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1.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(3-4):305-319
Abstract The uptake and distribution of manganese (Mn) in field‐grown maize (Zea mays L.) was studied in a long‐term sewage sludge field trial on an acid sandy soil at Bordeaux. Since 1974, sewage sludge had been applied at levels of 101 dry matter (DM) ha‐1 year‐1 (SS 10) and 1001 DM ha‐1 per 2 years (SS 100) on annually cropped maize plots. Treatment with farmyard manure (FYM) at a rate of 10 t DM ha‐1 year‐1 served as unpolluted control. Five replicate plants per treatment were examined at six different growth stages. At each stage, the whole plant was separated into its different organs and the Mn distribution was determined in at least 12 different plant parts. Manganese concentrations were always higher in SS 100 plants compared to FYM and SS 10 treated plants. Significant treatment‐dependent differences occurred almost all in the roots and in the different leaf levels while we found similar Mn concentrations in the stalk and in the reproductive organs. In the different stalk levels and in the ear composites we determined low Mn concentrations with critical deficiency values in FYM and SS 10 plants while Mn concentrations in SS 100 plants were in the normal range. Soil treatment also significantly influenced the initial absorption by the roots. Despite low absolute Mn concentrations in the roots of FYM plants, the Mn transfer coefficient (plant Mn concentration/soil Mn concentration) was highest in FYM plants and lowest in SS 100 plants indicating a relatively low Mn plant availability in the sludge‐treated plots. 相似文献
2.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(5-6):813-825
Abstract In semiarid and arid regions, plant growth is limited by high pH, salinity, and poor physical properties of salt‐affected soils. A field experiment was conducted in the semiarid region of Kangping in northeast China (42°70′ N, 123°50′ E) to evaluate a soil‐management system that utilized a by‐product of flue‐gas desulfurization (FGD). Soil was treated with 23,100 kg ha?1 of the by‐product. Results of corn growth were grouped into three grades (GD) according to stages of corn growth: GD1, seeds did not germinate; GD2, seeds germinated but corn was not harvested; and GD3, plants grew well and corn was harvested. The pH, electrical conductivity (EC), bicarbonate (HCO3 ?), carbonate (CO3 2?), exchangeable and soluble calcium (Ca2+), chloride (Cl), and sulfate (SO4 2?) in surface soils of the three grades (>20 cm) was measured to assess the correlation between corn growth and soil properties. Vertical differences in subsoil properties (0‐100 cm) between GD1 and GD3 were compared to known benchmark soil profiles. The FGD by‐product significantly increased EC, exchangeable and soluble Ca2+, and SO4 2? and decreased CO3 2?, exchangeable sodium (Na+), and soluble Na+. pH, EC, HCO3 ?, CO3 2?, and Cl? were higher in surface soils of GD1 than GD3. Soil hardness, soil moisture content, Cl?, and calcium carbonate (CaCO3) were higher in GD1 than in GD3, whereas the amount of available P was lower in GD1. Interestingly, the concentration of Cl?, a toxic element for plant growth, was 2.5 and 1.5 times higher in GD1 than in GD3 and control soil, respectively. In the comparison study of subsoils, GD1 and GD3 were classified as having typical characteristics of saline‐alkali soil (pH>8.5; exchangeable‐sodium‐percentage [ESP]>15; EC>4.0) and alkali soil (pH>8.5; ESP>15; EC<4.0), respectively. 相似文献
3.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(15-16):2745-2759
Abstract Studies were conducted to investigate phosphorus (P)‐sorption characteristics of some intensely weathered soils in south‐central Kentucky. Phosphorus adsorption characteristics reflected the chemical and mineralogical properties of the soils studied. All adsorption data were adequately described by first order kinetic reactions which implied that the soils have uniform surfaces for P sorption. In spite of the limitations of the Langmuir equation, its usefulness in summarizing data into one adsorption maximum value was demonstrated by nearly identical adsorption maxima estimated by three linear transformations of the equation and small deviations from the observed maxima. Variations in adsorption maxima between surface and subsoils and among soils were best correlated with extractable aluminum (Al) (r = 0.93, p<0.01) and crystalline iron (Fe) oxy‐hydroxides (r = 0.97, p<0.01). Clay content was also highly correlated with P sorption (r = 0.97, p <0.01) as well as with extractable Al (r = 0.83, p<0.05) and crystalline Fe oxides (r = 0.92, p<0.01) suggesting that its contribution may have been through its association with these soil components. In contrast, organic matter had a negative association with P sorption (r = ‐0.83, p<0.05). The results indicate higher P sorption in subsoil than in surface horizons, controlled mainly by extractable Al and crystalline Fe oxyhydroxides. 相似文献
4.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(17-18):2712-2724
The suitability of loss‐on‐ignition (LOI) as an alternative to direct measurement of organic carbon (OC) has been debated for decades without resolution. The literature contains an abundance of different linear regression models to describe the LOI–OC relationship, most based on untransformed values of LOI and OC. Such regression is suspect because the variables are unable to occupy Euclidean space. Logratio transformation—based on relative rather than absolute differences—eliminates this constraint. Re‐analysis of the relationship on new and 10 previously published datasets using logratio techniques reveals that the relationship is nonlinear and that the profusion of regression models is in part a function of the range of LOI. Although LOI may offer a crude estimate of OC at high LOI levels, OC/LOI ratios when LOI is less than about 25% are too variable for reliable OC estimation, and interstudy comparisons remain dubious. Direct measurement of OC is recommended. 相似文献
5.
