RELATIVE RESPONSE OF FORAGE AND SEED YIELD OF ALFALFA TO SULFUR,PHOSPHORUS, AND POTASSIUM FERTILIZATION

A field experiment was conducted from 2000 to 2007 on three-year old alfalfa stand near Star City in northeastern Saskatchewan to determine the influence of balanced application of sulfur (S), phosphorus (P), or potassium (K) fertilizers on forage dry matter yield (DMY) and seed yield, protein concentration (PC) in forage, concentration and uptake of total nitrogen (N), P, K, S, and boron (B) in forage and seed, and residual soil extractable P, exchangeable K and sulfate-S. Appropriate application of S, P, or K fertilizer nutrients was required to obtain optimum yield, PC, and nutrient concentration and uptake, especially when alfalfa was grown for hay production. Yield response to fertilization was much more frequent and much higher when alfalfa was managed as hay compared to when managed for seed production. The results suggest the importance of proper fertilization in increasing longevity of alfalfa stands. Under both hay and seed plots, there was only a small increase in residual sulfate-S from S fertilization, but significant accumulation of extractable P mainly in the 0–15 soil layer from P application. There was relatively higher concentration of exchangeable K in soil in the seed plots than in hay plots. In hay plots, concentrations of residual exchangeable K in soil were negatively related to DMY, especially in 2007. The findings suggest that when a soil is testing low (or deficient) in a nutrient and alfalfa growth is reduced, then alfalfa producers should consider applying fertilizers to supply adequate amounts of nutrients that are lacking in the soil, especially for optimum forage production. However, it is still difficult to predict accurately if a profitable alfalfa seed yield response to fertilization would occur, particularly when soils are testing marginal in some nutrient levels and yields are negatively affected by abnormal weather conditions (drought soil moisture conditions reducing plant growth, wet, cloudy and cool weather conditions decreasing pollination activity and late summer and/or early autumn frost damage to seed formation) that often occur in the growing season in this region.     

RESPONSE OF ALFALFA SEED YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENTS TO PHOSPHORUS FERTILIZING SYSTEMS AND SEEDING RATE AT SEMI-SALINE SOIL CONDITIONS

To study the effects of phosphorus (P) fertilizer (cow manure, phosphorus solublizing bacteria) and sowing density on seed production of alfalfa, an experiment was laid out in a three-replicated split-split plot design with four phosphorus fertilizer rates (0, 30, 60 and 90 kg ha^?1) in main plots, three phosphorus-solublizing bacteria (9, 41strains, and no bacteria) in sub-plots and three sowing densities (2, 6 and 10 kg ha^?1) in sub-sub plots. The highest seed yield resulted from 60 and 90 kg P ha^?1. Application of bacteria strain 41 was more efficient than bacteria strain 9 in seed yield and 1000-seed weight. Seed yield at 6 seed kg ha^?1 treatment was higher than 10 kg ha^?1, although there was no significant difference between them. Based on the results of this experiment the triple application of P60, B41 and SD6 could be recommended as the best treatment for seed production of alfalfa (Cultivar ‘Nikshahri’) under the semi-saline condition.     

漳州低产香蕉园养分状况与平衡施肥研究

51个低产香蕉园土样测试结果表明,漳州低产香蕉园土壤酸性较强,有机质、全N、碱解N、缓效K、速效K含量偏低,有效P、Zn、S含量较丰富,有效Ca、Mg、B含量较缺。51个叶片样品养分含量N、P、K元素平均值大部分都在适宜范围,Zn含量丰富,Ca、Mg、S、B含量多属低量水平。2年田间定位试验表明,N、K效应差异显著,提高N、K施用量对低产香蕉园香蕉产量影响明显,调节土壤酸度,补充Ca、Mg营养也是重要的增产措施。     

EFFECT OF NITROGEN AND SULFUR FERTILIZATION ON YIELD COMPONENTS,SEED AND OIL YIELDS OF CANOLA

Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) levels and their methods of application on canola. Branches plant^?1, pods plant^?1 and biological yield significantly increased with increase in nitrogen level and no significant increase in seed pod^?1 and seed and oil yields occurred beyond 120 kg N ha^?1. However, thousand seed weight consistently decreased with increasing level of nitrogen. Pods plant^?1 and biological yield continually increased with increase in sulfur level. Alternatively, significant increase in branches plant^?1, seed pod^?1, seed weight, seed and oil yields was noted with increase in sulfur level up to 40 kg ha^?1. Applications of sulfur and nitrogen in split significantly decreased seed yield as compared to sole applications. It is concluded that sulfur and nitrogen application as sole at the rate of 40 and 120 kg ha^?1, respectively performed better than the rest of their levels and method of application.     

