干旱胁迫及复水对豌豆根系内源激素含量的影响

采用盆栽试验方法,研究了干旱胁迫及复水对豌豆根系脱落酸(ABA)、吲哚乙酸(IAA)、赤霉素(GA)和玉米素(ZT)等4种内源激素含量的影响.结果表明:不同程度的干旱胁迫均导致各生育期豌豆根系ABA和IAA含量增加,GA和ZT含量减少,且随干旱胁迫程度的加重变化量增大.同时对各生育期豌豆根系内源激素比例产生影响,对ZT与ABA、GA与ABA、GA与IAA、ZT与IAA比例影响较大,对ZT与GA、IAA与ABA比例影响较小.旱后复水可对各生育期豌豆根系内源激素含量产生补偿效应,其补偿量决定于豌豆生育时期、干旱胁迫强度和复水历时.同时促进各生育期豌豆根系内源激素比例发生变化.     

邻羟基苯甲酸对不同化感型杉木无性系内源激素含量的化感效应

以筛选的自毒物质忍耐型(01 号)和自毒物质敏感型(02 号)杉木无性系为试验材料, 采用胁迫试验分析邻羟基苯甲酸对2 个不同化感型杉木无性系内源激素含量的化感效应。研究结果表明, 邻羟基苯甲酸对不同化感型杉木无性系ABA 含量表现为促进效应, 其中对01 号杉木无性系的促进效应大于02 号; 邻羟基苯甲酸对不同化感型杉木无性系IAA、GA₃ 含量表现为抑制效应, 胁迫后期邻羟基苯甲酸对02 号无性系GA₃ 含量的抑制效应较01 号强, 2 个无性系间IAA 含量的抑制效应差异不明显; 邻羟基苯甲酸对不同化感型杉木无性系ZR 含量的化感效应表现为胁迫第20 d 达到抑制效应高峰期, 随后抑制作用下降, 邻羟基苯甲酸对02 号无性系ZR 含量的抑制效应强于01 号无性系。     

Drought and Salt Stress Mitigation by Seed Priming with KNO3 and Urea in Various Maize Hybrids: An Experimental Approach Based on Enhancing Antioxidant Responses

Priming offers an effective means for counteracting different stresses induced oxidative injury and raising seed performance in many crop species. The present study was carried out to investigate the ability of potassium nitrate (KNO₃) and urea to promote the tolerance of different maize hybrids to drought and salt stresses to identify some biochemical parameters associated with KNO₃ and urea induced resistance in maize seedlings. An experiment was conducted in a controlled environment of the laboratory at the college of agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz Iran, during 2010. The first factor was stress type and intensity at five levels; moderate drought, severe drought, moderate salt, severe salt, and control (without stress). Seed priming was the second factor; water as control, KNO₃, and urea, and maize hybrids, including Maxima, SC704, Zola, and 304 were the third factor. Results indicated that the highest chlorophyll a (Ch a), chlorophyll b (Ch b), total chlorophyll (Ch T) contents, and carotenoids (Car) were found in no stress treatments and the most proline, protein contents, superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) activities in severe drought treatment. Also, results revealed that generally, drought and salinity stresses decreased the amount of Ch a and the lowest Ch a was recorded for severe salinity stress (4.29 mg g^?1). Stresses caused decrease in Ch b, but the effect of sever salinity level was higher than the others. Priming of KNO₃ had significantly higher proline content than water and urea priming. The SC704 and 304 hybrids showed higher proline content than the other ones. Finally, the maize seed KNO₃ and urea priming lead to high activities of antioxidant defensive enzymes and increase the tolerance level to abiotic stresses such as salt and drought.     

Relationship Between Iron Deficiency Stress and Endogenous Hormones in Iron-Efficient versus Inefficient Apple Genotypes

In solution culture at different iron (Fe) concentrations, both contents of endogenous hormones or the IAA oxidase activities in the roots and the diffusive IAA contents in the stem apex were analyzed for Malus xiaojinensis (an Fe-efficient apple genotype) or M. baccata (an Fe-inefficient apple genotype). The results showed that higher amounts of IAA in M. xiaojinensis were transported from the stem apex into roots under Fe deficiency stress, which resulted in a great enhancement of the root IAA content, being 4–5 times higher at Fe deficiency than at a normal Fe level. Root IAA content of M. baccata did not show any obvious change at both deficiency and normal level of Fe. When the appearance of leaf chlorosis was used as the test point by the time, there was no remarked difference in fluctuation of the root GA₃ or ABA contents between M. xiaojinensis and M. baccata, although the developing trends of the root GA₃ or ABA contents were slightly lagging for M. xiaojinensis. The results obtained in this experiment suggested that IAA might be a signal factor of inducing Fe deficiency response in plant of genus Malus.     