Two lines of sunflower (Helianthrus annuus L.), a salt‐tolerant Euroflor and a salt‐sensitive SMH‐24, were grown for three weeks in sand culture containing 0 or 150 mol/m3 NaCl in full strength Hoagland nutrient solution. Distribution of cations in the leaves of varying ages was determined. The older leaves of SMH‐24 contained more sodium (Na) in the laminae than the younger leaves at the salt treatment, whereas laminae of leaves of varying ages of Euroflor maintained Na concentration almost uniform. Distribution of potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) in the laminae was strongly age‐dependent in both lines, i.e., the older leaves contained greater concentrations of these cations than did the younger leaves. The lines did not differ in concentrations of the three cations. The older leaves of SMH‐24 had significantly lower K/Na ratios than those of Euroflor, but the lines did not differ in lamina Ca/Na ratios. It is concluded that distribution of K, Ca, and Mg in the leaf laminae is age‐dependent. Salt‐tolerance in sunflower is related to exclusion of Na in the leaf laminae and to maintenance of almost uniform concentrations of this ion in leaves of all ages. 相似文献
6.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(15-20):2157-2170
Abstract A single biosolids application was made to 1.5×2.3 m confined plots of a Davidson clay loam (Rhodic Kandiudult) in 1984 at 0, 42, 84, 126, 168, and 210 Mg ha?1. The highest biosolids application supplied 750 and 600 kg ha?1 of Cu and Zn, respectively. Corn (Zea mays L.), from 1984 to 2000, and radish (Raphanus sativus L.) and romaine lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. longifolia), from 2001 to 2004, were grown at the site to assess heavy‐metal bioavailability. Extractable (0.005 diethylenetriamine (DTPA) and Mehlich 1) Cu and Zn were determined on 0 to 15‐cm depth samples from each plot. Corn yield increased with biosolids rate each year until 1993 to 1997, when yield decreased with biosolids rate because of phytotoxicity induced by low (<5.0) soil pH. The corn yield reduction was reversed between 1998 and 2000 upon raising the soil pH to approximately 6.0 by limestone addition following the 1997 season. Between 2001 and 2004, radish and lettuce yields were either not affected or slightly increased with biosolids rate, even as soil pH declined to below 5.5. Plant‐tissue metal concentrations increased with biosolids rate and as pH declined but were always within the normal range of these crops. Mehlich 1 and DTPA extractable metals increased linearly with biosolids rate. Extractability of Cu and Zn decreased approximately 50% over the past 20 years despite a decrease in soil organic matter concentration and greater than 95% conservation of the metals. 相似文献
7.