SEED YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENTS RESPONSE OF RAPE (B. NAPUS) VERSUS MUSTARD (B. JUNCEA) TO SULFUR AND POTASSIUM FERTILIZER APPLICATION IN NORTHWEST PAKISTAN

Improper sulfur (S) and potassium (K) fertilizer management, particularly with continued soil nutrient mining, is one of the major factors contributing to low seed yield of canola in northwestern Pakistan. A field experiment was conducted in 2007?2008 on a S and K deficient clay loam soil at the Research Farm of NWFP (Northwest Frontier Province) Agricultural University, Peshawar, Pakistan, with an objective to determine seed yield and yield components response of Brassica oilseed rape versus mustard to S and K application. Twenty treatments in a randomized complete block design were consisted of two oilseed rape (B. napus canola) and mustard (B. juncea canola) genotypes at three rates each of S (15, 30, and 45 kg S ha^?1) and K (30, 60, and 90 kg K ha^?1) fertilizers plus one control (no S and K applied). Seed yield and yield components increased significantly with K and S fertilization as compared to the zero-S/zero-K control. Both genotypes responded positively for seed yield and yield components to K and S fertilization, but the magnitude of response varied with levels of S and K, as well as combined K + S applications. It is concluded that a combination of 60 kg K + 30 kg S ha^?1 would improve seed yield and yield components of rape and mustard in the study area and contribute significantly to increased production. Growing B. napus was better than B. juncea in the study area, because B. napus produced significantly higher seed yield and yield components than B. juncea, indicating that yield components are the most important criteria for selection of Brassica genotypes for higher seed yield.     

EFFECT OF NITRIC OXIDE ON ALFALFA SEED GERMINATION UNDER NaCi STRESS

以甘农4号、阿尔冈金2个品种苜蓿为材料,用一氧化氮（NO）供体硝普钠、NO清除剂c-PTIO、一氧化氮合酶抑制剂N-硝基．L-精氨酸甲脂、硝酸还原酶抑制荆钨酸钾及硝普钠类似物亚铁氰化钠（不产生NO）处理苜蓿种子,研究NO对盐胁迫下苜蓿种子萌发的生理效应。结果表明,盐胁迫显著抑制了2个苜蓿品种的发芽率、胚芽和胚根长及幼苗干重（P〈0．05）,降低种子萌发过程中α、β-淀粉酶、蛋白水解酶活性,抑制淀粉水解和可溶性糖积累（P〈0．05）;盐胁迫下添加外源NO则使2个品种苜蓿α、β淀粉酶、蛋白水解酶活性、种子发芽率显著提高（P〈0．05）,淀粉含量降低,可溶性糖含量升高、胚芽和胚根长及幼苗干重显著增加（P〈0．05）;NO供体SNP的类似物亚铁氰化钠对盐胁迫下苜蓿种子萌发的各项指标无明显影响;施用NO清除剂c-PTIO、硝酸还原酶抑制剂钨酸钾和一氧化氮合酶抑制剂N-硝基-L-精氨酸甲脂具有降低苜蓿种子萌发的效应（P〈0．05）。因此,盐胁迫抑制苜蓿种子的萌发,而添加外源NO是缓解这种抑制作用的有效途径,内源NO也可能参与盐胁迫下苜蓿种子萌发的调节,且通过NOS和NR途径产生的NO在缓解盐胁迫抑制苜蓿种子萌发中可能起关键作用。     

一氧化氮对NaCl胁迫下苜蓿种子萌发的影响

以甘农4号、阿尔冈金2个品种苜蓿为材料,用一氧化氮(NO)供体硝普钠、NO 清除剂c-PTIO、一氧化氮合酶抑制剂N-硝基-L-精氨酸甲脂、硝酸还原酶抑制剂钨酸钾及硝普钠类似物亚铁氰化钠(不产生NO)处理苜蓿种子,研究NO对盐胁迫下苜蓿种子萌发的生理效应。结果表明,盐胁迫显著抑制了2个苜蓿品种的发芽率、胚芽和胚根长及幼苗干重(P<0.05),降低种子萌发过程中α、β-淀粉酶、蛋白水解酶活性,抑制淀粉水解和可溶性糖积累(P<0.05);盐胁迫下添加外源NO则使2个品种苜蓿α、β-淀粉酶、蛋白水解酶活性、种子发芽率显著提高(P<0.05),淀粉含量降低,可溶性糖含量升高、胚芽和胚根长及幼苗干重显著增加(P<0.05);NO 供体SNP 的类似物亚铁氰化钠对盐胁迫下苜蓿种子萌发的各项指标无明显影响;施用NO 清除剂c-PTIO、硝酸还原酶抑制剂钨酸钾和一氧化氮合酶抑制剂N-硝基-L-精氨酸甲脂具有降低苜蓿种子萌发的效应(P<0.05)。因此,盐胁迫抑制苜蓿种子的萌发,而添加外源NO是缓解这种抑制作用的有效途径,内源NO也可能参与盐胁迫下苜蓿种子萌发的调节,且通过NOS和NR途径产生的NO在缓解盐胁迫抑制苜蓿种子萌发中可能起关键作用。     

