春玉米产量、氮肥效率及土壤矿质氮对施氮的响应

为了提高氮肥增产效益,减少对环境的污染,通过田间试验研究了施氮量对春玉米产量、氮肥效率及土壤矿质氮的影响。结果表明,施氮量较低时,春玉米籽粒产量随施氮量增加显著增加,当施氮量高于180 kg·hm-2时,产量保持不变或有减少趋势。氮肥农学利用率、氮素吸收效率、氮素偏生产力和氮收获指数均随着施氮量增加显著降低,氮肥表观利用率和氮肥生理利用率均先增加后降低。从苗期到收获期,施氮处理0~60 cm土层硝态氮含量呈现"上升—下降—上升—下降—稳定"的变化趋势,而60~120 cm土层硝态氮在春玉米生长后期有增加的趋势。随着土层加深,土壤硝态氮含量呈波浪式下降,施氮量240 kg·hm-2和300 kg·hm-2处理在60~100 cm土层硝态氮含量均显著高于其他处理。随着施氮量增加,0~120 cm土层硝态氮累积量显著增加,当施氮量超过240kg·hm-2时,土层中累积的硝态氮存在着较大的淋溶风险。综合考虑产量、氮肥效率和环境效应,179~209 kg N·hm-2是本试验条件下春玉米的合理施氮量。     

Assessing the effects of urea and nano-nitrogen chelate fertilizers on sugarcane yield and dynamic of nitrate in soil

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of urea and Nano-Nitrogen Chelate (NNC) fertilizers on yield of sugarcane (Saccharum Officinarum) and nitrate leaching from soil. The treatments included urea (U) and NNC at five levels of nitrogen (0, 80, 112, 137 and 161 kg N ha^?1). This experiment was carried out during 2017 and 2018 in Khuzestan province, Iran. The results showed that the average of soil nitrate concentration during the sugarcane growth period in urea and NNC treatments were 10.2 and 12.8 mg kg^?1 respectively. The highest and lowest nitrate leaching (699.0 mg l^?1 and 183.0 mg l^?1) belongs to the highest level of urea fertilizer and the lowest level of NNC. In urea treatments, the lowest amount of nitrate was observed in the topsoil (0-30 cm depth) whereas in NNC fertilizer maximum value was achieved in topsoil. The height of sugarcane stem in both fertilizers increased with increasing rate of fertilizer, but there was no significant difference between two types of fertilizer. Yield of sugarcane (fresh weight of stem) increased significantly by increasing of fertilizer application, but there was no significant difference between two types of fertilizer. In terms of sugar content, there was a significant difference between treatments. The order of nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) for stems and sugar yield from high to low was as NUE (fresh stem): U₁ > N₁ > N₃ ≥ U₃ ~ U₂ > N₄ ~ U₄ > N₂ and for NUE (sugar): N₁ > U₁ > N₃ ≥ N₂ > U₂ ~ N₄ ≥ U₃ > U₄. This study showed that application of nano nitrogen fertilizer (NNC) had significant effects on reducing nitrate leaching and increasing sugar production in sugarcane. However, when nitrate leaching and its effects on human health and the environment are in view, nano fertilizers are valuable.     

Nitrogen concentrations and proportions of ammonium and nitrate in the nutrition and growth of yellow passion fruit seedlings

Abstract

Despite the importance of nitrogen (N) supply to plants, there are still doubts concerning the optimal relations of ammonium and nitrate in the nutrition of yellow passion fruit seedlings. This study aims to evaluate the interaction between nitrogen concentrations and ammonium and nitrate proportions in the nutrition, growth, and dry matter production of passion fruit seedlings grown in a substrate with a nutrient solution. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse in randomized complete block design with three replications in a 4 × 5 factorial design, consisting of four N concentrations (2.5, 5.0, 10.0 and 20.0?mmol L^?1) and five ammonium proportions (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% in relation to the total N supply). At 60?days after transplanting, green color index; accumulation of N, potassium, calcium, and magnesium in roots and shoots; stem diameter; leaf area; root length; nitrogen use efficiency (NUE); and dry matter of roots and shoots were evaluated. For the formation of seedlings of yellow passion fruit, the nutrient solution should have 13?mmol L^?1 of N, with 40% of this nutrient in the form of ammonium. The passion fruit is a plant tolerant to ammonium. However, a critical concentration above 5.7?mmol L^?1 of NH₄⁺ in the nutrient solution decreases absorption of cations, NUE, and production of dry matter.     

