Variations in nitrogen uptake and nitrate-nitrogen concentration among sorghum groups

Nitrogen uptake and nitrate-N concentration in forage sorghums, which are related to ground water pollution or feed quality under conditions of crop fertilization by only animal wastes, were examined. Seventy-four genotypes of sorghum and Sudan grass were tested. They were classified into 4 groups; grain type and dual purpose type sorghums (6 and 13 genotypes, respectively, Sorghum bicolor Moench), sorgo type sorghum (21, S. bicolor), Sudan type sorghum (22, S. bicolor × S. sudanense (Piper) Stapf), Sudan grass (12, S. sudanense). There was a strong correlation between dry matter (DM) yield and N uptake, with the sorgo type producing the highest DM matter yield and showing the highest N uptake. Nitrate-N, which causes nitrate poisoning of ruminants, was detected mostly in the stem of all the genotypes. The nitrate-N concentration based on DM could be calculated accurately by multiplying the nitrate-N concentration of stem on a fresh matter basis by the DM partitioning ratio of stem divided by the DM concentration of stem. The grain type and the dual purpose type of sorghums with dry stem showed the lowest nitrate-N concentration because these plants had a lower DM partitioning ratio of stem and higher DM concentration of stem. Sudan grass and Sudan type sorghum with the genetic background of Sudan grass showed higher nitrate-N concentrations owing to their ability to accumulate nitrate-N.     

施氮与灌水对夏玉米土壤硝态氮积累、氮素平衡及其利用率的影响

通过田间裂区试验研究了不同施氮量(N 0、150、210和270 kg/hm2)和灌水量(900、1200、和1500 m3/hm2)对夏玉米土壤硝态氮分布累积、氮素平衡以及氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明,夏玉米收获期各处理土壤硝态氮在表层(0—20 cm)含量最高,在0—200 cm剖面均呈现先减少后增加再减少的变化趋势;土壤剖面NO3--N累积量随施氮量的增加而增加,且施氮处理硝态氮积累量显著高于不施氮处理。作物吸氮量、氮素表观损失量均与施氮量和总氮输入量呈显著相关,氮素输入量每增加1 kg,作物吸氮量仅增加0.301 kg,而表观损失量增加0.546 kg,是作物吸氮量的1.8倍左右。随施氮量的增加土壤剖面中NO3--N的损失量逐渐减少。夏玉米子粒吸氮量和收获指数随施氮量的增加有增加的趋势;氮肥回收效率和氮肥农学效率均以处理W1500N150最高,分别为46.15%和12.98kg/kg;氮肥生理效率以处理W1200N150最大,为34.49 kg/kg。本试验条件下,以水氮处理W1500N150的土壤硝态氮残留量、表观损失量较低,夏玉米氮肥回收效率和农学效率较高。     

春玉米产量、氮肥效率及土壤矿质氮对施氮的响应

为了提高氮肥增产效益,减少对环境的污染,通过田间试验研究了施氮量对春玉米产量、氮肥效率及土壤矿质氮的影响。结果表明,施氮量较低时,春玉米籽粒产量随施氮量增加显著增加,当施氮量高于180 kg·hm-2时,产量保持不变或有减少趋势。氮肥农学利用率、氮素吸收效率、氮素偏生产力和氮收获指数均随着施氮量增加显著降低,氮肥表观利用率和氮肥生理利用率均先增加后降低。从苗期到收获期,施氮处理0~60 cm土层硝态氮含量呈现"上升—下降—上升—下降—稳定"的变化趋势,而60~120 cm土层硝态氮在春玉米生长后期有增加的趋势。随着土层加深,土壤硝态氮含量呈波浪式下降,施氮量240 kg·hm-2和300 kg·hm-2处理在60~100 cm土层硝态氮含量均显著高于其他处理。随着施氮量增加,0~120 cm土层硝态氮累积量显著增加,当施氮量超过240kg·hm-2时,土层中累积的硝态氮存在着较大的淋溶风险。综合考虑产量、氮肥效率和环境效应,179~209 kg N·hm-2是本试验条件下春玉米的合理施氮量。     