Previous studies have indicated that under hydroponic conditions, spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) plants produce higher grain yields, more tillers, and increased dry matter when continuously supplied with mixtures of NO3 and NH4 than when supplied with only NO3. The objective of this study was to determine if mixed N needs to be available before or after flowering, or continuously, in order to elicit increases in growth and yield of wheat. During vegetative development, plants of the cultivar ‘Marshal’ were grown in one of two nutrient solutions containing either a 100/0 or 50/50 mixture of NO3 to NH4 and, after flowering, half the plants were switched to the other solution. At physiological maturity, plants were harvested, separated into leaves, stems, roots, and grain and the dry matter and N concentration of each part determined. Yield components and the number of productive tillers were also determined. Availability of mixed N at either growth stage increased grain yield over plants receiving continuous NO3, but the increase was twice as large when the mixture was present during vegetative growth. When the N mixture was available only during vegetative growth the yield increase was similar to that obtained with continuous mixed N. The yield increases obtained with mixed N were the result of enhanced tillering and the production of more total biomass. Although plants receiving a mixed N treatment accumulated more total N than those grown solely with NO3, the greatest increase occurred when mixed N was available during vegetative growth. Because availability of mixed N after flowering increased the N concentration over all NO3 and pre‐flowering mixed N plants, it appears that the additional N accumulation from mixed N needs to be coupled with tiller development in order to enhance grain yields. These results confirm that mixed N nutrition increases yield of wheat and indicate that the most critical growth stage to supply the N mixture to the plant is during vegetative growth. 相似文献
8.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(5-6):789-799
Abstract The effects of irrigating with saline water on native soil fertility and nutrient relationships are not well understood. In a laboratory experiment, we determined the extent of indigenous nutrient [calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn)] release in salt-saturated soils. Soils were saturated with 0, 75, and 150 mmolc L?1 sodium chloride (NaCl) solution and incubated for 1, 5, 10, and 15 days. The saturation extracts were analyzed for pH, ECe, and water‐soluble Ca, Mg, K, Mn, and Zn, and the remainder soil samples were analyzed for exchangeable forms of these elements. In a subexperiment, three soil types (masa, red‐yellow, and andosol) were saturated individually either with 100 mmolc L?1 of NaCl, sodium nitrate (NaNO3), or sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) salt. These salts were also compared for nutrient release. Soils treated with NaCl released higher amounts of water‐soluble than exchangeable nutrients. Except for Zn, the average concentrations of these nutrients in the soil solution increased significantly with time of incubation, but concentrations of the exchangeable forms varied inversely with time of incubation. The masa soil exhibited the highest concentrations of Ca and Mg, whereas K was highest in andosol. The extract from soils treated with NaCl contained greater amounts of soluble cations, whereas soils treated with Na2SO4 produced the lowest concentration of these elements irrespective of the type of soil used. 相似文献
9.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(3-4):233-241
Abstract The determination of soil organic matter by wet digestion techniques is a slow and laborious analysis. Loss‐on‐ignition (LOI) provides a simple alternative technique for the estimation of soil organic carbon in non‐calcareous A horizon soils of the Natal midlands and Zululand forestry regions. Using multiple regressional techniques, the relationships between loss‐on‐ignition, Walkley organic carbon and soil texture for 55 soils were determined over a range of ignition temperatures. The relationships hold best for soil samples with relatively low organic carbon contents (< 5%). The optimum temperature for ignition was found to occur at 450°C and resulted in the relationship: Soil organic carbon = 0.284*LOI percent. No advantage is gained through ignition at higher temperatures due to the loss of clay mineral structural water, even if the soil texture is accurately known. 相似文献
10.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(5-6):726-740
Abstract Soil color is a soil property that may be used as an interpreting index in estimating processes and properties. Quantifying color allows one to obtain information for rapidly estimating the related processes in soils. CIELAB color parameters L*, a*, and b* of ground (air‐dried and sieved) soil samples and aggregate surfaces of four soil profiles formed in calcareous colluviums in northern Turkey were analyzed. Values of color parameters measured in ground and intact soils were compared and related to soil properties by the regression technique. Results revealed that the L* value obtained with a ground soil sample was a significant predictor of organic matter in A horizons (p < 0.001). Although calcic horizons yielded the highest L* values, no significant relationship was obtained between calcium carbonate contents and lightness of soils in any of horizons studied. The parameters of b* could adequately be used to quantify dithionite‐extractable iron oxide contents in soils studied. The results further showed that the CIELAB color parameters obtained with ground samples were more informative than that of aggrevated samples in relating color parameters to soil properties. 相似文献
11.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(9-10):1493-1506
Abstract The low‐hilly regions in South China are mainly covered with Ultisols and Alfisols with a pH of 4.5–6.0. The major factor limiting crop performance is soluble aluminum (Al) in acid soils, resulting in phytotoxicity in susceptible species. An investigation in Jiangxi and Zhejiang provinces in South China showed that many plants including some native plants and cultivated crops (total of 27 species) could grow well in acid soils of these areas. The Al‐accumulating capacity in leaves varied greatly from species to species. Camellia oleifera Abel accumulated more than 13,500 mg kg?1 Al in old leaves; Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze, Fagopyrum esculentum Moench, and Dicranopteris pedata (Houtt.) Nakaike accumulated more than 1000 mg kg?1 Al in leaves; and Oryza sativa L., Eucalyptus globulus Labill., Citrus reticulata Blanco, and Brassica chinensis L. accumulated less than 200 mg kg?1 Al in leaves. This investigation provides an important basis for further exploring Al accumulation and resistant mechanisms in plants. 相似文献
12.
