化学镀镍桦木单板的镀层成分分析及性能研究

通过对桦木单板表面化学镀镍,可以得到连续、均匀的镀层,从而制得具有良好导电性和电磁屏蔽功能的木材-金属复合材料。扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察表明:看似光滑的桦木单板表面是很粗糙的,经化学镀后桦木表面金属感极强,但基本构造没有明显改变。利用能谱(EDS)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)分析表明:镀层中主要成分为镍,磷含量很低。X射线衍射仪分析表明镀层为多晶结构。此木材-金属复合材料的电磁屏蔽效能在9kHz~1.5GHz的频率范围内可达到60dB,导电性和导热性能较素材有显著提高。     

金属纤维与木单板的复合

为了赋予木基复合材料电磁屏蔽功能,在脲醛树脂胶中加入黄铜纤维和不锈钢纤维作为导电单元,制备三层结构的落叶松复合胶合板,研究金属纤维不同施加量以及涂胶量对木基复合材料电磁屏蔽性能(SE)和胶合强度(ST)的影响.结果表明,除SF25-80外,胶合强度均达到或超过国家标准,涂胶量增大对电磁屏蔽效能有不利影响.在施加黄铜纤维条件下,电磁屏蔽效能为6.34～28.76dB,电磁屏蔽和胶合强度模型均不显著;在施加不锈钢纤维条件下,胶合板的电磁屏蔽效能为13.63～21.14dB,电磁屏蔽模型显著,胶合强度模型不显著.金属纤维的加入一方面有利于导电网链的形成,但另一方面对胶合强度有不利影响,进而不利于胶合板的导电性,电磁屏蔽性能是这两个方面综合作用的结果.     

铜纤维填充脲醛树脂导电膜片的电磁屏蔽性能

采用铜纤维、脲醛树脂、丙烯酸树脂以及装饰板表层纸进行热压复合制备具有电磁屏蔽功能的导电膜片。结果表明:导电膜片的电磁屏蔽效能随着纤维填充量的增大而增大,当铜纤维填充量为250g·m-2时,5,10和15mm铜纤维填充制备导电膜片的电磁屏蔽效能值分别在27～65dB,31～67dB和32～67dB之间,膜片都具有较好的屏蔽效果。在相同填充量的条件下,长度越长的铜纤维填充导电膜片电磁屏蔽效能值越大。此外结果还表明:对比铜纤维长度和膜片厚度2个影响因子,铜纤维填充量对导电膜片电磁屏蔽平均值影响最显著。     

金属纤维长度对胶合板性能的影响

为了赋予木基复合材料电磁屏蔽功能,在脲醛树脂胶中加入不锈钢纤维(SF)和黄铜纤维(CF)导电单元,制备三层结构的落叶松复合胶合板,研究不同长度的导电单元以及涂胶量对木基复合材料电磁屏蔽性能(SE)和胶合强度(ST)的影响。结果表明,胶合强度均达到或超过国家标准。涂胶量增大对电磁屏蔽效能有不利影响。在施加不锈钢纤维的条件下,胶合板的电磁屏蔽效能为13．40～21．37dB,电磁屏蔽模型和胶合强度模型均显著。在施加不锈钢纤维的条件下,电磁屏蔽效能为15．61～35．01dB,电磁屏蔽模型均显著,胶合强度模型不显著。金属纤维长度的增加可以使胶层中不锈钢纤维的搭接率增加,有利于电磁屏蔽效能的增加。     

混和导电单元对落叶松胶合板电磁屏蔽功能的影响

以不锈钢纤维(SF)、黄铜纤维(CF)、超细镍粉(Ni)以及石墨粉(CP)为导电单元,采用纤维与粉末、不锈钢纤维与黄铜纤维混和方式,在脲醛树脂胶中加入混和导电单元制备3层结构的落叶松胶合板,研究导电单元不同施加量以及混和方式对木基复合材料电磁屏蔽性能(SE)和胶合强度(ST)的影响.结果表明:胶合强度达到或超过国家标准.不锈钢纤维与石墨粉混和时,电磁屏蔽效能从5.62～21.14 dB;不锈钢纤维与镍粉混和时,电磁屏蔽效能从0～21.14 dB;黄铜纤维与石墨粉混和时,电磁屏蔽效能从10.53～28.76 dB;黄铜纤维与镍粉混和时,电磁屏蔽效能从12.30～28.76 dB;不锈钢纤维与黄铜纤维混和时,电磁屏蔽效能从6.34～21.14 dB.电磁屏蔽模型显著,胶合强度模型不显著.金属纤维比导电粉末更有利于材料电磁屏蔽效能提高,不锈钢纤维比黄铜纤维更有利于材料电磁屏蔽效能提高.     