施氮量对冀西北春玉米氮肥利用率和土壤硝态氮时空分布的影响

在田间条件下研究了施氮量对春玉米产量、氮肥利用率和土壤硝态氮时空分布的影响,旨在为冀西北春玉米氮肥优化管理提供理论依据。研究结果表明,春玉米产量随施氮量的增加而提高,当施氮量高于225 kg/hm2时,春玉米产量和氮肥利用率显著降低。从春玉米播种前到收获后,不施氮处理0-90 cm各土层硝态氮含量不断降低,施氮处理0-30 cm和30-60 cm土层硝态氮含量呈先上升后迅速下降并保持稳定的趋势,而60-90 cm土层硝态氮在春玉米生长后期有增加的趋势;春玉米收获后随着土层深度的增加,硝态氮呈波浪式下降,施氮量300,375 kg/hm2处理60-90,120-150,150-180 cm土层硝态氮含量显著高于其它处理。随着施氮量的增加,春玉米0-90,90-180,0-180 cm土层硝态氮累积量均呈增加趋势,高施氮量土层累积的硝态氮存在着更大的淋溶风险。因此,综合分析氮肥用量对春玉米产量、氮肥利用率的影响,并考虑土壤硝态氮时空分布下的环境风险,合理的施氮量应控制在195~225 kg/hm2之间。     

Effects of tied-ridge,nitrogen fertilizer and cultivar on the yield and nitrogen use efficiency of sorghum in semi-arid Ethiopia

Moisture deficit, poor soil fertility and lack of improved varieties constrained sorghum production in north-eastern Ethiopia. An experiment was conducted in 2002 at Kobo and Sirinka in north-eastern Ethiopia to study the possible effects of seedbed, nitrogen fertilizer and cultivar on the yield and N use efficiency (NUE) of sorghum. The experiment was carried out in a split–split plot design with seedbed (tied-ridge vs. flatbed planting) as main plots, N fertilizer (0, 40 and 80 kg N ha^?1) as subplots and sorghum cultivars (Jigurti, ICSV111 and 76T1#23) as sub-sub plots, with three replications. At Kobo, the seedbed by cultivar interaction affected all parameters. Nitrogen fertilization increased biomass yield and NUE at both locations and grain yield at Sirinka. Cultivars showed different performance where ICSV111 and 76T1#23 were superior in grain yield, N uptake and concentration, N harvest index and NUE of grain (NUEg) compared with Jigurti. Thus, planting ICSV111 and 76T1#23 in tied-ridging and with N fertilization at Kobo and in flatbed and with N fertilization at Sirinka is recommended. This study revealed that tied-ridging is not a solution in all areas where moisture deficiency is a problem. Its effectiveness is affected by rainfall amount and soil type.     

水氮量对小麦/玉米间作土壤硝态氮累积和水氮利用效率的影响

为了提高氮肥和水分利用效率,该文在甘肃河西灌区试验地点,采用田间小区试验,研究了不同氮水平（0、225、450 kg/hm²）和灌水量（750、1125、1500 m ³/hm²）对小麦/玉米间作土壤硝态氮累积和水氮利用效率的影响。结果表明,不同氮肥和灌水量对小麦带土壤硝态氮含量和累积量影响较小,对玉米带影响显著。随氮肥用量增加,玉米带土壤硝态氮含量和累积量增加,随灌水量和氮肥用量增加,0～60 cm土壤硝态氮相对累积量增加,60～140 cm土层降低。氮肥当季利用率、氮肥生产率、氮肥产投比都是以225 kg/hm²氮水平较高,但不同灌水量差别不大。WUE（水分利用效率）以W₇₅₀N₂₂₅最高,W₁₅₀₀N₀最低,随灌水量增加WUE降低。     

Assessing the effects of urea and nano-nitrogen chelate fertilizers on sugarcane yield and dynamic of nitrate in soil