Nitrogen Rate Influence on Pearl Millet Yield,Nitrogen Uptake,and Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Nebraska

Abstract

Pearl millet is a potential dryland crop for Nebraska. Experiments were conducted in eastern Nebraska in 2000, 2001, and 2002, and in western Nebraska in 2000 and 2001. The objectives were to determine optimum nitrogen (N) rate, N uptake, and N use efficiency (NUE) for pearl millet. The hybrids “68×086R” and “293A×086R” and N rates of 0, 45, 90, and 135 kg N ha^?1 were used. Hybrids had similar yield, N uptake and NUE responses. In western Nebraska in 2000, pearl millet yield response to N rate was linear, but the yield increase was only 354 kg ha^?1 to application of 135 kg N ha^?1. In eastern Nebraska, pearl millet response to N rate was quadratic with maximum grain yields of 4040 in 2001 and 4890 kg ha^?1 in 2002 attained with 90 kg N ha^?1. The optimum N rate for pearl millet was 90 kg N ha^?1 for eastern Nebraska. For western Nebraska, drought may often limit pearl millet's response to N fertilizer.     

Liming and Nitrogen Effects on Maize Yield and Nitrogen Use Efficiency

ABSTRACT

The study was aimed to determine the appropriate nitrogen (N) rate to combine with liming for enhanced maize yield and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). Two maize varieties [Ikom White (IKW) and Obatanpa-98 (Oba-98)], two lime rates (0 kg ha^?1 and 500 kg ha^?1) and three N rates (0, 90 and 180 kg ha^?1) were used. The treatments were laid as a split-split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The growth attributes, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), harvest index, dry matter, and grain yield increased (P ≤ 0.05) with increases in N rates, especially in plots amended with lime. Oba-98 was better yielding (2.12 versus (vs) 1.88 t ha^?1) and absorbed more (P ≤ 0.05) radiation (442.06 vs 409.54 μmol m^?2s^?1) than IKW. The efficiency indices and partial factor productivity were best optimized at the 90 kg ha^?1 N rate with Oba-98 having higher values than IKW. Therefore, liming (500 kg ha^?1) plus N at 180 kg ha^?1produced the best yield of the hybrid maize, Oba-98.     

Utilization of industrial waste aqueous ammonia for irrigated forage sorghum production

Sorghum is one of the water- and nutrient-use efficient crops raised in dry regions worldwide. A 3 × 3 split-plot experiment in randomized complete block design was conducted to study the effects of petroleum refinery waste aqueous ammonia (NH₃) on irrigated fodder sorghum for two consecutive growing seasons. The main plots consisted of 0 (control), 40, and 80 kg N ha^?1, respectively, and the injection depths (surface 15 cm, and 20 cm depth) were assigned to sub-plots. A significant effect of NH₃ on both fresh and dry biomass production was observed where the highest yield was recorded from the 80 kg N ha^?1 than the control and 40 kg N ha^?1, respectively. Sorghum biomass yield increased most when NH₃ was injected at 20 cm depth as compared to other depths. Biomass nutrient content and nitrogen-use efficiency were increased when 80 kg N ha^?1 was applied as compared to the control. The critical limit of K:(Ca+Mg), above which the tetany risk increases, did not exceed in sorghum biomass by NH₃ fertilization. Results suggested that industrial waste NH₃ equivalent to 80 kg N ha^?1 injected at 20 cm depth can be a sustainable approach to fertilize irrigated sorghum growing as a forage crop.     