Recurrent monitoring of water wells is necessary to ensure that nitrate‐nitrogen (NO3‐N) concentrations in groundwater do not exceed 10 mg/L, the maximum contaminant level set by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Continuous chemical analysis is often a time consuming and expensive process. A recently developed ‘Reflectoquant Analysis System’, which employs reflectometry techniques, may offer a simple and accurate method for NO3‐N analysis. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ‘Reflectoquant Analysis System’ as an alternative method for determination of NO3‐N in well water. Water samples were collected from 42 wells in Oklahoma. The samples were analyzed using the ‘Reflectoquant Analysis System’, automated cadmium reduction (Griess‐Ilosvay), ion chromatography, and phenoldisulfonic acid procedures. The linear range of the ‘Reflectoquant Analysis System’ is 1.1 to 50.6 mg/L NO3‐N. Samples exceeding this range must be diluted before analysis is performed. Excluding two wells where NO3‐N was >50.6 mg/L, simple correlation was high (r > 0.91) among the four procedures evaluated. In addition, slopes and intercepts from linear regression of NO3‐N among procedures were not significantly different. Population means obtained using the four methods were very similar. For this sample of wells, the ‘Reflectoquant Analysis System’ was precise and provided NO3‐N analysis of water samples equivalent to standard methods. Other advantages of the ‘Reflectoquant Analysis System’ are short analytical times, reduced operator training period, and competitive costs compared to standard methods. 相似文献
13.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(6):627-644
Abstract All cucurbit embryos analyzed showed a decrease in the ease with which calcium could be extracted from the ash as the ashing temperature increased beyond 600°C. After ashing at 500°C, the Ca in the cucurbit ash was fully extracted by 5% o HC1. After 650°C ashing, lower than expected Ca levels were obtained unless additional ash treatment with HNO3 and HC1 was applied. Castor bean embryos plus endosperm showed the same effect but other oily embryos tested did not need ash treatment to fully extract Ca from either the 500 or 650°C ash. Neutron activation analysis indicated that the differences in ash characteristics were related to the differences in concentrations of K and P in the embryo tissues. 相似文献
14.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(3-4):538-550
Abstract Sewage‐sludge‐amended soils generally contain elevated levels of organic matter and heavy metals compared to control soils. Because organic matter is known to complex with heavy metals, the solubility behavior of the organic matter in such soils may exert a significant influence on the solubility of the metals. Little is known about such a process. Using batch experiments in which the solubility of organic matter in a heavily sludge‐amended soil was artificially manipulated, we show that the solubilities of the heavy metals copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), and lead (Pb) show a strong positive relationship to the solubility of organic matter, particularly at high pH. The results suggest that under field conditions, spatiotemporal variations in the solid–solution partitioning of organic matter may have a bearing on the environmental significance (mobility and bioavailability) of these heavy metals. 相似文献
15.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(4):390-407
The To Lich and Kim Nguu Rivers, laden with untreated waste from industrial sources, serve as sources of water for irrigating vegetable farms. The purposes of this study were to identify the impact of wastewater irrigation on the level of heavy metals in the soils and vegetables and to predict their potential mobility and bioavailability. Soil samples were collected from different distances from the canal. The average concentrations of the heavy metals in the soil were in the order zinc (Zn; 204 mg kg?1) > copper (Cu; 196 mg kg?1) > chromium (Cr; 175 mg kg?1) > lead (Pb; 131 mg kg?1) > nickel (Ni; 60 mg kg?1) > cadmium (Cd; 4 mg kg?1). The concentrations of all heavy metals in the study site were much greater than the background level in that area and exceeded the permissible levels of the Vietnamese standards for Cd, Cu, and Pb. The concentrations of Zn, Ni, and Pb in the surface soil decreased with distance from the canal. The results of selective sequential extraction indicated that dominant fractions were oxide, organic, and residual for Ni, Pb, and Zn; organic and oxide for Cr; oxide for Cd; and organic for Cu. Leaching tests for water and acid indicated that the ratio of leached metal concentration to total metal concentration in the soil decreased in the order of Cd > Ni > Cr > Pb > Cu > Zn and in the order of Cd > Ni > Cr > Zn > Cu > Pb for the ethylenediaminetetraaceitc acid (EDTA) treatment. The EDTA treatment gave greater leachability than other treatments for most metal types. By leaching with water and acid, all heavy metals were fully released from the exchangeable fraction, and some heavy metals were fully released from carbonate and oxide fractions. The concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn in the vegetables exceeded the Vietnamese standards. The transfer coefficients for the metals were in the order of Zn > Ni > Cu > Cd = Cr > Pb. 相似文献
16.