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of urea and Nano-Nitrogen Chelate (NNC) fertilizers on yield of sugarcane (Saccharum Officinarum) and nitrate leaching from soil. The treatments included urea (U) and NNC at five levels of nitrogen (0, 80, 112, 137 and 161 kg N ha^?1). This experiment was carried out during 2017 and 2018 in Khuzestan province, Iran. The results showed that the average of soil nitrate concentration during the sugarcane growth period in urea and NNC treatments were 10.2 and 12.8 mg kg^?1 respectively. The highest and lowest nitrate leaching (699.0 mg l^?1 and 183.0 mg l^?1) belongs to the highest level of urea fertilizer and the lowest level of NNC. In urea treatments, the lowest amount of nitrate was observed in the topsoil (0-30 cm depth) whereas in NNC fertilizer maximum value was achieved in topsoil. The height of sugarcane stem in both fertilizers increased with increasing rate of fertilizer, but there was no significant difference between two types of fertilizer. Yield of sugarcane (fresh weight of stem) increased significantly by increasing of fertilizer application, but there was no significant difference between two types of fertilizer. In terms of sugar content, there was a significant difference between treatments. The order of nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) for stems and sugar yield from high to low was as NUE (fresh stem): U₁ > N₁ > N₃ ≥ U₃ ~ U₂ > N₄ ~ U₄ > N₂ and for NUE (sugar): N₁ > U₁ > N₃ ≥ N₂ > U₂ ~ N₄ ≥ U₃ > U₄. This study showed that application of nano nitrogen fertilizer (NNC) had significant effects on reducing nitrate leaching and increasing sugar production in sugarcane. However, when nitrate leaching and its effects on human health and the environment are in view, nano fertilizers are valuable.     

Impact of in-season split application of nitrogen on intra-panicle grain dynamics,grain quality,and vegetative indices that govern nitrogen use efficiency in sorghum

Background

The correct rate and timing of nitrogen (N) has the potential to improve sorghum productivity through modified grain yield components and quality. The impacts of in-season split application of N have little documentation.

Aim

An experiment was conducted to determine the optimum rate and timing of N to relate vegetative indices that govern nitrogen use efficiency and to maximize grain yield and quality under different soil types.

Methods

Pioneer 86P20 was grown in three environments on two different soil types following a completely randomized block design with nine N application treatments. Treatments included differing N rates applied at critical developmental stages of sorghum (planting, panicle initiation, and booting), accompanied with high temporal aerial phenotyping.

Results

Opportunities to increase grain protein content while using split N applications were observed, with panicle initiation identified as a critical developmental stage. In-season split application of N enhances grain yield under low soil mineral N. Split application of 31 kg N ha⁻¹ each at the time of planting, panicle initiation, and booting emerged as optimum N treatment to increase protein content in sorghum. Vegetative indices, that is, normalized difference vegetation index and normalized difference red edge index are capable of predicting grain yield and protein content, respectively. Intra-panicle grain numbers and weights were altered significantly at different portions within panicles, with an opportunity to enhance yield potential at the bottom portion. The strong stay-green trait in this hybrid locked a large proportion of nitrogen in the leaves, which warrants the need for balancing stay-green and senescence in sorghum improvement programs.

Conclusions

Findings highlight that in grain sorghum remobilization of residual leaf N into grain is a target to increase yield and grain quality. An optimized stay-green trait balanced with senescence is recommended for enhancing sorghum yield potential.     

Changes in sorghum production,soil P forms and P use efficiency following long-term application of manure,compost and straw in a Ferric Lixisol

Low phosphorus availability in cultivated soils limits sustainable crop production in sub‐Saharan Africa. This study aimed at evaluating the effect of long‐term application of different types of organic amendments on soil P forms, P use efficiency and sorghum yields. A long term experiment established in 1980 at Saria in Burkina Faso, comparing the effects of manure, compost and sorghum straw was used. Manure and compost significantly increased organic P and resin‐P by about 35% and 64%, respectively after 10 and 32 years of sorghum cultivation, and HCl‐P after 32 years of cultivation compared to the control. Manure significantly increased NaHCO₃-Pi and NaOH-Pi by 63% and 26%, respectively compared to the control. Sorghum straw had little effect on measured soil P forms. Manure and compost were the best in increasing sorghum grain yield, which effect were strongly correlated to soil pH, carbon and nitrogen. The partial factors productivities of P resulting from the application of studied organic amendments were similar and low, but significantly higher than that of the control treatment. Organic amendments with high P content, maintaining soil carbon and pH could be used to improve soil P availability, sorghum yield and reduce the demand for mineral phosphorus fertilizers.     