施肥深度对大豆氮磷钾吸收及产量的影响

采用分层施肥和15N示踪方法,研究施肥深度对大豆氮磷钾吸收及产量的影响,为大豆合理施肥深度的确定提供理论依据。研究表明,施肥深度对大豆前、中期植株干物质、氮磷钾的积累影响较大,而对植株成熟期影响较小;大豆苗期(V3)与种子同层施肥处理植株干物质和氮磷钾的积累量最大;盛花期(R2)以种下6cm处理效果最明显。施肥深度对大豆产量的影响也表现为种下6cm处理最高,但与种子同层施肥、种下12、18和24cm施肥处理差异不显著;施于种子同层至种下6cm最有利于大豆苗期氮肥吸收,表层施肥、种下24cm施肥处理氮肥吸收效果不好。     

优化施肥对小麦品质和产量的效应研究

采用正交旋转组合设计,针对N、P、K、Zn 4种肥料对小麦产量和品质的效应进行探讨,结果表明:N、P对产量都达显著正效应,N对湿面筋含量达极显著正效应,P与湿面筋含量呈显著负效应,K、Zn对产量和品质效应微弱。4种肥料对产量的影响顺序为:N>P>Zn>K,对湿面筋含量的影响顺序为:N>P>K>Zn。小麦产量和品质都较理想的施肥区间为N 252.8～294.2 kg/hm2,P 111.0～139.1kg/hm2, K145.8～153.0kg/hm2, Zn 9.8～12.1kg/hm2, 合理的配比为N:P2O5:K2O:ZnSO4=1:0.46:0.55:0.04     

EFFECT OF LATE-SEASON FERTILIZATION ON NUTRIENT RESERVES AND CARBOHYDRATE ACCUMULATION IN BAREROOT LARIX OLGENSIS SEEDLINGS

It is not clear about the interactive effects of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium additions on carbohydrate accumulation in tree seedlings in the late-season of fall. In late September of 2009, 0 or 60 kg nitrogen ha^?1 urea (46-0-0) was applied with 30 and 60 kg phosphorus ha^?1 potassium hydrogen phosphate (0-41-45) to transplanted bareroot Changbai larch (Larix olgensis Henry) seedlings. One month after first fertilization, seedlings receiving nitrogen addition had higher nitrogen and phosphorus, but lower potassium, concentrations in combined stems and roots. The higher rate phosphorus and potassium treatment increased nitrogen concentration in coarse roots (diameter > 5 mm) without nitrogen addition and improved potassium reserves. Fertilization did not affect seedling growth and whole-plant carbohydrate accumulation. In conclusion, we recommend a fertilizer regime of 60 kg N ha^?1 urea and 60 kg phosphorus ha^?1 potassium hydrogen phosphate applied in fall to improve nutrient reserves and increase root carbohydrate accumulation in Changbai larch seedlings.     

EFFICIENCY OF ELEMENTAL SULFUR ON MYCORRHIZAE IN THE YIELD INCREASE OF WHEAT

Mycorrhizal infection enhances phosphorus (P) nutritional status of plants under P-deficient soil condition. The yield responses of wheat to sulfur (S) alone, phosphorus (P) alone, and combined application of sulfur and phosphorus in mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal treatments in calcareaous non-sterilized Karaburun soil (sub-group Typic Xerorthent) were investigated. The elemental sulfur enhanced the mycorrhizal efficiency that resulted in increased shoot, root, and grain yield dry matter in comparison to mycorrhiza treatment alone. This new finding to increase the efficiency of the mycorrhizae by the addition of 100 mg kg^?1 elemental sulfur to the soil suggests that elemental sulfur may play an important role for the ecologic agriculture. It can be specifically important for increasing the efficiency of mycorrhizal infection in well-aerated P deficient soil.     

