扫描昆虫雷达实时数据采集、分析系统

利用自行设计、制作的扫描昆虫雷达数据采集分析系统,对扫描雷达回波的VGA图像信号进行单帧采集和多幅序列采集,经过图像处理、参数自动识别和回波的自动分析、计算后可得到昆虫活动的方位、高度、距离、密度、飞行的方向和速度等一系列迁飞活动数据。对迁飞昆虫活动实时监测,实现该类害虫的准确预测和有效治理具有非常重要的作用。     

我国昆虫雷达发展现状与应用展望

昆虫雷达是开展迁飞性害虫监测与研究的一种重要手段。我国自1984年建立首台昆虫雷达以来,经过几代研究者的不懈努力,雷达昆虫学取得了重要进展。为促进我国昆虫雷达事业的发展,笔者介绍了我国各种昆虫雷达的建设与运转概况,分析了昆虫雷达发展面临的一些难题,围绕研制、生产与推广应用提出了相关的建议。     

中哈边境塔城区域迁飞性昆虫雷达观测研究初探

2017年和2018年6月至8月运用KC-08XVSD型昆虫雷达,结合探照灯诱虫器和地面诱虫灯诱捕数据及地面气象数据,分析了中哈边境塔城区域空中昆虫飞行特征及主要类群。结果表明:高空灯共诱捕到昆虫151种,分属12目50科,主要以鳞翅目和鞘翅目为主,地面灯共诱捕到昆虫137种,分属12目54科,主要以鞘翅目、半翅目、双翅目和直翅目为主,其中高空灯下宽胫夜蛾、旋歧夜蛾和甘薯天蛾的种群数量具有突增突减现象。雷达监测结果显示:灯下诱集到大量昆虫时,雷达回波时间主要集中在22:00-02:00,回波高度主要集中在200~600 m,有明显的成层现象和哑铃形回波分布。偏西风天气、风速在1.4~2.9 m/s时高空灯和地面灯诱虫数量较多。研究结果为利用昆虫雷达长期监测中哈边境昆虫迁飞提供基础数据,为深入探讨中哈边境区域害虫迁飞规律和监测预警提供科学依据。     

毫米波扫描昆虫雷达空中昆虫监测的初步应用

2007年6～10月,利用毫米波扫描昆虫雷达在广西兴安县植保站进行了空中昆虫的初步监测,结合地面灯和高空灯诱集,分析了地面和高空昆虫种群动态变化。结果表明:空中昆虫种群数量、种类季节性变化明显,6～9月夜间昆虫虫口密度相对较高,进入10月份夜间昆虫相对减少,雷达回波点密度和灯下诱集虫量有很高的一致性。夏季,19:00～22:00与05:30～07:00雷达回波密度各有一明显高峰期;秋季,只在20:00～21:00有一明显回波密度高峰期。昆虫飞行高度主要集中在2 000 m以下,大部分集中在500～1 000 m。姊妹灯诱捕表明,稻飞虱和稻纵卷叶螟为优势迁飞种类。昆虫飞行受气象条件影响较大。     

李光博院士在迁飞性害虫监测预警中的学术贡献——纪念李光博院士诞辰100周年

我国重大害虫多具有迁飞性,对其进行有效的监测预警在害虫防治中极为重要,本文回顾了李光博院士在重大迁飞性害虫监测预警领域中做出的重要贡献,主要包括：20世纪60年代,在揭示黏虫远距离迁飞规律的基础上创造性地提出黏虫“异地”测报技术,被农业农村部批准列入全国统一测报办法推广应用并传承至今,成为迁飞性害虫预测预报的经典理论;20世纪80年代,李光博院士又领导研究团队将人工智能技术应用到黏虫“异地”测报中,成功研制出黏虫测报专家系统,进一步提高了黏虫的预测预报理论和技术水平。同时也在迁飞性害虫预测预报信息化方面做出新的探索,研发了昆虫飞行数据微机采集分析系统,为昆虫迁飞行为和机理研究提供了有力的技术手段,也为我国迁飞性害虫的监测和治理奠定了坚实的基础。本文还介绍了研究团队在后续研究中,继承和发展李光博院士的学术思想,在昆虫雷达数据采集分析系统的开发研制方面做出新的突破,对未来迁飞性害虫监测预警研究做了展望。     