不同灌溉方式对设施番茄土壤剖面硝态氮分布及灌溉水分效率的影响

为了弄清不同灌溉方式对日光温室番茄水分利用效率及硝态氮在土壤剖面中迁移的影响,选择山东寿光日光温室,以当地主栽品种"齐达利"为试材,研究了沟灌、小水勤灌和滴灌3种灌溉条件下设施番茄的产量,水分利用效率及硝态氮在0—90cm土壤剖面中的分配规律。结果表明,与传统沟灌相比,小水勤灌、滴灌均能够显著提高设施番茄经济产量,增产率分别为15.5%,11.3%,同时节水率分别为16.7%,36.0%,而相应产量水分效率则分别提高了38.7%,74.0%;同时,两种灌溉方式还显著改变了硝态氮在土壤剖面的分布,将更多的硝态氮保留在作物所能再利用的土层中,减少了硝态氮的淋失,对保护地下水环境具有重要意义。     

稳定氮肥用量对夏玉米产量和氮肥利用率的影响

通过大田小区试验,研究了稳定氮肥不同用量对夏玉米产量、养分累积量、氮肥利用效率及经济效益的影响。结果表明,与不施稳定氮肥相比,稳定氮肥施氮量90、150、210 kg·hm-2和270 kg·hm-2分别增产36.7%、62.1%、76.6%和81.9%,地上部氮素总累积量分别增加39.0%、60.3%、79.0%和113.4%,经济效益分别增加36.1%、61.2%、72.7%和77.1%;与农民习惯施用氮肥相比,高量稳定氮肥用量210 kg·hm-2和270 kg·hm-2分别增产7.3%和10.5%,地上部氮素总累积量分别增加3.2%和23.0%,经济效益分别增加9.7%和11.4%。施用稳定氮肥促进夏玉米对氮素的吸收累积,高量210 kg·hm-2和270kg·hm-2处理较习惯施氮提高总吸氮量。施用稳定氮肥各处理氮肥表观利用率和农学效率显著高于农民习惯施氮,偏生产力高于农民习惯施氮,生理效率除270 kg·hm-2处理外,高于农民习惯施氮。稳定氮肥施氮量在210 kg·hm-2时,能较好地协调玉米高产与稳定氮肥合理利用的统一。     

滴灌施氮对高垄覆膜马铃薯产量、氮素吸收及土壤硝态氮累积的影响

通过田间试验研究了高垄覆膜滴灌条件下施氮量（N 0、90、180、270、360 kg/hm2）对马铃薯产量、土壤硝态氮积累、氮素平衡及氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明,N180处理的马铃薯块茎产量最高。马铃薯收获期各处理硝态氮含量为表层土（020cm）最高,且在0120 cm剖面呈现降低的趋势;各处理040 cm土层硝态氮积累量占0120cm土层硝态氮积累总量的47.74%～53.17%。施氮量与马铃薯吸氮量、土壤硝态氮残留量、氮素表观损失量呈显著正相关,马铃薯吸氮量、硝态氮残留量和氮素表观损失量分别占增加纯氮的37.93%、45.99%和16.08%。马铃薯块茎吸氮量和收获指数随着施氮量的增加有增加的趋势;氮肥吸收利用率、氮肥农学利用效率、氮肥生理利用效率均以N 90处理最高,分别为67.97%、68.06 kg/kg和154.92 kg/kg。在内蒙古阴山北麓马铃薯主产区,覆膜滴灌施氮量应控制在90～180 kg/hm2。     

Effect of nitrogen application on growth and yield of pumpkin

Evaluation of any crop response to different nitrogen amounts is important for determining the amount that can be considered as optimum from economical and environmental point of view. This study was conducted to (1) evaluate the growth and yield of pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.) under different nitrogen rates and (2) determine the nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of pumpkin in two growing seasons (2013 and 2014). In both growing seasons, nitrogen fertilizer (at three rates including 50, 150, and 250 kg ha^?1) was band-dressed on the planted side of each furrow, coinciding with 4–6 leaves stage and flowering. Crop performance over 2 years was evaluated by measuring shoot dry matter, crop growth rate (CGR), leaf area index (LAI), leaf area duration (LAD), intercepted PAR (PAR_i), radiation use efficiency (RUE), shoot nitrogen uptake, water use efficiency (WUE), NUE, and fruit and seed yield. The results showed that in both growing seasons, the highest growth and yield of pumpkin were obtained by applying 250 kg N ha^?1 (using urea fertilizer containing 46% nitrogen). Increased nitrogen rate from 50 to 250 kg ha^?1 resulted in 87.3%, 27.0%, 62.1%, 87.5%, and 84.5% increase in shoot dry weight, RUE, WUE, fruit yield, and seed yield of pumpkin, respectively, across both growing seasons. However, higher application nitrogen rate decreased the NUE of pumpkin, i.e., the NUE decreased by 62.5% when the nitrogen rate increased from 50 to 250 kg ha^?1. The effect of nitrogen applied in 2014 growing season on growth and yield of pumpkin was higher than that in 2013 growing season, which might be due to more suitable weather condition. In conclusion, the nitrogen rate of 250 kg ha^?1 produced the highest amount of fruit and seed yield in pumpkin.     