Azospirillum brasilense Az39 and Bradyrhizobium japonicum E109, inoculated singly or in combination,promote seed germination and early seedling growth in corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max L.)

Inoculants are biological formulations that combine a stable microorganism population and various types of compounds produced and released during fermentation, such as phytohormones and plant growth regulators. Azospirillum brasilense strain Az39 and Brayrhizobium japonicum strain E109 were previously shown to produce indole 3-acetic acid (IAA), gibberellic acid (GA₃) and zeatin (Z). We tested the hypothesis that such compounds are responsible for early growth promotion in inoculated corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max L.) seedlings. Seeds were inoculated with Az39, E109, or both, and kept in a chamber at 20–30 °C under a controlled photoperiod to evaluate seed germination. To evaluate root and shoot length and dry weight, and number of nodules and percentage of nodulated seedlings, in soybean, seedlings were kept in a growth chamber for 14 days under similar photoperiod and temperature conditions. Az39 and E109, singly or in combination, showed the capacity to promote seed germination, nodule formation, and early development of corn and soybean seedlings. Both strains were able to excrete IAA, GA₃ and Z into the culture medium, at a concentration sufficient to produce morphological and physiological changes in young seed tissues.     

Sorghum seedling root growth as influenced by H+, CA++, and MN++ concentrations 1

Root response mechanisms for acid soil tolerance adaptability are generally unknown. Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] cultivars (Funk G522DR, GP140, SC599, TAM428, SC283, and SC574) were grown in white quartz flintshot sand and watered with 0.01M sodium acetate buffer at pH 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, 5.5, or 6.0 and Ca⁺⁺ (0, 10, 100 mgl^‐1 as CaCl₂) or Mn⁺⁺ (0, 1.4, or 140.0 mgl^‐1 as HnCl₂). At the acid soil tolerance impact response phase (< 10 days old), Ca⁺⁺ did not influence initial root growth. Increased H⁺ concentration inhibited juvenile root growth equivalently in all six cultivars. This inhibition was reversed by exogenous GA₃ in Funks G522DR but not in SC283 or SC574. Excess Mn⁺⁺ (140 mgl^‐1) further decreased root growth. Induction of an auxinase inhibitor by GA₃ would support a hypothesis of H⁺ concentration influence on IAA transport and/or availability. Root growth matched IAA water partitioning and exogenous IAA (10^‐10 and 10^‐9 M) reversed the H⁺ concentration influence on root growth of SC283. We suggest that low pH (<4.8) soil influence on root growth is explicable as an influence on IAA synthesis and/or transport and that excess Mn⁺⁺, which is known to induce IAA oxidation, further exacerbates the deleterious growing conditions.     

Economic water use efficiency of corn (Zea mays L.) hybrids as affected by irrigation regimes: a case study in West Iran

Water deficit stress is the main limiting factor in corn production in different regions of Iran. Choosing appropriate corn hybrids and well-managed irrigation practices will result in significant water savings (WS) and good outcomes. Therefore, a randomized complete block design arranged in split plots with four replications was used to evaluate the effect of irrigation regimes on some agronomic traits of corn hybrids. Three different irrigation regimes (irrigation after depleting 60%, 70%, and 80% of field capacity (FC) as water deficit stress, mild water deficit stress and well-irrigated treatment, respectively) were allocated to main plots and four grain corn hybrids (KSC 500, KSC 647, KSC 700, and KSC 704) were randomized in subplots. The results indicated that grain yield (GY), harvest index (HI), and relative water content (RWC) decreased, whereas water use efficiency (WUE), WS, and irrigation efficiency (IE) increased, with increasing water deficit stress intensity. Irrigation after depleting 70% of FC caused the highest economic WUE (1.01 kg grain m^?3). In addition, late maturing hybrids (KSC 700 and KSC 704) showed higher values of all measured traits, except for HI, compared to mid-maturing hybrids (KSC 647 and KSC 500).     

