farms, and rural and urban dwellings and storage facilities clearly shows that chronic damage ranging from 2% to 15% persists throughout the country and severe damage, sometimes even up to 100% loss of the field crop, is not rare. Several traditional and modern approaches and methods of rodent control are being used. The existing knowledge of the environmental, cultural, biological, mechanical and chemical methods of rodent control in India is reviewed. Considerable variations exist in the susceptibility of the pest species to different methods, particularly to rodenticides and trapping, their field applicability, efficacy and economics in different crops, seasons and geographical regions, behavioural responses of the pest species to these methods in different ecological conditions and their adoption by farmers in different regions of India. Environmental and cultural techniques, such as clean cultivation, proper soil tillage and crop scheduling, barriers, repellents and proofing which may reduce rodent harbourage, food sources and immigration have long lasting effects but are seldom adopted. However, their significance in relation to normal agricultural practices, intensification and diversification are discussed. Rodenticides, which provide an immediate solution to the rodent problem, form the major component of rodent control strategies in India. Poison baiting of rodents with zinc phosphide and burrow fumigation with aluminium phosphide are common in agricultural fields and recently Racumin (coumatetralyl) and bromadiolone have been introduced for the control of both agricultural and commensal rodent pests in India. Methods and timings of campaigns and successes and problems in implementation of rodent control are also reviewed.     

中国鼠害治理的瓶颈、短板与机遇

鼠害治理事关国家粮食安全、生物多样性保护、生态安全及人民健康安全。鼠害治理的行业需求差异及鼠害防控理念的转变对鼠害治理提出了新的挑战。本文根据鼠害发生和治理技术的特点从技术层面分析了我国鼠害治理的主要瓶颈及短板, 提出了未来鼠害治理理论与技术研发的重点方向。     

高置式大容量毒饵站对东北农田害鼠的防治效果初探

毒饵站是化学防鼠常用设施,可以减少非靶标动物的误食风险。目前常用毒饵站容量小、毒饵易浪费、添加毒饵不便的缺点限制了其在东北地区的大规模应用。本研究针对东北农业环境特点,设计了一种新型高置式大容量毒饵站,在黑龙江了进行为期1年的防效试验,并测试其作用范围。结果表明,这种毒饵站每年毒饵用量2.8~3.8kg,鼠密度控制率可长期保持在75%以下;其有效覆盖面积为1.1hm2,最佳防治效果的覆盖面积为0.5hm2。这些结果说明这种大容量高置式毒饵站具有毒饵添加便捷、无浪费的优点,在东北地区防治经济效益远远大于其他传统小容量毒饵站,值得在当地应用和推广。