椰园/牧草间作:主间作物之间相互的影响

进行了椰园间作牧草生态系统的研究。通过不同类型椰园间作不同品种牧草的适应性试验,观测了不同主间作物栽培方式中椰园根系分布、土壤养分与温度、主间作物生长及产量等方面的变化。结果表明:(1)在种植密度为10m×6m的椰园(相对光照强度约在50%以上)中,禾本科和豆科牧草均能正常生长;在8m×6m的椰园(相对光照强度约在30%左右)中,多数牧草品种能正常生长;在6m×6m的椰园(相对光照强度不足30%)中,只有少数禾本科牧草能基本正常生长。(2)禾本科牧草与椰树组成的系统稳定性比豆科牧草的好。(3)间作物一般应距幼树1m、成龄树2m以外的地方种植。(4)合理压青培肥与科学防治金龟子害虫,有利于加强主间作物生态系统的稳定性。      

桉树人工林间作豆科牧草适应性评价

桉树人工林单一种植引起植被多样性减少是普遍存在的问题,间作成为恢复与重建桉树林下植被多样性的重要途径。桉树人工林下间作豆科牧草综合评价结果表明GC1581、GC1517、热研10号和热研2号柱花草牧草产草量达296.54~852.08 kg/hm2,耐干旱,旱季牧草产量占年产草量的18.42%~23.95%,在极端干旱条件下仍保持一定的生长和生物量的积累,植株存活率达50.2%~61.9%,间作牧草在桉树行间形成良好的覆盖层,覆盖度达47.083%~79.252%,适应性强。间作可促进林下植被的恢复,进而促进植被多样性的形成,这对增加桉树人工林的群落组成、形成多层次片层结构有积极意义。     

椰园/牧草间作:牧草的适应性研究

进行了15种热带牧草在椰园间作的适应性试验,调查了它们的产量情况和生产参数并作统计分析。结果表明:在幼龄椰园内,间作豆科牧草和禾本科牧草,均可获得较高的经济产量;在光照强度大于30％的成龄椰园内,可间作多数禾本科牧草,并能获得一定的经济产量,但不宜间作豆科牧草;在光照强度低于30％的成龄椰园内,不宜于绝大多数牧草问作。间作于幼龄椰园的牧草产值可达1.0~3.0万元/hm2;间作于成龄椰园的禾本科牧草产值可达0.5～2.0万元/hm2。      

桉树人工林间作禾本科牧草适应性筛选与评价

桉树人工林单一种植引起植被多样性减少、生物多样性下降是普遍存在的问题,间作成为恢复与重建桉树林下植被多样性的重要途径。桉树人工林下间作禾本科牧草综合评价结果表明,热研14号网脉臂形草、热研8号坚尼草、热研9号坚尼草、热研6号珊状臂形草等牧草产草量达215.89～475.42 kg/hm2,旱季牧草产量占年产草量的14.08%～17.51%,在极端干旱条件下仍保持一定的生长和生物量的积累,植株存活率达53.6%～76.6%,覆盖度达62.71%～90.42%。间作牧草在桉树行间形成良好的覆盖层,提高了林地植被覆盖度,植株存活率较高,促进植被多样性的形成,对增加桉树人工林的群落组成、形成多层次片层结构有积极意义。     

林草间作系统土壤微生物及其活性研究

试验对6年龄桉树人工林间作禾本科及豆科牧草后的土壤微生物进行研究,结果表明：间作牧草可显著提高林地土壤微生物的生物量、呼吸强度、硝化作用强度及纤维素分解作用强度,且均随着土层深度的加深而降低;其中以间作热研6号珊状臂形草、热研2号柱花草、GC1581柱花草和Mineirao柱花草的土壤微生物生物量最高;热研15号刚果臂形草、热研6号珊状臂形草、杂交臂形草、热研10号柱花草、Mineirao和GC1581的呼吸强度高于CK;热研11号黑籽雀稗、热研10号柱花草、GC1581和热研2号柱花草的硝化作用强度强于CK;热研9号坚尼草、杂交臂形草和热研6号珊状臂形草、热研10号柱花草和热研2号柱花草的土壤纤维素分解作用强度较强。     