雷达在昆虫学研究中的应用

昆虫雷达因能无干扰地远距离探测到自然状态下昆虫自由飞行行为,已被广泛用于昆虫高空远距离迁飞和近地飞行行为研究,成为昆虫学研究中一个卓越的研究工具。同时天气雷达也越来越多地用于鸟和昆虫的监测,探地雷达也在探测堤坝蚁穴中起到了重要作用。本文分析了各种不同类型雷达的性能和近年来在昆虫学研究中的应用,以昆虫学家的视角审视了雷达能为昆虫学研究做什么以及其中的挑战。     

雷达监测农作物迁飞性害虫研究与应用前景

文章简述了应用雷达监测迁飞性昆虫的应用原理,美国、英国和澳大利亚等国研究概况,以及我国引进和开发这一先进技术在农作物迁飞性昆虫监测上的进展情况,阐明了应用雷达监测黏虫、褐飞虱、草地螟、棉铃虫、甜菜夜蛾等农作物重大迁飞害虫时间和空间动态变化等方面的应用前景。     

边界层气象与昆虫迁飞

迁飞是昆虫在长期进化过程中所形成的一种遗传特性。国内外的研究表明,气象条件对迁飞的实现起着重要作用。大尺度天气系统的进退与迁飞昆虫的远距离传输和降落密切相关(Drake and Farrow,1988;陈若篪等,1980),而几乎所有的迁飞活动都发生在大气边界     

鳞翅目昆虫迁飞相关基因的鉴定及进化分析

为明确迁飞性昆虫迁飞行为的分子调控机制，选取12种鳞翅目昆虫为研究对象，将其分为迁飞组和非迁飞昆虫组，采用PAML软件分析单拷贝直系同源基因在2个分组中的进化速率，从基因组水平对涉及生物钟调节、神经调节和内分泌调节3类迁飞相关基因进行注释和比较。结果表明，部分基因在迁飞昆虫和非迁飞昆虫中的进化速率存在显著差异，且这些基因富集在肌肉结构发育、复眼及光感细胞发育、能量代谢、腺体发育、醇酮类及脂蛋白合成代谢、磷酸化调节等生物过程中；与神经调节相关的基因在迁飞昆虫中有不同程度的显著扩增或收缩，而涉及生物钟调节的基因中仅ebony在迁飞组昆虫中的拷贝数显著多于非迁飞组的拷贝数，与内分泌调节相关的法尼醇脱氢酶编码基因在迁飞组和非迁飞组中呈现显著差异。表明迁飞和非迁飞2组昆虫在基因组水平上存在部分基因拷贝数增加或减少的规律，可能是迁飞昆虫或非迁飞昆虫的共同特征。     

迁飞害虫的雷达监测

前言飞蝗成群的迁飞和为害为人们所熟睹,所以我国在数千年前就有关于蝗虫迁飞为害的记载(周尧,1980)。蜻蜓、蚂蚁等昆虫的成群迁飞也是屡见不鲜的现象。但有许多害虫都是在经过试验研究论证之后,才认识到它们的迁飞现象。我国处于东亚季风地带,迁飞昆虫的种类很多,据1989年10月举行的全国迁飞昆虫学术讨论会提出的已经开展研究的迁飞昆虫近20种,实际上迁飞昆虫种类远高于此数。据目前的认识,迁飞是昆虫适应环境变化,经长期演化形成的一种生态对策,它是生活史的重要组成部     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.     