EFFECT OF DIFFERENT FERTILIZATION MODES ON PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS,YIELD AND QUALITY OF CHINESE CABBAGE

In field conditions, seven fertilization treatments were applied by randomized design with three replications. At a late growth stage of Chinese cabbage, the plant leaf chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate (P_n), transpiration rate (T_r), and stomatal conductance (G_s) significantly increased upon the three fertilization modes, which were synthetic and organic fertilizers combined (SOF), synthetic fertilizer and dicyandiamide combined (SFD), and organic fertilizer inoculated live earthworms (OFE) than the other treatments. Organic fertilizer application significantly improved superoxide dismutase (SOD), Peroxidase (POD) and Catalase (CAT) activities and decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation, especially in the organic fertilizer inoculated live earthworms treatment. The SOF, SFD and OFE treatments improved the plant yield by 40.5%, 38.0% and 36.1% than the synthetic fertilizer applied alone treatment (SFB) and by 23.4%, 21.1% and 19.6% than the synthetic fertilizer in a split application treatment (SFT). Compared to single applied synthetic fertilizer, the OFE treatment significantly reduced nitrate content, and also improved sugar-acid ratio and soluble sugar and Vc content in the heads of the plant at the harvest stage. All this suggests the OFE treatment is a healthy, sustainable and environmentally friendly fertilization way for the Chinese cabbage production in north of China.     

长期施肥后简育湿润均腐土中磷素形态特征的研究

对黑土（简育湿润均腐土）长期定位施肥15年后土壤磷素形态进行分析研究。结果表明：土壤中积累的Al-P、Ca2-P量与施磷量成正相关；只施NK能促进植物对Ca8-P的吸收；闭蓄态磷（Oc-P）含量均较低。施磷肥能增加黑土Fe-P含量，却未能增加Ca10-P含量。黑土各形态无机磷的含量大小顺序为：Fe-P〉Ca10-P〉Al-P〉Cas-P〉Ca2-P〉Oc-P。施磷能增加土壤中有机磷（O-P）的含量，但不能增加土壤有机质含量。土壤有机质含量均有不同程度的下降。本试验黑土中施入N112．5kg hm^-2a^-1和P20kg hm^-2a^-1能保持土壤中无机磷（I-P）平衡。     

IMPROVING SEED YIELD OF BLACK GRAM (VIGNA MUNGO L. VAR. DPU-88-31) THROUGH FOLIAR FERTILIZATION OF ZINC DURING THE REPRODUCTIVE PHASE

The response of zinc (Zn) deficiency on reproductive yield and recovery through foliar application of Zn was determined in black gram, an important edible legume in India. Results revealed that foliar spray of Zn [0.01 and 0.5% zinc sulfate (ZnSO₄)] improved not only the flowering, pollen producing capacity, pollen viability, stigma-receptivity and pollen-stigma interaction but also the yield parameters like number, size and weight of pods and seeds. Zinc deficiency induced changes in pollen grain structure, activity of esterase and poor stigmatic exudation leading to improper pollen-stigma interaction, which seem to be the main cause of poor fertility and decreased seed yield. Foliar application of 0.5% ZnSO₄ after bud formation was most beneficial not only for reproductive yield but also seed Zn content.     

不同施肥模式对水稻生理特性、产量及其N肥农学利用率的影响

以水稻品种金优207为材料,对不施氮肥(T1)、试验区当地农民习惯氮肥用量(T2:尿素,纯N187.5 kg/hm2)和在农民习惯施氮量基础上减量配施氮肥(T3:氮减少20%,30%农民习惯用化肥+20%习惯用量的有机肥+30%习惯用量的缓释肥,纯N 150kg/hm2)3种施肥模式下水稻不同生育期的生理特性、产量及其...     

黄土高原旱地长期施肥条件下土壤有机磷的变化

采用Bowman和Cole提出的有机P分组方法,对长期施肥条件下土壤有机P的组成变化以及有机P及其组分与有机质、速效P的关系进行研究。结果表明,活性、中等活性、中等稳定性、高等稳定性有机P分别占有机P总量的 80.2%、9.8%、9.0 %、和2.0 %。有机无机肥配施可明显增加土壤有机P及活性、中等活性有机P、中等稳定性有机P含量,减少高等稳定性有机P含量。施肥对有机P各组分剖面分布规律影响不大。活性、中等活性有机P与速效P、有机质、有机P总量呈显著正相关,中等稳定性、高等稳定性有机P与速效P、有机质不相关。     