外源GA3对高原夏季胡萝卜肉质根发育的影响

为了揭示外源GA3对胡萝卜肉质根发育的影响机理,并为高原夏季胡萝卜安全高效栽培技术研究提供参考理论,本试验以耐先期抽薹的胡萝卜品种为试材,采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA),研究了外源GA3对高原夏季胡萝卜肉质根膨大、木质化及其内源激素含量的影响。结果表明,在叶片旺盛生长期和肉质根迅速膨大期分别喷施5.78×10-4 mol·L-1外源GA3 1次,或在苗期、叶片旺盛生长期和肉质根迅速膨大期喷施5.78×10-4 mol·L-1外源GA3 1~3次,能显著降低高原夏季胡萝卜苗期肉质根日鲜重增长速率与库活力,促进肉质根木质化。与对照相比,喷施外源GA3,可显著降低苗期肉质根内源GA3、IAA、GA4、ABA、DHZR与IPA含量,显著提高肉质根内源ZR含量;显著降低叶片旺盛生长期肉质根内源GA3、IAA、GA4、IPA含量,显著提高内源ZR含量;显著提高迅速膨大期肉质根内源IAA、GA4、ZR含量;显著降低肉质根迅速膨大期之前的IAA/ZR和GA4/ZR比值。随着外源GA3喷施次数的增多,IAA/ZR和GA4/ZR比值在肉质根迅速膨大期有逐渐增高的趋势。外源GA3通过改变内源激素含量及其平衡状态来影响高原夏季胡萝卜肉质根的发育。     

Responses of phytohormones and gas exchange to mycorrhizal colonization in trifoliate orange subjected to drought stress

Phytohormones have an essential ability to adapt to abiotic stresses, including drought stress (DS), by mediating physiological and molecular processes. Arbuscular mycorrhizas (AMs) can enhance tolerance of DS, but the information regarding phytohormone changes in AM plants exposed to DS is little known. Trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata) seedlings colonized by an AM fungus Funneliformis mosseae were subjected to DS and well-watered for 6 weeks. Plant growth performance, gas exchange, indole-acetic acid (IAA), gibberellins (GAs), brassinosteroids (BRs), abscisic acid (ABA), methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and zeatin riboside (ZR) were determined. The 6-week DS treatment strongly restricted root mycorrhizal colonization. Mycorrhizal inoculation significantly increased plant growth parameters under DS, as compared with non-mycorrhizal treatment. Mycorrhizal treatment also induced significantly higher leaf-relative water content, net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance but lower intercellular CO₂ concentration and leaf temperature under DS, compared with non-mycorrhizal treatment. Mycorrhizal plants under DS condition represented significantly higher leaf ABA, IAA, GAs, BRs and ZR levels than non-mycorrhizal plants. The study, hence, suggested that mycorrhizal inoculation induced the changes of gas exchange and endogenous phytohormone levels to enhance drought tolerance in trifoliate orange.     

Promoting deep-sowing germinability of corn (Zea mays) by seed soaking with gibberellic acid

The effects of seed soaking with gibberellic acid (GA₃) on germinability of conventional corn variety ‘Nongda 108’ and super sweet corn variety ‘Chaotian 3’ were investigated under deep-sowing condition. GA₃ soaking significantly improved seed germination and mesocotyl elongation of both varieties under 10 or 6 cm sowing depth. The most significant promotion occurred at 0.175 g L^?1 GA₃ in ‘Nongda 108’ and 0.035 g L^?1 GA₃ in ‘Chaotian 3’. To further illustrate the physiological explanations, seed respiration was estimated from dehydrogenase activity test and oxygen-sensing test. Dehydrogenase activities of both varieties were dramatically promoted after GA₃ soaking. Compared with water soaking, the dehydrogenase activity in 0.175 g L^?1 GA₃-soaked seeds of ‘Nongda 108’ and 0.035 g L^?1 GA₃-soaked ones of ‘Chaotian 3’ was increased by 15.4% and 78.8%, respectively. Oxygen-sensing test showed that increased metabolism time (IMT) critical oxygen pressure (COP) and relative germination time (RGT) were decreased while oxygen metabolism rate (OMR) and relative germination rate (RGR) were increased in GA₃-soaked seeds, suggesting that exogenous GA-accelerated seed respiration. Our results suggested that seed soaking with exogenous GA₃ was a simple and practicable method to improve deep-sowing tolerance during corn seed germination, and the significant promotions were attributed to vigorous respiratory metabolism.     

Comparison of some endogenous hormone levels in different parts of chickpea (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cicer arietinum</Emphasis> L.)

