A system for concurrent measurement of centripetal passage of eadiophosphorus and of water plow across hoots to the xylem

Methods are described for the concurrent measurement of water flow and of Centripetal Passage (CP)¹ of radiophosphorus across the root to the xylem. The amount of isotope which completed CP and reached the plant top served as a measure of CP. Comparison of this value with ³²P in the xylem stream served as a guide to water flow. This comparison was made by means of a double ratio function for check and treated plants, and conclusions were based on whether the final values were at, below, or above unity. Illustrations of these methods were given for various test variables including potassium supply, magnesium supply, root temperature, and root oxygen tension.     

硅对向日葵水分利用效率的影响

以向日葵(Helianthus.annuus.L.cv.G101)为试验材料,研究了硅对营养液培养的向日葵生长和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,施硅显著增加向日葵的水分利用效率,对向日葵生物量、叶面积的影响不大,却使最大展开叶的SPAD值显著增加;施硅显著降低了向日葵叶片背面的蒸腾速率以及叶片导度,而对叶片正面的蒸腾速率和叶片导度影响不大。同时,施硅向日葵木质部汁液的流速显著降低,体内硅含量增加。表明叶片蒸腾速率、叶片导度、木质部汁液流速的降低是硅提高向日葵水分利用效率的主要原因。     

Silicon Improves Water Use Efficiency in Maize Plants

Abstract

The influence of silicon (Si) on water use efficiency (WUE) in maize plants (Zea mays L. cv. Nongda108) was investigated and the results showed that plants treated with 2 mmol L^?1 silicic acid (Si) had 20% higher WUE than that of plants without Si application. The WUE was increased up to 35% when the plants were exposed to water stress and this was accounted for by reductions in leaf transpiration and water flow rate in xylem vessels. To examine the effect of silicon on transpiration, changes in stomata opening were compared between Si-treated and nontreated leaves by measuring transpiration rate and leaf resistance. The results showed that the reduction in transpiration following the application of silicon was largely due to a reduction in transpiration rate through stomata, indicating that silicon influences stomata movement. In xylem sap of plants treated with 2 mmol L^?1 silicic acid, the Si concentration was 200-fold higher, while the Ca concentration which is mainly determined by the transpiration rate, was 2.5-fold lower than that of plants grown without Si. Furthermore, the water flow rate in xylem vessels of plants with and without Si was compared. Flow rate in plants with 2 mmol L^?1 Si was 20% lower than that without Si, which was accounted for by the increased affinity for water in xylem vessels induced by silica deposits. These results demonstrated the role of Si in improving WUE in maize plants.     

Concurrent measurement op centripetal passage of radiophosphorus and op water plow across intact roots exposed to various water stress agents

A system was described for concurrent measurement of Centripetal Passage (CP)¹ of radiophosphorus and of water flow across intact bean roots. It was based on a comparison by double ratio of radiophosphorus which had completed Centripetal Passage with isotope in the xylem sap. Phosphorus and water data were collected for plants exposed to various agents commonly used to produce water stress. Readings were taken after the first hour and showed a variety of behavior patterns. Glucose and mannitol had no effect on phosphorus or water passage. Fructose, sucrose, polyethylene glycol and phenylmercuric acetate decreased both phosphorus and water passage. Mannose decreased phosphorus passage but had no effect on water flow. Glycerol decreased phosphorus passage but increased water flow.     

Improved uptake models of nonionized pesticides to foliage and seed of crops.

The residual amount of nonionized pesticides incorporated to foliage and stem (foliage) and seed (fruit) of crops via root hairs from the water phase was estimated using the uptake models newly including metabolic parameters by which the amount of intact pesticide remaining in crops was considered with its proportion in a transpiration stream. A new parameter was also introduced for the seed model that accounts for the pesticide loss by adsorption to the inner surface of xylem tissue. Validation of the model was conducted using six pesticides with soybean and spinach plants. The ratio of the predicted concentration of pesticide to the measured one was 0.44-1.49 and 0.57-2.93 with foliage and seed models, respectively, showing that these improved models would be effective as a prediction tool.     