EFFECTS OF PHOSPHORUS SUPPLY ON GROWTH,YIELD, AND YIELD COMPONENTS OF SAFFLOWER AND SUNFLOWER

This study comparatively evaluates the phosphorus (P) requirement of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) in view of identifying low input oil crops. Both species responded strongly to increasing P supply with respect to plant growth and yield. Yield component analysis revealed that oil yield in safflower was affected by P deficiency mainly via the number of capitula per plant followed, in consecutive order, by the number of achenes per capitulum and the single achene mass (SAM). The major yield component influencing oil yield of sunflower was the number of achenes per plant, followed by the SAM. Contribution of the seed oil concentration to overall yield variation was insignificant for both species. Path coefficient analyses indicate that in sunflower total nitrogen (N) accumulated was found to be most important, while in safflower this holds true for both the total P and N accumulated. It was concluded that safflower cannot be considered a low-input oil crop in terms of its P requirement.     

SOURCES OF SULFUR FOR DRY MATTER,SEED YIELD,AND OIL CONCENTRATION OF CANOLA GROWN IN SULFUR DEFICIENT SOILS OF SOUTH-WESTERN AUSTRALIA

Leaching of sulfur (S) on sandy soils may limit the effectiveness of S fertilizers especially when applied at sowing. The effectiveness of S sources for canola (oil seed rape, Brassica napus L.) grown in sandy low S soils of south-western Australia is not known. This study was completed to determine the relative effectiveness of gypsum and a gypsum-based by-product from synthetic rutile processing called Canola Blue for canola grown in low S soils of the region. Canola Blue is a mixture of gypsum and elemental S, and is granulated so its effectiveness may vary from gypsum. We measured the effectiveness of the two S sources in the glasshouse for young seedling growth and for minimizing S leaching. In the four field experiments, the two S sources were evaluated for relative effects on canola seed yield and the concentration of oil in seed. Canola Blue applied at sowing was as effective as gypsum for canola growth in the glasshouse and when applied at 35 days after sowing (DAS) was as effective as gypsum for seed yield in the field. For the glasshouse study, Canola Blue when applied to the soil surface (topdressed) at 35 DAS was as effective as gypsum in achieving a rapid recovery of leaves from S deficiency symptoms and of shoot growth. Where S deficiency appears during the growing season, topdressing with Canola Blue appears to be as effective under the conditions of this experiment as was gypsum. However, the S in Canola Blue was less prone to leaching than that applied as gypsum.     

MODULATION IN YIELD AND JUICE QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF CITRUS FRUIT FROM TREES SUPPLIED WITH ZINC AND POTASSIUM FOLIARLY

Citrus, especially K innow (Citrus deliciosa × Citrus nobilis), fruit yield and quality in Pakistan is not competitive with that of other countries which could be mainly attributed to the lack of good nutrient management for citrus orchards. The yield losses in this fruit crop occur mainly due to heavy fruit dropping. Experiments to overcome these problems were conducted at four different sites one each in Faisalabad, Toba Tek Singh, Jhang and Sargodha districts of Punjab, Pakistan. The soil and leaf chemical analysis showed severe deficiency of Zn and our pervious results have shown that soil amendment with potassium (K) at 75 K₂O kg ha^?1 improved the citrus fruit yield and quality at all selected sites. In the present experiments, effect of foliar application of Zn and K alone or in combination was studied on nutrient uptake, fruit yield, fruit dropping and juice quality. The fruit trees were pretreated with a selected K level of sulfate of potash (SOP) or muriate of potash (MOP), i.e., 75 kg K₂O ha^?1 along with recommended nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) doses. Zinc [Zn, 1% zinc sulfate (ZnSO₄) solution], K [1% potassium sulfate (K₂SO₄) solution] and Zn + K (solution containing 0.5% each of ZnSO₄ and K₂SO₄) were sprayed at the onset of spring and flush of leaves or flowers, fruit formation and at color initiation on fruit. Overall, application of Zn, K or Zn + K was effective in improving the nutrient uptake, yield and quality parameters of citrus fruit at all sites. Fruit dropping was also reduced by the foliar spray of Zn, K or Zn + K but the most promising results were recorded with foliar spray containing both Zn and K.     

水稻籽粒硒含量的基因型差异及其与产量性状的相关性分析

利用常规籼粳类型品种,在龙游和衢江2个试验点进行籽粒硒含量的基因型差异及其与产量性状的相关性分析。结果表明,籽粒硒含量在2个试验点呈显著差异,土壤硒含量高的龙游试验点的水稻籽粒硒含量较高,其水稻颖壳和糙米硒含量平均值分别是衢江点的1.22倍和1.16倍。籼稻和粳稻之间的颖壳硒含量具显著差异,但糙米硒含量在籼稻和粳稻品种...