磷素营养对青饲玉米产量品质形成与肥水利用效果的影响

在华北农牧交错区旱滩地条件下,以饲用玉米白马牙为试验材料,研究了磷肥不同施用量对青饲玉米产量品质形成与肥水利用效果的影响。结果表明,施磷使饲用玉米的生物产量增产10.5 %～25.1 %;显著促进了玉米植株氮素和磷素的吸收,使植株比不施磷分别多吸收氮素26.03～51.10 kg/hm2和磷素8.63～28.95 kg/hm2;植株粗蛋白、粗脂肪和粗纤维的含量随施磷量增加而显著增加;粗蛋白和粗脂肪的产量也增加显著,增幅分别为9.26 %～37.82 %和14.95 %～33.33 %。试验结果还表明,施磷比不施磷显著提高了青饲玉米的水分利用效率,增幅为10.44%～16.77%, 相当于多供水27.51～47.36 mm。因此,施用磷肥是提高饲用玉米饲草产量、营养品质和肥水利用效果的有效技术手段。     

施氮量对江汉平原中低产田小麦产量及氮素吸收利用的影响

为探究江汉平原地区中低产田小麦种植的最适施氮量,以适宜长江中下游流域种植的小麦品种郑麦9023与扬麦23为材料,设置0、135、180和225 kg·hm^-24个纯氮施用量,研究施氮量对小麦籽粒产量及产量构成、氮素利用效率以及部分农艺性状的影响。结果表明,当施氮量在0～225 kg·hm^-2范围内时,随着施氮量的增加,氮肥偏生产力和氮肥农学利用效率逐渐降低,而小麦的旗叶相对叶绿素含量(SPAD)值、有效穗数、穗粒数和生物量逐渐增加,同时籽粒产量在施氮量为225 kg·hm^-2时最高,但与180 kg·hm^-2施氮量处理并无显著差异。在0～180 kg·hm^-2施氮量范围内,氮肥的增施可显著增加植株干物质积累量、氮素积累量和收获指数。在180 kg·hm^-2施氮量处理的基础上继续增施氮肥至225 kg·hm^-2,并未显著增加小麦各生育时期植株干物质积累量。在不同施氮量处理下,扬麦23较郑麦9023平均增产19.8%,且有效穗粒数较多、穗...     

Nitrogen concentrations and proportions of ammonium and nitrate in the nutrition and growth of yellow passion fruit seedlings

Abstract

Despite the importance of nitrogen (N) supply to plants, there are still doubts concerning the optimal relations of ammonium and nitrate in the nutrition of yellow passion fruit seedlings. This study aims to evaluate the interaction between nitrogen concentrations and ammonium and nitrate proportions in the nutrition, growth, and dry matter production of passion fruit seedlings grown in a substrate with a nutrient solution. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse in randomized complete block design with three replications in a 4 × 5 factorial design, consisting of four N concentrations (2.5, 5.0, 10.0 and 20.0?mmol L^?1) and five ammonium proportions (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% in relation to the total N supply). At 60?days after transplanting, green color index; accumulation of N, potassium, calcium, and magnesium in roots and shoots; stem diameter; leaf area; root length; nitrogen use efficiency (NUE); and dry matter of roots and shoots were evaluated. For the formation of seedlings of yellow passion fruit, the nutrient solution should have 13?mmol L^?1 of N, with 40% of this nutrient in the form of ammonium. The passion fruit is a plant tolerant to ammonium. However, a critical concentration above 5.7?mmol L^?1 of NH₄⁺ in the nutrient solution decreases absorption of cations, NUE, and production of dry matter.     