三氯乙烯和三氯苯在水-玉米-空气系统中的传输过程研究

采用水培实验及光照培养箱培养方法,通过测量玉米木质部伤流液及露珠中三氯乙烯（TCE）和1,2,3-三氯苯（TCB）两种有机污染物的浓度,对比探讨了两种有机污染物在水-玉米-空气系统中的传输过程和机制。结果表明,露珠中TCE与TCB均主要来源于随水蒸气的叶面挥发过程;水培条件下TCB在玉米木质部伤流液中的浓度与根外部水溶液中TCB浓度呈正相关,而露珠中TCB浓度与外部水溶液浓度呈负相关,蒸腾流浓缩系数（TSCF）值由暴露时间决定。实验条件下,根外部溶液浓度较低时,露珠中TCB浓度远大于木质部伤流液中TCB浓度;而高浓度时,木质部伤流液中TCB浓度远大于露珠中浓度。露珠中TCE浓度远大于木质部伤流液中TCE浓度,且与根外部水溶液浓度呈正相关;而木质部伤流液中TCE浓度随营养液中TCE浓度增加而减小。     

高等植物体内铁运输机制研究进展

铁是植物所必需的微量矿质元素,在光合作用、呼吸作用等过程中发挥着重要的作用。虽然铁在地壳中含量丰富,但生物有效获取率非常低。因此,探索高等植物铁吸收及运输机制一直是植物铁营养领域研究的热点问题。近几年来,人们对于高等植物体内铁运输,尤其是细胞内铁运输又有了新的认识。本文主要对高等植物体内长距离铁运输（木质部,韧皮部）和细胞内的铁运输（液泡,叶绿体和线粒体）两方面的运输机制进行了综述,这将帮助我们进一步了解植物铁代谢机制,对我们培育高铁含量作物和提高植物抗逆性有着重要意义。     

Effects of symbiosis with Rhizobium fredii on transport of fixed nitrogen in the xylem of soybean plants

An experiment was conducted to identify the main nitrogenous compound transported in the xylem sap of soybean plants nodulated with Rhizobium fredii. Soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) cultivars, wild type Bragg (nod⁺, fix⁺) and its nitrate tolerant, hypernodulating mutant ntsll16 (nod⁺⁺, fix⁺) were used for this experiment. These soybean plants were inoculated with a slowgrowing rhizobium, Bradyrhizobium japonicum USDAllO or fast-growing rhizobia consisting of a mixture of R. fredii USDA191, USDA193, and USDA-194 and grown in a phytotron under natural light and controlled temperature conditions. Xylem sap was collected from Bragg and ntsll16 plants at the flowering and pod elongation stages. Acetylene reduction activity per plant or per nodule weight was not different between soybean lines and inoculums. The composition of the nitrogenous compounds in the xylem sap was compared between the symbionts, with B. japonicum and R. fredii. At the flowering stage, ureide-N and amide-N accounted for 53 to 70% and 20 to 27% respectively of the total N in the sap collected from the plants inoculated either with B. japonicum or R. fredii. At the pod elongation stage, ureide-N and amide-N accounted for 74 to 85%, and 7 to 19% of total sap N. With the growth of the soybean plants, the ratio of ureide-N in the xylem sap increased. These results suggest that in the case of wild soybean and the hypernodulating mutant line nodulated by R. fredii, ureide is transported as the main nitrogenous compound of fixed nitrogen in the xylem sap in the same way as in plants nodulated with B. japonicum.     