东北黑土区高产大豆R5期根系分布特征

利用钻土法及根系扫描分析系统研究不同产量类型大豆R5期根系在植株周围、株间及垄间土壤中的空间分布特征。结果表明：高产类型大豆根冠比较高，而且单位根长、根表面积的地上部干物质较高。根干重不仅在根系较集中的植株周围及株间0 ~ 30 cm的土层，而且在较深的土层（> 30 cm）中都有较多的分布；根长在植株周围的0 ~ 45 cm土层范围内表现出一定的优势。直径 < 1.0 mm的细根形成了根系的主要部分，根长差异的主要原因不是细根比例的大小，而是细根数量的多少。除株间0 ~ 15 cm土层外，高产大豆各土层的根/土体积比较高。     

不同土壤类型对玉米干物质积累动态及其分布的影响

研究结果表明:不同土壤类型对玉米干物质积累变化及分布影响较大。(1)砂姜黑土玉米干物质积累较多,且向雌穗、子粒中转运效率也高。(2)砂姜黑土玉米整个根系在土壤中分布较均,下扎较深,深层根量较多;而潮土玉米整个根系主要集中分布于0～20cm土层,下扎较浅,深层根量较少。(3)砂姜黑土玉米单产较高,较潮土玉米增产23.55%。     

秸秆深层还田对玉米根系及产量的影响

针对辽西地区土壤耕层变浅和秸秆浅旋还田造成的土壤漏风跑墒等问题,实施秸秆机械化深层还田与常规耕作(CK)对比试验,测定玉米根系生长状况。结果表明,秸秆深层还田能够增强玉米扎根性能,扩展根系分布空间,扎根深度增加5～10 cm,根系分布空间扩大6000(初生节根)～154500(次生根)cm3;秸秆深层还田的次生根数目明显高于CK,且CK根系主要分布在10～20 cm土层深度,秸秆深松还田处理根系则集中分布在21～30 cm土层深度;秸秆深层还田处理与CK相比玉米产量提高18.16%,差异显著。     

不同覆膜方式对大豆根系空间分布的影响

在行上覆膜、行间覆膜及不覆膜3种不同处理下,对大豆根系在0～20cm土层的水平分布和距主茎0～15cm范围的垂直分布进行了系统研究。结果表明,随着土层深度和离主茎距离的增加,根系干重、活力、活跃吸收面积明显减少;同时,宽行分布根系的干重、活力及活跃吸收面积均高于窄行分布的根系干重、活力及活跃吸收面积。不同覆膜方式对根系干重和活力的影响表现为：行间覆膜〉行上覆膜〉不覆膜;对根系活跃吸收面积的影响则表现为：行上覆膜〉行间覆膜〉不覆膜。     

草甸黑土中大豆根系及其活性的动态分布

采用钢丝网框架剖面法，在不同生育阶段分别测定了大豆根系干重和根系活性在草甸黑土中的动态分布。结果表明：大豆根系在草甸黑土中呈浅层分布状态，平均80％以上分布在3～18cm土层内，20cm以下根量锐减。水平分布是以主根为中心随距离加大根重减少，随生育时期的推移根重分布比例逐渐外移。高活性根区与根冠密集区变化一致，随侧根的生长逐渐远离主根，其水平分布区间是，V3期距主根5～10cm、R5期已移至13～40cm；垂直分布为两层，分别在5～17cm和30cm以下土层内。     

植物生长调节剂要要多效唑在草坪草上的应用进展

从多效唑的作用机理出发,分析其对草坪草的作用,概述多效唑在草坪草上的应用效果,指出存在的问题,并展望其应用前景。     

广西草业存在问题与发展对策

对广西牧草加工利用现状进行分析，阐述广西草业发展面临的突出矛盾和问题，提出解决问题的关键措施，探讨了广西草业未来发展出路。     

Does relative time of emergence affect stand composition and yield in a grass–legume mixture? Kura clover (Trifolium ambiguum)–meadow bromegrass (Bromus biebersteinii) and Kura clover–orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata) mixtures