减氮配施有机肥对夏玉米——冬小麦土壤硝态氮及氮肥利用的影响

为实现华北平原夏玉米-冬小麦的高产及氮肥的高效利用,采用田间小区试验方法,研究了氮肥减量及其与有机肥配施对夏玉米-冬小麦轮作体系内土壤硝态氮分布及氮肥利用的影响。结果表明:与不施氮处理(CK)相比,施用氮肥增加了冬小麦和夏玉米的生物量和产量,而在农民习惯施氮基础上减量1/3不会显著影响到生物量和产量。其中减氮配施有机肥(ONM)处理的周年总产最高,相比习惯施氮(CN)和减氮处理(ON)分别提高了1.85%和3.78%。处理CN的0~180 cm土壤硝态氮累积量的周年变化均值达502.7 kg hm^-2,分别是处理CK、ONM、ON的2.95、2.17、1.56倍。与处理CN相比,处理ONM显著降低了剖面(0~180 cm)土壤中的硝态氮含量,其中在夏玉米季和冬小麦季的降低幅度分别为18.1%~66.7%和37.3%~87.2%。处理ON和ONM相比处理CN,植株周年总吸氮量无显著性差异,氮肥利用率却得到了显著提高。其中处理ONM的周年氮肥利用最高,比处理CN提高了36.9%。综合分析,减氮与有机肥配施不仅显著降低了0~180 cm土壤硝态氮含量,大幅度提高了氮肥利用率,且有助于增加冬小麦和夏玉米的生物量及产量。     

施氮与灌水对夏玉米土壤硝态氮积累、氮素平衡及其利用率的影响

通过田间裂区试验研究了不同施氮量(N 0、150、210和270 kg/hm2)和灌水量(900、1200、和1500 m3/hm2)对夏玉米土壤硝态氮分布累积、氮素平衡以及氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明,夏玉米收获期各处理土壤硝态氮在表层(0—20 cm)含量最高,在0—200 cm剖面均呈现先减少后增加再减少的变化趋势;土壤剖面NO3--N累积量随施氮量的增加而增加,且施氮处理硝态氮积累量显著高于不施氮处理。作物吸氮量、氮素表观损失量均与施氮量和总氮输入量呈显著相关,氮素输入量每增加1 kg,作物吸氮量仅增加0.301 kg,而表观损失量增加0.546 kg,是作物吸氮量的1.8倍左右。随施氮量的增加土壤剖面中NO3--N的损失量逐渐减少。夏玉米子粒吸氮量和收获指数随施氮量的增加有增加的趋势;氮肥回收效率和氮肥农学效率均以处理W1500N150最高,分别为46.15%和12.98kg/kg;氮肥生理效率以处理W1200N150最大,为34.49 kg/kg。本试验条件下,以水氮处理W1500N150的土壤硝态氮残留量、表观损失量较低,夏玉米氮肥回收效率和农学效率较高。     

Effects of Seasonal Nitrate Flush on Nitrogen Metabolism and Soluble Fractions Accumulation in Two Rice Varieties

ABSTRACT

Two rice varieties, ‘Piaui’ (a landrace) and ‘IAC-47’ (an improved variety), were grown in nutrient solution containing 20 mg nitrate (NO₃ ^?)-nitrogen (N) L^{? 1} up to 32 days after germination (DAG). After this, a group of plants received 200 mg NO₃ ^?NL^{? 1}, while the other was kept at 20 mg NO₃ ^?NL^{? 1} up to 42 DAG. From 42 until 56 DAG, all plants received 5 mg NO₃ ^?NL^{? 1}. Plants were collected at 42 and 56 DAG, soluble fractions, nitrate reductase (NR) and GS enzymatic activities were determined. The nutritional history of the plants affected significantly the uptake and use of nitrogen (N), and should be taken into consideration in the studies of N-use efficiency. The variety ‘Piaui’ was more efficient than ‘IAC-47’ in N-uptake use, accumulating more NO₃ ^? in its tissues at the initial phases of its cycle for subsequent utilization.     