Arsenic speciation in xylem exudates of rice growing in arsenic-contaminated soil

Rice has a much enhanced arsenic (As) accumulation compared with other cereal crops. How As is transported in xylem exudates of rice growing in soil remains unknown. We quantified the chemical species of As in xylem exudates of rice growing in arsenic-contaminated soil (62.5 mg As per kg soil) under flooded and aerobic conditions. In the aerobic treatment, the predominant species of As in the xylem sap was arsenate [As(V)], accounting for 64–88%, and the remainder was arsenite [As(III)]. In the flooded treatment, dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) was detected in the xylem sap besides As(III) and As(V), and the percentages of the three species As was 11–20%, 26–77%, and 12–54%, respectively. As speciation in the soil solution was dominated by As(V) under aerobic conditions, and dominated by As(III) under flooded conditions. DMA was detected at low concentrations in some of the flooded solution samples. Our results show that As speciation in the xylem sap differs in different water management regimes and correlate with As speciation in the soil solution strongly.     

Water (H2 15O) flow in rice is regulated by the concentration of nutrients as monitored by positron multi-probe system (PMPS)

Using H₂ ¹⁵O as a tracer, the effect of the nutrient concentration on the water flow at the discrimination center (DC) of rice was monitored using a positron multi-probe system (PMPS). The maximum velocity of the water flow was achieved by the use of 20× Kasugai's culture solution. The addition of 0.01 to 0.1% NaCl gradually decreased the velocity. In intact plants, the ionic strength of essential elements in the xylem sap may be effective in decreasing the xylem resistance, resulting in the increase of the water flow in the xylem.     

河溪缓冲带的生态功能及其管理原则

河溪缓冲带位于陆地生态系统与水生生态系统的之间,是河溪生态系统的重要组成部分,具有多种生态功能。着重介绍了河溪缓冲带的物种天堂、养分来源、稳固河岸、改善水质、景观价值、缓解影响这6种功能。由于现在交通和建设用地的不断增加,河溪缓冲带的人为破坏现象严重,亟需得到科学的管理和恢复。提出了3条缓冲带科学管理的基本原则,为不同地域、不同等级的河溪缓冲带的建设和恢复提供了指导。并以北京市海淀区内的南沙河河溪缓冲带的情况为例,加以印证说明。     

Quantification of zinc transport via the phloem to the grain in rice plants (Oryza sativa L.) at early grain-filling by a combination of mathematical modeling and 65Zn tracing

Zinc (Zn) is an essential nutrient for human beings, and most Zn intake occurs through vegetables or cereals such as rice (Oryza sativa L.) grains. Recently, we detected Zn as well as cadmium, which may be partitioned to rice grains, in the phloem saps from the uppermost internodes of rice and in the xylem saps from the cut stems at early grain-filling. To quantify Zn transport to the grains via the phloem and xylem, a mathematical model previously developed for cadmium transport to rice grains was applied. We examined the translocation of zinc into the grains of rice plants at early grain-filling by feeding zinc-65 (⁶⁵Zn) via a root-bathing medium, through culm cuts above and below the flag-leaf nodes, and through the flag leaves. The estimate made using the mathematical model and experimental data for three types of ⁶⁵Zn transport suggests that the grain Zn may be accumulated predominantly via the phloem through two means of transport, phloem transport of stored Zn from the leaves and, more importantly, xylem-to-phloem transfer at the nodes from Zn as it is being absorbed. The Zn transport via the phloem to the grains is more selective than that of cadmium, a non-nutrient element, as also evidenced by the greater transport of cadmium to the glumes via the xylem.     

Rice phenolics efflux transporter 2 (PEZ2) plays an important role in solubilizing apoplasmic iron

Iron (Fe) is an essential micronutrient for plants; however, despite its abundance in soils it is not readily available in neutral to alkaline soils. Plants secrete phenolics, such as protocatechuic acid (PCA) and caffeic acid (CA), to absorb and utilize precipitated apoplasmic Fe from root surfaces. However, the synthesis and secretion of phenolics have not been well characterized in plants. We have identified and characterized a rice (Oryza sativa L.) mutant with reduced amounts of PCA and CA in xylem sap and root exudates; hence we named it phenolics efflux zero 2 (pez2). PEZ2 localized to the plasma membrane in onion (Allium cepa L.) epidermal cells and transported PCA when expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes. PEZ2 expression was observed in whole root near root tips. Similarly, strong expression was observed in leaves. In line with reduced amounts of PCA and CA in xylem sap, the xylem Fe concentration was also low in pez2 plants. These results suggest that PEZ2 is involved in solubilization of apoplasmic Fe in rice.     