Establishing Kura clover (Trifolium ambiguum) in mixtures with grass species is challenging, because slow growth of clover seedlings results in low competitive ability. This study examined establishment success by altering time of seeding of the grass component to reduce competition with Kura clover seedlings. Two trials, one of Kura clover–meadow bromegrass (Bromus biebersteinii) and the other Kura clover–orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata) mixtures were planted in Edmonton, Alberta. Grasses were seeded at the same time as the clover, or introduced when the clover reached one true leaf or three true leaves, in the autumn of the planting year or the following spring. Species composition varied significantly between treatments. When sown at the same time, Kura clover contributed 31 and 14% of yield in the establishment year when sown with meadow bromegrass and orchard grass, respectively. Delaying grass sowing until Kura clover had one or three leaves gave a higher percentage of Kura clover compared with planting at the same time. Autumn and spring grass sowing resulted in stands of 78 and 80% clover with meadow bromegrass, and 74 and 67% clover with orchardgrass. Altering the competitive advantage of the grass species to produce a more balanced mixture was successfully achieved by delaying seeding of the grass relative to Kura clover. A long interval before introducing the grass (autumn or following spring), was not successful as established Kura clover seedlings have an increased competitive ability.     

The effects of clipping height and frequency on net primary production of Andropogon gerardii (C4 grass) and Bromus inermis (C3 grass) in greenhouse experiments

There are potential agronomic and environmental benefits from incorporating warm‐season (C₄) grasses into temperate pasture systems, usually dominated by cool‐season (C₃) grasses, but there is a lack of information on how frequency and height of defoliation affects C₄ grasses. Three greenhouse experiments were conducted under (i) spring, (ii) summer and (iii) spring + summer clipping regimes. In each experiment, the effects of clipping frequency (weekly and monthly) and clipping height (clipped to 5 and 10 cm) were determined on above‐ and below‐ground net primary production (ANPP and BNPP) and total and seasonal dry matter (DM) yield for Andropogon gerardii Vitman (big bluestem, C₄ grass) and Bromus inermis Leyss (smooth brome, C₃ grass). Six replicates per treatment were used. In all experiments, ANPP and BNPP of smooth brome was greater than that of big bluestem although during late summer months big bluestem had higher DM yields of herbage than smooth brome. There were different effects of frequency and height of clipping for both species on two similar measurements: total annual DM yield and ANPP, indicating that the ability to generalize about the effects of defoliation from ecological and agronomic grassland standpoints is questionable. Clipping effects on ANPP and BNPP were different for summer‐clipped pots than for spring, and spring + summer‐clipped pots, indicating that management could be tailored to meet specific agronomic or conservation goals.     

The effect of forage type and level of concentrate supplementation on the performance of spring-calving dairy cows in early lactation

Abstract In 1993 and 1994, 40 cows in early lactation in early spring were assigned randomly to four feeding treatments. One group of cows was kept indoors with access to grass silage ad libitum, plus 6 kg of concentrate daily. The other three groups had access to grass pasture (5–6 h per day in 1993 and 11–12 h per day in 1994) plus grass silage similar to that fed to the previous group while indoors plus 6, 4 or 2 kg of concentrate daily. The average daily allocations of herbage (> 3·5 cm) were 8·5 and 14·0 kg DM cow^?1 day^?1 in 1993 and 1994 respectively. The treatments were applied for 8 weeks (26 February to 23 April) in 1993, and 7 weeks (11 March to 29 April) in 1994. Cows with access to pasture had lower (P < 0·001) silage dry‐matter (DM) intakes and higher (P < 0·001) total forage DM intakes in both years than those kept indoors. This resulted in significantly higher yields of milk, fat, protein and lactose. Similarly, milk protein concentration was higher (P < 0·05 in 1993; P < 0·001 in 1994). There was a significant linear increase in total DM intake in both years with increased concentrate supplementation. In 1993, there was a linear increase in milk (P < 0·01), fat (P < 0·01), protein (P < 0·001) and lactose (P < 0·01) yields with increased concentrate supplementation. In 1994, only milk protein yield (P < 0·05) was increased. Concentrate supplementation had no effect on milk composition or liveweight change. Cows with access to grazed grass had higher liveweight gains (P < 0·05) than those kept indoors in both years. In 1993, increasing the energy intake increased the processing qualities of the milk produced. The results showed that access to grass pasture resulted in higher milk production, in reduced silage requirement and in reduced level of concentrate supplementation required for a given level of milk production with spring‐calving cows in early lactation compared with those kept indoors.     