滴灌施氮对高垄覆膜马铃薯产量、氮素吸收及土壤硝态氮累积的影响

通过田间试验研究了高垄覆膜滴灌条件下施氮量（N 0、90、180、270、360 kg/hm2）对马铃薯产量、土壤硝态氮积累、氮素平衡及氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明,N180处理的马铃薯块茎产量最高。马铃薯收获期各处理硝态氮含量为表层土（020cm）最高,且在0120 cm剖面呈现降低的趋势;各处理040 cm土层硝态氮积累量占0120cm土层硝态氮积累总量的47.74%～53.17%。施氮量与马铃薯吸氮量、土壤硝态氮残留量、氮素表观损失量呈显著正相关,马铃薯吸氮量、硝态氮残留量和氮素表观损失量分别占增加纯氮的37.93%、45.99%和16.08%。马铃薯块茎吸氮量和收获指数随着施氮量的增加有增加的趋势;氮肥吸收利用率、氮肥农学利用效率、氮肥生理利用效率均以N 90处理最高,分别为67.97%、68.06 kg/kg和154.92 kg/kg。在内蒙古阴山北麓马铃薯主产区,覆膜滴灌施氮量应控制在90～180 kg/hm2。     

牛场肥水灌溉对冬小麦产量与氮利用效率及土壤硝态氮的影响

【目的】本研究利用田间小区试验,研究牛场肥水灌溉对冬小麦产量、 氮利用效率及土壤硝态氮的影响,以期为提高灌溉肥水中氮利用效率,降低养殖肥水灌溉的氮损失提供理论依据。【方法】通过田间小区定位试验,以华北平原典型冬小麦种植系统为研究对象,定量研究牛场肥水灌溉对冬小麦产量、 氮素积累、 氮效率及土壤硝态氮的影响。试验共设5个处理,分别为: 不施肥、 小麦各生育期进行清水灌溉(CK); 在冬小麦生育期内进行2次牛场肥水灌溉(越冬期和灌浆期,肥水灌溉带入氮量为160 kg/hm2),其他生育期清水灌溉(T1); 在冬小麦生育期内进行3次牛场肥水灌溉(越冬期、 拔节期、 灌浆期,肥水灌溉带入氮量为240 kg/hm2),其他生育期清水灌溉(T2); 在冬小麦生育期进行4次牛场肥水灌溉(越冬期、 拔节期、 抽穗期和灌浆期,肥水灌溉带入氮量为320 kg/hm2),不进行清水灌溉(T3); 农民习惯施肥,冬小麦播种时施复合肥(15-21-6)375 kg/hm2、 拔节期追肥尿素600 kg/hm2(氮投入量为332 kg/hm2),全生育期灌溉清水(CF)。每个处理重复3次,冬小麦全生育期灌水4次,灌水定额为830 m3/hm2,灌水量用超声波流量计计量。【结果】牛场肥水灌溉对冬小麦产量和氮的影响主要有以下几个方面: 1)连续三年冬小麦产量均随牛场肥水灌溉次数的增加表现为先增加后降低的趋势,肥水灌溉带入氮为240 kg/hm2(灌溉3次)时,冬小麦产量最高。2)牛场肥水灌溉显著增加冬小麦植株地上部氮积累量。2011年和2012年肥水灌溉的三个处理之间及与习惯施肥处理之间差异不显著,2013年T2和T3处理植株氮吸收量显著高于T1处理和习惯施肥处理。3)冬小麦肥水氮利用率和农学效率随肥水灌溉带入氮量的增加而降低。三年均以T1最高,分别为48.57%和37.15 kg/kg。4)每季冬小麦收获后,随着灌溉带入氮量的增加,0100 cm土层NO-3-N积累量增加。肥水灌溉带入氮为320 kg/hm2时,0100 cm剖面NO-3-N积累量显著高于肥水灌溉带入氮为160~240 kg/hm2处理。【结论】牛场肥水灌溉显著增加冬小麦产量,随肥水灌溉带入氮的增加冬小麦产量呈先增加后降低的趋势。冬小麦肥水氮表观利用率和农学效率均随肥水灌溉带入氮量的增加而降低,肥水灌溉带入氮为320 kg/hm2,80100 cm土层有大量NO-3-N累积,且有向下淋溶的趋势。本试验条件下,综合产量、 冬小麦植株氮积累量及氮效率等方面考虑,牛场肥水灌溉冬小麦适宜氮带入量为160~240 kg/hm2。     