铜纤维/脲醛树脂复合膜片的导电性能

属纤维填充聚合物复合材料作为电磁屏蔽材料和吸波材料具有广泛的应用前景(John,1990;Chen et al.,2004;谭松庭等,1999).金属纤维由于长径比较大,在复合材料中能够有效地形成导电网络,因此大大减少了导电粉末填充时的"闲置体积",同时由于形成网络时的搭接次数多,因而使接触电阻减少很多,所以用较少的金属纤维用量即可赋予复合材料优良的导电性能(范五一等,1996;于杰等,2005).导电纤维填充脲醛树脂胶黏剂制备电磁屏蔽胶合板(华毓坤等,1995;刘贤淼,2005)是木基电磁屏蔽复合材料的研究主流,但现阶段该研究方向存在一些不足.目前该类研究主要将导电纤维直接与胶黏剂混炼后热压制备电磁屏蔽胶合板,通过增加导电纤维填充量来提高材料屏蔽效能,然而单一增大导电纤维填充量使得胶合板胶合强度大大降低,材料胶合强度与屏蔽性能产生了互相制约,表现出屏蔽效能低和频带窄的缺点.     

超声波辅助桦木单板表面化学镀Ni-P合金的研究

利用超声波辅助化学镀法在桦木单板表面沉积Ni-P合金镀层.以镀后单板的电磁屏蔽效能为指标,研究100 W超声波辅助下施镀温度和施镀时间的影响,对比0、100和250 W超声波辅助的影响.同时,利用X-射线衍射、扫描电镜和能量分散色谱分析超声波功率与镀层的组织结构、表面形貌和P含量的关系.利用直拉法测定0和100 W超声波辅助化学镀所沉积镀层的结合强度.结果表明:施镀温度较低时,超声波的辅助作用更加明显;100 W超声波辅助,施镀温度62 ℃,施镀时间20 min,镀后桦木单板在9 kHz～1.5 GHz频段,电磁屏蔽效能达到60 dB;较无超声波辅助降低了温度,缩短了时间;超声波辅助使镀层中的P含量随功率的增加而增加,均匀性变差,但晶态结构未改变;无论有无超声波辅助,桦木表面所沉积的镀层均具有很高的结合强度;过高功率的超声波辅助对化学镀过程是不利的, 综合分析认为100 W最为适宜.     

水曲柳单板表面化学镀Ni-Cu-P三元合金

利用化学镀方法在水曲柳单板表面沉积Ni-Cu-P三元合金,考察镀液pH值和施镀温度对镀后单板电磁屏蔽效能的影响,利用X-射线衍射(XRD)和能谱(EDS)分析各镀层的组织结构和成分含量,采用扫描电镜(SEM)观察镀后单板的表面形貌.结果表明:镀液的pH值在8.5～9.5范围内,所得各镀层均为微晶态,但Cu和P的含量有所差异.镀液的pH值为9.25时,镀后单板的电磁屏蔽效能在9 kHz～1.5 GHz频段达50 dB,镀层中Cu和P的含量分别为9.73%和1.70%;镀液的pH值恒定,施镀温度由60 ℃升高至72 ℃,所得镀层均为微晶镀层,其中63 ℃施镀单板的电磁屏蔽效能最高.扫描电镜观察发现,木材表面完全被均匀、致密、连续的镀层覆盖,具有显著的金属光泽.     

表面型电磁屏蔽木基复合材料的制备及性能

选用镀镍布和粗化铜箔,制备具有电磁屏蔽功能的复合人造板。根据接合面的特点,分别选用聚醋酸乙烯乳液和环氧树脂,将镀镍布和粗化铜箔胶贴于人造板表面。性能检测结果表明,所制得的复合人造板的力学性能比人造板基材增强,镀镍布复合板的电磁屏蔽效能约60dB,铜箔复合板大于70dB,可满足屏蔽室建造用材的要求。     

竹炭/环氧聚酯复合材料的电磁屏蔽性能研究

采用高速粉碎法制备粉末竹炭,使用热压成型制备竹炭/环氧聚酯复合材料,研究了复合材料的电磁屏蔽效能。结果表明,环氧聚酯含量对复合材料电磁屏蔽性能的影响明显,电磁屏蔽效能随环氧聚酯含量的增加而降低;2 mm厚的复合材料电磁屏蔽效能超过21.2 d B,最高达36.8 d B。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.