Impact of deferred grazing and fertilizer on herbage production,soil seed reserve and nutritive value of native pastures in steep hill country of southern Australia

Developing sustainable grazing management systems based on perennial species is critical to preventing land degradation in marginal land classes. A field study was conducted from 2002 to 2006 to identify the impacts of deferred grazing (no defoliation of pastures for a period generally from spring to autumn) and fertilizer application on herbage accumulation, soil seed reserve and nutritive value in a hill pasture in western Victoria, Australia. Three deferred grazing strategies were used: short‐term deferred grazing (no defoliation between October and January), long‐term deferred grazing (no defoliation from October to the autumn break) and optimized deferred grazing (withholding time from grazing commenced between annual grass stem elongation and seed head emergence and concluded in February/March). These treatments were applied with two fertilizer levels (with or without fertilizer at 50 kg phosphorus ha^?1 and 2000 kg lime ha^?1 applied in year 1 only) in a factorial arrangement and two additional treatments: continuous grazing (CG) and no grazing (NG) in year 1. The deferred grazing treatments on average produced herbage dry matter of 4773 kg ha^?1, the NG produced 4583 kg ha^?1 and the CG produced 3183 kg ha^?1 in year 4 (2005–06) of the experiment. Deferred grazing treatments with and without fertilizer application produced an average of 5135 and 4411 kg DM ha^?1 respectively. Averaged over 4 years, deferred grazing increased the germinable seed pool of perennial grasses by 200% and annual grasses by 50% (except optimized deferred grazing that considerably decreased the annual grass seed pool) compared with the CG. The best of the deferred grazing strategies increased the digestibility of pastures by 7% compared with the CG. The results demonstrated that deferred grazing from spring to autumn followed by rotational grazing could be an effective tool to increase herbage production and soil seed pool and improve the digestibility of native pastures in the steep hill country of southern Australia.     

王草茎秆拉伸与剪切的强度特性

为研发优质高效的王草收获机械和加工机械,采用响应面试验设计和统计分析,从根径、取样高度2个维度上研究了收获期王草茎秆拉伸与剪切的强度问题,同时考察了茎秆含水率与观测截面的长径、短径、圆度对强度的影响。结果表明,在根径20~30 mm、取样高度10~200 cm、含水率72.53%~90.65%、长径15.20~30.40 mm、短径13.90~27.65 mm、圆度1.0144~1.2428范围内时,王草植株的节间抗拉强度、节间抗剪强度和茎节抗剪强度处于3.2456~28.9373MPa范围内。茎秆含水率在72.53%~90.65%之间变化时,对上述3个强度指标的影响在0.005水平上显著。根径、取样高度、长径、圆度等对3个强度指标的影响0.05水平上均不显著。含水率与根径、取样高度、长径、短径、圆度等在0.05水平上均线性无关。综上,相近生长期的王草植株,虽然其根径、取样高度、长径及圆度不同,但对茎秆强度无显著影响,茎秆强度的差异主要取决于茎秆内部组织结构的不同,含水率是独立影响茎秆强度的重要因子。     

Carbohydrate Metabolism During Wintering Period in Four Zoysiagrass Genotypes

Abstract

A key barrier to widespread use of warm-season grasses in the transition zone between the temperate and subtropical climates is represented by the winter dormancy, a temporary suspension of visible growth of any plant structure including the meristem. In this environment, species with different photosynthetic carbon cycle coexist, leading to asynchrony in growth among warm- and cool-season grasses. The objectives of the present study were (i) to assess the carbohydrate content in four representative zoysiagrasses Zoysia japonica ‘El Toro’, ‘Meyer’, Z. pacifica, and Z. matrella ‘Zeon’ during three successive phases of vegetation phenology, senescence, dormancy, and green-up, and (ii) to characterize the metabolic responses to phenological variations under natural acclimation. Japanese lawn grass genotypes ‘El Toro’ and ‘Meyer’ showed longer dormancy periods than fine-leaved Z. pacifica and ‘Zeon’. In Japanese lawn grass genotypes, the progressive decline of photosynthetic pigments was similar to that observed in the color retention. Over the experimental period, a significantly greater amount of starch reserves was observed in sprigs (horizontal stems) in the Japanese lawn grasses than in the fine-leaved zoysiagrasses. In general, total soluble sugars (TSS) in leaves and sprigs did not show evidence of sugar starvation during the senescence phase. TSS increased significantly during cold acclimation, resulting in a higher metabolic activity at the onset of green-up to support spring regreening in all zoysiagrasses except ‘Meyer’ leaves.     

贵州草山草坡资源及其改良利用

介绍贵州草山草坡草资源的基本概况，分析该资源利用中存在的问题，并对如何利用这种资源提出建议。