Transgene herbizidresistente Kulturen

Zusammenfassung Herbizidresistente Kulturpflanzen nehmen unter den derzeit weltweit angebauten gentechnisch veränderten Ackerbaukulturen Sojabohne, Baumwolle, Raps und Mais den weit überwiegenden Anteil ein. Als Ursachen für die rasche Zunahme der Anbauflächen herbizidresistenter Sorten sind unter anderem die Unzulänglichkeiten der für diese Kulturen bestehenden Herbizidlösungen sowie die Zunahme der pfluglosen Bestellverfahren zu sehen. Im Gegenzug hat die Minimalbodenbearbeitung aufgrund der Einführung der Herbizidresistenztechnologie, insbesondere in Sojabohne, ein ausgeprägtes Flächenwachstum erfahren.Als Entscheidungskriterien für die Wahl des Unkrautbekämpfungssystems unter Einbezug des Anbaus herbizidresistenter oder konventioneller Sorten lassen sich aus den Erfahrungen der vergangenen 8 Jahre anführen: Sortenleistung, erhöhte Kulturverträglichkeit und zeitliche Anwendungsflexibilität, Wirkungssicherheit einer Nachauflaufbehandlung in Trockenregionen, Wirkungsbreite, Wirkungsdauer und Bekämpfung resistenter Unkrautbiotypen. Aufgrund fehlender Zulassungen und Kennzeichnungsvorschriften in wichtigen Exportmärkten sind für den Anbau transgener Sorten in Übersee auch Vermarktungseinschränkungen sowie für den Anbau in Europa Haftungs- und Koexistenzregeln wichtige einzelbetriebliche Entscheidungsparameter.Fortschritte erfährt die Herbizidresistenztechnologie kurz- und mittelfristig in der Weiterentwicklung bereits praktizierter Spritzfolgen und Tankmischungen zu Fertigformulierungen der Komplementärherbizide mit residualen Partnern. Zur Bekämpfung und Vorbeugung der Ausbreitung neuer herbizidresistenter Biotypen werden die Komplementärherbizide mit Partnern anderer Wirkungsmechanismen kombiniert. Weitere Entwicklungen sind die Kombination verschiedener transgener Merkmale mit der Herbizidresistenz sowie die Ausweitung von den derzeit dominierenden Kulturen auf weltweit weniger bedeutsame Kulturen, in denen die Entwicklung neuer konventioneller Herbizidwirkstoffe bisher wenig erfolgreich war oder im Verhältnis zum Aufwand nur bedingt attraktiv ist. Für die langfristige Entwicklung könnte die Plastidentransformation zur Verhinderung einer unerwünschten Ausbreitung transgener Merkmale Bedeutung erlangen.     

Pathogenic fungi involved in root rot of peas in the Netherlands and their physiological specialization

Research on root rot pathogens of peas in the Netherlands has confirmed the prevalence ofFusarium solani, F. oxysporum, Pythium spp.,Mycosphaerella pinodes andPhoma medicaginis var.pinodella. Aphanomyces euteiches andThielaviopsis basicola were identified for the first time as pea pathogens in the Netherlands. Other pathogens such asRhizoctonia solani andCylindrocarpon destructans were also found on diseased parts of roots. F. solani existed in different degrees of pathogenicity, and was sometimes highly specific to pea, dwarf bean of field bean, depending on the cropping history of the field.A. euteiches was specific to peas, whereasT. basicola showed some degree of physiological specialization.     

Surveys of cereal diseases and pests in the Netherlands. 3. Monographella nivalis and Fusarium spp. in winter wheat fields and seed lots

Data from surveys of winter wheat fields in the period 1974–1986 and of seed lots in the period 1962–1986 and identifications of diseases on plant samples were compiled to describe the occurrence of snow mould (Monographella nivalis) andFusarium spp. On average,M. nivalis dominated overFusarium spp. The complex ofFusarium spp. constituted mainly ofF. culmorum, followed byF. avenaceum andF. graminearum. M. nivalis was dominant in May on stem-bases and in July on leaves and leaf sheaths. On seedsM. nivalis predominated only in years with low temperatures in July and August.Average brown footrot infection in the field was 4% tillers in May and 5% culms in July. Brown footrot intensity in July was high in cropping seasons with high precipitation in October and with low temperatures in October, November and December. In July during the early eighties, an average of 8% of leaves and 6% of flag leaf sheaths were infected byM. nivalis. Average ear blight incidence was 1.2% glumes infected. Seed contamination by these pathogens averaged 16% in the years 1962–1986. The contamination was high in years with high precipitation in June, July and August. Aspects of cv. resistance and yield loss are illustrated.