不同氮素添加对不同土地利用方式黑土氮素转化特征的影响

以吉林省典型黑土区的玉米、果树、森林、水稻和菜地土壤为研究对象,采用室内培养法研究氮素在不同土地利用方式黑土中的形态转化特征。结果表明:施加氮肥使不同土地利用方式黑土的铵态氮和硝态氮含量均有不同程度的提高,其中铵态氮含量差异不显著,硝态氮含量差异显著。对于施加尿素的处理而言,S2(129.82 mg/kg)和C2(138.01 mg/kg)硝态氮含量显著高于G2(111.89 mg/kg)和D2(105.35 mg/kg),且Y2(126.92 mg/kg)显著高于D2。对于施加磷酸二铵的处理而言,各土壤硝态氮含量由大到小的顺序为C3(160.23 mg/kg)>Y3(150.00 mg/kg)>S3(140.12 mg/kg)>G3(133.45 mg/kg)>D3(126.70 mg/kg),且C3和Y3显著高于G3和D3。土壤净矿化速率和净硝化速率分别与土壤C/N,土壤微生物量碳、土壤微生物量氮呈显著负相关。整个培养期间,Y、G、C和D土壤平均NMR由大到小的顺序均为处理2>处理3>CK处理,S土壤平均NMR由大到小的顺序为处理3>处理2>CK处理。Y、G和D土壤平均NR由大到小的顺序均为处理2>处理3>CK处理,S和C土壤平均NR由大到小的顺序为处理3>处理2>CK处理。土壤理化性质对黑土氮素转化特征有重要影响。     

不同氮肥施用对双季稻产量及氮肥利用率的影响

通过田间小区试验,研究了不同氮肥处理对双季稻产量及氮肥利用率影响。结果表明:增施氮肥处理比不施氮肥处理双季稻的有效穗数、每穗粒数均显著提高,早稻产量增产77.0%~127.1%,晚稻增加62.9%~108.0%;早稻中等量控释氮肥处理较普通尿素处理水稻单位有效穗数、每穗粒数、农学利用率均增加,同时增产5.0%,氮肥利用率提高18.0个百分点;减量控释氮肥处理与普通尿素处理比有效穗数、每穗粒数、产量、氮肥农学利用率有所下降但氮肥利用率提高18.6~20.2个百分点,晚稻中各控释氮肥处理较普通尿素处理每穗粒数增加、产量增产,增产率为9.7%~27.7%,氮肥利用率提高28~31.1个百分点,且农学利用率显著提高;不同用量控释氮肥处理间早稻有效穗数、产量随氮肥用量增加而增加,晚稻中当施氮水平≤162 kg/hm2(按纯氮算)时,水稻单位有效穗、每穗粒数、结实率、产量随氮肥增加而增加;当施氮水平162 kg/hm2(按纯氮算)时,随施氮量增加而减少。     

Nitrogen Rate Influence on Pearl Millet Yield,Nitrogen Uptake,and Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Nebraska

Abstract

Pearl millet is a potential dryland crop for Nebraska. Experiments were conducted in eastern Nebraska in 2000, 2001, and 2002, and in western Nebraska in 2000 and 2001. The objectives were to determine optimum nitrogen (N) rate, N uptake, and N use efficiency (NUE) for pearl millet. The hybrids “68×086R” and “293A×086R” and N rates of 0, 45, 90, and 135 kg N ha^?1 were used. Hybrids had similar yield, N uptake and NUE responses. In western Nebraska in 2000, pearl millet yield response to N rate was linear, but the yield increase was only 354 kg ha^?1 to application of 135 kg N ha^?1. In eastern Nebraska, pearl millet response to N rate was quadratic with maximum grain yields of 4040 in 2001 and 4890 kg ha^?1 in 2002 attained with 90 kg N ha^?1. The optimum N rate for pearl millet was 90 kg N ha^?1 for eastern Nebraska. For western Nebraska, drought may often limit pearl millet's response to N fertilizer.     