The objective of this study was to establish whether the iron‐stress responses observed in T203 soybean (Fe‐inefficient) with active nodules are products of the nodules or of the entire root system. A split‐root system was used in which half the roots of each plant were inoculated and actively fixing nitrogen and the other half were not. Soybean cultivar T203 is normally Fe‐inefficient and does not exhibit the Fe‐stress responses, however an iron‐stress response did occur during active N2 fixation in earlier studies. This implies that the active nodules influenced the plant's ability to respond to Fe‐deficiency stress. In this study, the Fe‐stress response (H+ and reductant release) observed in T203 soybean was limited to the inoculated side of the split‐root system. The severe Fe chlorosis which developed in these plants was overcome in a manner similar to Fe‐efficient cultivars undergoing normal Fe‐stress response and the T203 plants completely regreened. Exudation of H+ ions was similar in both the presence and absence of Fe, and was generally limited to inoculated roots. Reductant release was nearly nonexistent from the non‐inoculated roots and was greater for the Fe‐stressed (‐Fe) plants than for non‐stressed (+Fe) plants. Thus, the response observed, which alleviated Fe chlorosis, appeared to be associated with N2 fixation of the active nodules. 相似文献
17.
Balal Hossain Norihiro Hirata Yoshitaka Nagatomo Masahito Suiko Hiroshi Takaki 《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(6):1113-1128
Radish (Raphanus sativus cv. Akamaru‐Hatsukadaikon) was grown for several experiments in a glasshouse with zinc (Zn) supply in the nutrient solution. Lack of Zn resulted in stunted growth and reduced leaf of radish shoots were observed. Two‐dimensional thin layer chromatography (TLC) and gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) analysis revealed the presence of endogenous indole‐3‐acetic acid (IAA) in Zn‐deficient radish shoots. An estimate has been made of alkali‐labile (1 and 7N NaOH) IAA in Zn‐deficient radish shoots with the use of gas chromatography (GC). The level of 7N NaOH‐labile IAA (peptidic + ester + free) and IN NaOH‐labile IAA (ester + free) in Zn‐deficient radish shoots was almost the same as that of control radish shoots. These results suggest that Zn nutrition did not affect the level of endogenous IAA in radish shoots. 相似文献
18.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(5):617-624
Abstract Several aqueous extractants buffered above pH 6.5 were evaluated for their ability to extract gibberellic acid from a Xerollic Calciorthid. More than 90% of the GA3 added to soil was recovered with 0.01 M KH2PO4, pH 7.4. Gibberellic acid in soil extracts concentrated under vacuum was determined by reverse‐phase high‐pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) by comparing the reproducible GA3 peak areas with those of standards prepared in the same background solution. 相似文献
19.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(5-6):415-427
Abstract An experiment was conducted in the central region of Malawi to study the relationship of minerals in soil‐plant‐animal systems to enable prediction of mineral status of beef cattle. Soil, forage and tissues (blood, bone and liver biopsy samples) were collected from cows at the same time in February, April, May, October and December for three consecutive years. Brahman x Malawi Zebu cows were supplemented with mono‐ and di‐calcium phosphate, salt and copper (plus cobalt and selenium) boluses. Bone, liver and serum minerals (calcium, phosphorus, copper and zinc) correlated poorly to specific minerals in either forage or soil. A few minerals could explain more than 16% of their variation in animal tissues. Consequently, it was concluded that correlation coefficients among soil, plant and animal tissues are low or nonexistent. Therefore, until high, significant, reliable and reproducible correlation coefficients are established among soil, plant animal tissues, prediction of mineral status of animals by regression analysis from mineral content of soil or plants is likely to remain imperfect. 相似文献
20.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(8):1185-1193
Abstract Effect of incubation and microbial inhibition at field capacity level on changes in DTPA‐extractable Mn in acidic, neutral, and alkaline soils was examined. Incubation decreased and microbial inhibition increased the level of Mn in soils with high pH (>5.7) and high microbial activity. The change was apparently partially associated with microbes since the level of Mn did not change in soils with low microbial activity and/or low pH. 相似文献