Dynamic Changes of Water Storage in Peach Trees

ABSTRACT

The study of water storage movement in plants by mathematical modeling can help to elucidate factors like the overall status, requirement, and impact of water in plants. In this study, potted peach trees were used to study the movement of water storage in different tissues of peach trees by using the resistor and capacitor (RC) model, which is based on the analogy to the electric circuit model. The simulation results demonstrated that during the daytime, there was a continuous flow of the stored tissue water into the transpiration stream and reached the maxima by 9 am. By 5 pm in the evening, the tissues began to absorb water and continued this process until the next morning. The total change of stored water of potted peach trees accounted for 14% of the sap flow on sunny mornings, 7.4% at noon, and up to 23% in the afternoon. The changes of water storage in different parts showed significant variation. The leaves exhibited the largest change, followed by branches, stems and roots, and the fruits showed a negligible change. Furthermore, the regulation of water storage in different tissues was significantly different. The stem accounted for 40.7% of the total amount of water stored on sunny days, followed by the branches, roots and leaves, and the fruits contained the least amount.     

Synthetic Iron Chelates as Substrates of Root Ferric Chelate Reductase in Green Stressed Cucumber Plants

This work studied the behavior of different iron (Fe)-chelates as substrates of ferric chelate reductase (FCR) and their ability as Fe suppliers for mildly chlorotic plants. FCR activity and Fe concentration in xylem sap were determined in green stressed cucumber plants with different stress levels using different synthetic chelates as substrates. Both reduction and Fe concentration in the xylem sap were higher for the less-stable Fe chelates, except for Fe-EDTA, which presented a relatively low Fe concentration in sap. It was concluded that a high stability of the chelate in the nutrient solution reduces the Fe reduction, but other factors, such as the complexation of the Fe(II) by the chelating agents, should be considered when the complete process of Fe uptake is studied. The use of both indexes together, i.e., FCR determination and xylem sap concentration, is useful for understanding the Fe uptake from different Fe chelates.     

Impact of nitrogen cycling associated with production and consumption of food on nitrogen pollution of stream water

We evaluated the impact of nitrogen (N) cycling on N pollution of stream water, with emphasis on N disposed of (hereafter referred to as “disposal N”) from human and livestock excrement and the N surplus in cropland, compared to the total-N concentration of stream water, in seven zones of Asahikawa City characterized by various types of land use. In order to estimate N cycling, we used the Nitrogen Flow Model, composed of the N budgets of human, livestock, and cropland subsystems. The urban area with a population density of over 4,000 persons km^-2 generated a very large amount of disposal N (about 2,700 kg N ha^-1 cropland y^-1). Based on the amount of disposal N and the volume of domestic sewage water used, the N concentration estimated for the urban area was 34 mg N L^-1, which found in the effluent from the sewage treatment facility (24–28 mg N L^-1), regardless of the season. Thus, it was indicated that most of the disposal N in the urban area was discharged directly to streams through the sewage treatment facilities, contributing to a point source of N pollution of stream water. In addition, the disposal N from livestock facilities was larger in pig and poultry farming areas than in other farming areas, contributing to some extent to a potential source of N pollution. As a result, the concentrations increased above 1 mg N L^-1 in the urban and surrounding areas. On the other hand, the N surplus in cropland was practically determined by the N flows associated with chemical fertilizer, livestock excrement as manure, and crop uptake. The N surplus was similar among the seven zones, ranging from 69 to 99 kg N ha^-1 y^-1. The N concentration estimated from the amount of N surplus and 50% of mean annual precipitation as a discharge rate was 13.6–19.5 mg N L^-1. Most of the surplus N was indicated to be leached out. However, the total-N concentration measured in the major streams flowing through Asahikawa City was mostly below 1 mg N L^-1 except for the urban and surrounding areas. The surplus N in cropland may not reach the streams, even if N leaching occurs, probably due to N removal by plant uptake, denitrification, and sedimentation in the riparian zone and stream channels. Thus the effect of agricultural practices on N pollution of stream water was not appreciable.     