循环率对一维间歇入渗土壤水、氮运移分布影响的室内试验

循环率r的大小直接影响间歇入渗土壤致密层的发育程度,进而影响其减小土壤入渗率和田面糙率的作用。该文在室内模拟了地下水位为70.00 cm的非饱和土壤、灌施条件下的垂直一维间歇入渗过程,重点研究了循环率对肥液(KNO₃溶液)间歇入渗的减渗性和土壤中入渗水、硝态氮的运移分布特性。结果表明,减小循环率可使肥液间歇入渗表土致密层发育更加成熟,减渗作用明显增强,同时入渗水分、硝态氮分布于更浅层土壤中,减弱土壤硝态氮的淋失趋势。     

滴灌频率和施氮量对温室西葫芦土壤水分、硝态氮分布及产量的影响

2016年和2017年在北方寒旱地区日光温室西葫芦栽培中,灌溉定额为269.87mm,设置2个滴灌频率(低频W1:7天1次,高频W2:2天1次)和2个氮素水平(适氮N1:375kg/hm~2,高氮N2:565kg/hm~2),研究不同处理对温室西葫芦土壤水分、硝态氮分布及西葫芦产量的影响。结果表明:(1)高频(W2)滴灌提高了0—40cm土层的土壤水分,减少了水分的深层下渗。(2)高氮(N2)施肥各土层硝态氮含量较高,适氮处理配合高频次滴灌根区0—40cm硝态氮含量维持在相对适宜水平,40—80cm土层硝态氮含量相对较低,提高滴灌频率可降低氮素向深层淋失的风险。(3)在适氮(N1)水平下,西葫芦产量对于滴灌频率敏感,而对于高氮(N2)水平,提高滴灌频率,产量增加不显著。(4)在定额滴灌量下,滴灌频率对西葫芦水分利用效率的影响大于施氮肥对西葫芦水分利用效率的影响。(5)W2N1处理更有利于西葫芦的生长和产量的提高,推荐北方寒旱地区日光温室西葫芦施氮量为375kg/hm~2,灌溉频率为2天1次。     

氮肥运筹对稻田田面水氮素动态变化及氮素吸收利用效率影响

通过大田试验,设计3个不同氮肥水平（0、150、240kgN·hm-2）和两种不同施肥比例（基肥：分蘖肥：穗粒肥=40%：30%：30%、基肥：分蘖肥：穗粒肥=30%：20%：50%）,研究了氮肥运筹对稻田田面水氮素动态变化特征和氮素吸收利用效率的影响。结果表明,稻田田面水NH4＋-N和总N浓度在施肥后第1d达到最大值,随后降低,在施肥后的第7d,分别降为峰值的7.88%～17.84%和29.71%～45.55%。施氮水平介于0～240Nkg·hm-2时,水稻产量随着氮素水平的提高而显著增加,氮素的吸收利用率和偏生产力却随之降低。在高氮水平（240kgN·hm-2）下,与氮肥前移相比（基肥：分蘖肥：穗粒肥=40%：30%：30%）,采用氮肥后移（基肥：分蘖肥：穗粒肥=30%：20%：50%）的施肥比例,水稻产量增加了6.2%、氮素吸收利用率和农学利用率分别提高了30.49%和23.72%,而氮素生理利用率和偏生产力差异不显著,说明适宜的氮肥运筹可以增加水稻的产量,提高氮素的吸收利用率和农学利用率,减少氮素损失。