Nitrogen fixation in six forage legumes in Mediterranean central Chile

Abstract

The contribution of biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) to the N nutrition of six annual forage legumes, subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum), burr medic (Medicago polymorpha), balansa clover (Trifolium michelianum), Persian clover (Trifolium resupinatum), yellow serradela (Ornithopus compressus), and pink serradela (Ornithopus sativus) was evaluated by the ¹⁵N natural abundance technique, using four grass species (Briza máxima, Bromus mollis, Hordeum berteroanum, Avena barbata) and two composite species (Leontodon leysseri and Hedipnois cretica) as reference plants. An additional objective was to determine whether alternative legume species to those in common use (T. subterraneum and M. polymorpha) in the area, could improve BNF. The field studies were conducted in two edaphic conditions, granitic (Entisol) and clay (Vertisol) soil, located in Cauquenes, VII Region, in the sub-humid Mediterranean zone of Chile. In the granitic soil the percentages of N derived from fixation were high in all species (74 to 94%); yellow serradela cv. Tauro presented the greatest N content in dry matter and N fixation, equivalent to 91 kg N ha^?1. In contrast, pink serradela cv. Cádiz and subterranean clover cv. Gosse presented the lowest N fixation. In the clay soil, under periodically waterlogged conditions, balansa clover cv. Paradana and persian clover cv. Prolific had high percentage values of BNF (>95%) and fixed more N (100.2 and 82.5 kg N ha^?1, respectively) than burr medic and subterranean clover cv. Gosse. The present study allowed the identification of new germplasm of high capacity of N fixation which is an additional criterion for selecting species for infertile and waterlogged soil conditions in the Mediterranean area of Chile.     

Natural variation of Arabidopsis thaliana root architecture in response to nitrate availability

Root system architecture (RSA) plays a crucial role in nutrient and water uptake in plants. RSA can be modulated to improve nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of crops, decreasing the need for fertilization. In this study, we analyzed 12 root parameters in 48 Arabidopsis accessions grown in media with low or high nitrogen (N). Low N repressed six root traits and enhanced six others. A principal component analysis showed that six components contributed to 90.08% of N availability. The primary component contributed to 35.64% of the variation and was associated with LR characteristics. The 48 Arabidopsis accessions were divided into five response groups. Stw-0 had the highest biomass production and a high N concentration in both roots and shoots, independent of growth conditions. H55 had numerous LRs at low N. Our results provide N-responsive parameters suitable for mapping of quantitative trait loci related with root morphology.     

缓释氮肥对水稻的增产效果及其氮素利用率

在潜育性粘壤质水稻土上研究了缓释性氮肥对水稻产量和氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明:4种供试缓释氮肥对水稻增产效果和吸氮量的顺序均为:IBDU>OM>U>GUS>CDU>CK;施肥后9d土壤中铵态氮含量最大,依次为:U>OM>IBDU>GUS>CDU>CK;在最大分蘖期前土壤硝态氮含量较多且相对稳定,至孕穗期急剧降低,抽穗至成熟期再度回升;相对于尿素,IBDU和OM能明显提高氮素利用率,分别比尿素的利用率增加了14.62%和8.57%。     