不同水生植物吸收地表水中氮磷能力差异及其机理

为查明不同水生植物吸收地表水中氮磷能力的差异及其机理,采用模拟沟渠试验和盆栽试验,研究了8种水生植物地表水中氮磷吸收能力的差异,并选择氮磷吸收能力差异较大的水生植物品种,进一步探讨了根系生理特性及底泥微生物量变化。结果表明:种植水生植物后沟渠水中氮磷浓度明显减少,供试8种水生植物中以海寿花、狐尾藻、珍珠梅、茭白、再力花的生物量大,养分吸收量多,沟渠水中养分减少也相对明显;种植水生植物后相对于不种植物的沟渠水中养分残留减少比例分别为,总氮22.4%~44.0%、铵态氮24.5%~36.8%、硝态氮13.6%~51.6%、总磷15.6%~34.6%、水溶性磷26.3%~41.3%;氮磷吸收能力强的水生植物与其具有更强的根系活力、更多伤流量以及更高的伤流液养分浓度有关,但并不是某一种植物的以上指标均有优势,茭白的根系活力强、伤流量多,狐尾藻、海寿花、珍珠梅的伤流液中氮磷浓度较高;沟渠水中氮磷减少比例较大的水生植物底泥中微生物总数、硝化细菌和反硝化细菌数、微生物量碳氮磷较高,反之则较低。     

基于河流网络结构和NDVI集成的流域植被变化研究--以旬河流域为例

利用GIS模拟旬河流域河流网络结构，根据河流网络结构建立缓冲区，分别研究了不同等级河流缓冲区内，1997年和2004年相同时段NDVI值的分布特征，分析了河流等级与其缓冲区内NDVI值的关系。结果发现，利用GIS模拟的山地数字河网能够很好地与真实河网吻合；河流等级与其缓冲区内的NDVI值存在负相关关系；2004年河网缓冲区内NDVI值分布较1997年好，说明近几年旬河流域生态建设成效显著。     

森林溪流水质的研究进展

从森林水质的研究进展,影响森林溪流水质的各因子角度介绍了国内外森林溪流水质的研究进展,从世界各国的研究来看,森林在对溪流中悬移质泥沙、水温、溶解氧的影响形成了定论,对溪流中的病原体和各种化学成分的研究取得了一定的成果,对森林溪流水质的研究成果,也为人类的生产活动起到了积极的指导作用。     

Effects of calcium deficiency on nutrient concentration of xylem sap of excised tomato plants

The effects of calcium (Ca) deficiency on cation uptake and concentration of xylem sap from tomato roots after excision of the aerial parts, were studied. The measurements were made on tomato plants grown on nutrient solutions with +Ca or without‐Ca, over a period of 48 hours. Calcium deficiency entailed a significant increase of the flux of xylem sap between the 6th and 14th hour on the first day after excision. In spite of the lack of Ca in the nutrient solution, the Ca concentration in xylem sap was unaffected in regard to that of excised roots with +Ca. The maintenance of the Ca concentration in xylem sap of plants grown on a Ca deficient solution was related to a reuse of the Ca from the apoplastic root stores. So, this regulation indicates a possible translocation of the Ca available in the root supply and a mobility of this element out of the roots only during the early stages of exposure to a Ca deficiency. The presence of NH₄ ⁺ in xylem sap with both +Ca and‐Ca treatments confirms the nitrogenous reduction activity of tomato roots. The accumulation of free ammonium 24 h after excision in both xylem saps (+Ca and‐Ca) is likely to be evidence of an alteration process of protein synthesis which is related to the depletion of the root water soluble carbohydrate supply.