控释尿素对春玉米产量、氮效率及氮素平衡的影响

为明确控释尿素在春玉米上的应用效果及土壤氮素平衡状况,在黑龙江省双城、宾县、哈尔滨、肇源地区通过2011—2012年两年四点次田间小区试验,研究普通尿素与控释尿素(控释期90 d的树脂包膜尿素)混合施用对春玉米产量、氮肥效率(NUE)及土壤氮素盈亏的影响。结果表明,春玉米产量、植株吸氮量均随着施氮量的增加而增加。与普通尿素一次性基施相比,控释尿素能够提高玉米产量、植株吸氮量、氮肥表观利用率、氮农学效率(ANUE)及氮肥贡献率(FCR)。在相同氮素施用水平下(100%、75%、50%氮肥用量),100%基施控释尿素比100%基施普通尿素各处理玉米产量分别平均增加391、427、291 kg·hm-2;氮肥表观利用率提高5.9%、4.9%和5.1%;氮肥农学效率提高2.0、2.6 kg·kg~(-1)和2.6 kg·kg~(-1);氮肥贡献率增加2.7%、3.1%和2.4%。处理4(普通尿素40%基肥,60%追施)和处理5(40%普通尿素与60%控释尿素混合一次性基施)玉米产量、植株吸氮量、氮肥表观利用率、氮农学效率差异不显著。氮素表观亏缺量随着氮肥用量的增加而降低。与100%普通尿素作基肥一次性施入相比,100%控释尿素一次性基施降低氮素表观损失量15.0 kg·hm-2;40%普通尿素与60%控释尿素混合一次性基施降低氮素表观损失率23.9 kg·hm-2。可见,普通尿素与控释尿素分别以40%和60%的比例混合施用在黑龙江省玉米生产上是可以推广和借鉴的氮素管理方式。     

Effects of Water Stress and Nitrogen Fertilizer on Multi-Cut Forage Pearl Millet Yield,Nitrogen, and Water Use Efficiency

Forage pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum var. Nutrifeed) is a new forage crop in Iran. A field experiment was conducted at the University of Tehran to evaluate the response of pearl millet to four nitrogen (N) levels (0, 75, 150, and 225 kg N ha^?1) and four irrigation regimes (40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% of available soil water abbreviated to I₄₀, I₆₀, I₈₀ and I₁₀₀, respectively) during 2006–2007. Total dry matter production reached a maximum of 24.4 and 23.5 t ha^?1at I₄₀ and I₆₀ at N₂₂₅, respectively. Nitrogen use efficiency decreased by adding more fertilizer and minimum nitrogen use efficiency was recorded at N₂₂₅ over all irrigation regimes. At N₂₂₅, water use efficiency reached the maximum of 3.57 and 4.10 kg m^?3 in I₈₀ and I₁₀₀, respectively. Pearl millet forage could be produced in the regions where water is scarce and additional N fertilizer could increase total dry matter and water use efficiency.     

Auxin Analogues and Nitrogen Metabolism,Photosynthesis, and Yield of Chickpea

ABSTRACT

The impact of three auxins indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), 4-chloroindole-3-acetic acid (4-Cl-IAA), and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) on nitrogen metabolism were investigated in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Plants were raised from seeds soaked in water (control), 10^?8 M of IAA, IBA, or 4-Cl-IAA, for 12 hours and were assessed for different parameters at 60 days after sowing. Observations showed that auxins, irrespective of the analogue significantly increased the nodulation, leghemoglobin content, nodule nitrogen content and the enzymes of nitrogen assimilation. Of the three auxins, 4-Cl-IAA was the most effective in increasing these parameters. The increase in seed yield was 27% higher than the water soaked control. The response to auxins followed the trend 4-Cl-IAA > IAA > IBA > control. It may be concluded from the present investigation that auxins, irrespective of the type, significantly improved the nitrogen metabolism, photosynthesis and yield of the chickpea. Of three auxins used, 4-Cl-IAA generated the best response.     

Evaluation of Nitrogen Fertilization Patterns Using DSSAT for Enhancing Grain Yield and Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Rice

Temporal variation of rice growth and nitrogen (N) uptake generally follow a sigmoid curve and may respond positively to the N-fertilizer application at critical growth stages. In this study, it was hypothesized that the amount of N-fertilizer applied at critical growth stages possibly follows a geometric pattern such as line, parabola, and sinusoidal to attain maximum yield and nitrogen use efficiency. To test and identify the best pattern, short-term modeling-field testing-long-term modeling strategy was followed. The patterns with the highest simulated yield and nitrogen use efficiency from short-term modeling were tested in the field. Finally, long-term evaluation of N-fertilization patterns was performed using 25 years of historical weather data, resulting in the line pattern with 14% more yield and 25% less NO₃^? leaching in comparison to the conventional N-Fertilization pattern. Therefore, line pattern may be adopted to enhance the yield and nitrogen use efficiency in rice.