The objective of this study was to detect plant hormone levels in different plant parts of chickpea, and to compare cultivars with different characteristics such as simple leaf vs. normal leaves, simple leaf vs. bipinnate leaf, kabuli type vs. desi types, double-podded vs. single-podded. It was found that there was a great variation in basic plant hormone levels among genotypes, and plant hormone concentrations varied according to leaf type, pod and seed characteristics in these genotypes. IAA level in leaves was the highest in ICC 6119 (bipinnate leaf) and followed by ICC 552 (double-pod) and Kusmen 99 (simple leaf), while it was highest level in pods of ICC 552 (double-pod). Zeatin concentration in leaves and pods was the highest level in ICC 6119 (bipinnate leaf). GA₃ concentration was the highest in leaves of ICC 6119 (bipinnate leaf). ICC 552 (double-pod) has the highest GA₃ in leaves. It was postulated that leaf type and pod characteristics may be related to hormones induced growth and development.     

烟草配方肥增效剂对烤烟根系内源激素和多胺含量的影响

本试验研究了烟草配方肥增效剂对进入成熟期后烟株根系内源激素含量和多胺含量以及烟叶产量和产值的影响.结果表明,施用配方肥增效剂可提高烟株根系内赤霉素(GA3)、生长素(IAA)和精胺含量,降低脱落酸(ABA)和腐胺含量,其中精胺含量随着肥料用量的减少而增加.前期,配方肥增效剂对根系内亚精胺含量的影响很小,但后期会导致亚精胺含量迅速增高.增效剂对根系内源激素含量和多胺含量的影响以每株施用45.45g配方肥和0.4545g增效剂处理效果最好.施用增效剂能提高烟叶的产量和产值,减少肥料用量的增效剂处理虽降低了烟叶产量,但因改善了烟叶品质而提高其产值,增效剂对烟叶产量和产值的影响以每株施用36.36g配方肥和0.4545g增效剂处理效果最好.     

钾营养对棉花苗期生长和叶片生理特性的影响

在田间试验条件下,研究了施钾对棉花苗期生长和功能叶片生理特性的影响。试验设2个品种,4个施钾量。结果表明,施钾增加了棉花株高和单株叶片数,而对单株叶面积的影响不同,当施钾(K2O)量为180.kg/hm2时,叶面积达最大值,继续增施钾肥叶面积减小;施钾促进了叶绿素的合成,同时增加了叶绿素荧光动力学参数Fv/Fo、Fv/Fm和qP值,降低了qN值,增加了PSⅡ的实际量子效率(ФPSⅡ)和光合电子传递速率(ETR),从而提高了棉花功能叶的光合功能;施钾还增加了叶片中生长素(IAA)、玉米素核苷(ZR)、赤霉素(GA3)的含量,降低了脱落酸(ABA)的含量,提高了IAA/ABA、ZR/ABA、GA3     

Contribution of N : P ratio and endogenous phytohormones during development of phosphorus toxicity in Brassica campestris spp. parachinensis

Agricultural practices may lead to excessive phosphorus (P) accumulation in soil. The effects of excessive P on Chinese flowering cabbage (Brassica campestris spp. parachinensis) were investigated by exposing plants for 4 weeks in solution containing 1, 2, 3, 5, and 7 mM NaH₂PO₄. Phosphorus concentrations [P] greater than 3 mM produced significantly stunted growth, together with reduced appearance quality due to overaccumulation of anthocyanin in the epidermis of flower stalk. Nitrate concentrations in the flower stalk decreased with increasing solution [P]. Nitrogen (N) concentrations in the roots and potassium (K) concentrations in the leaves, stems, and roots all decreased at [P] higher than 3 mM. Increasing P supply caused great enhancement of root and stem [P], but decreased total plant and root N : P ratios. A positive linear relationship between solution [P] and anthocyanin concentration and a negative linear relationship between root N : P ratio and anthocyanin concentration were also observed. In addition, 3 to 7 mM P caused decreased levels of indole‐3‐acetic acid (IAA) and gibberellin (GA₃) in the leaves, but promoted ethylene production. The average gibberellin concentration was generally correlated with the plant's relative growth rates. Ethylene was negatively correlated with plant growth parameters except for the last day of the experiment. In conclusion, N : P ratio and endogenous phytohormones may be involved in the development of P toxicity in Chinese flowering cabbage plants.     

渗透胁迫下烤烟根和叶片中内源激素含量的变化

采用酶联吸附免疫测定(ELISA)技术分析了渗透胁迫下烤烟根和叶片中脱落酸(ABA)、生长素(IAA)、赤霉素(GA3)和异戊烯基腺嘌呤(iPA)4种内源激素含量的变化。结果表明,渗透胁迫下烤烟叶片水势降低,蛋白质含量增加,根和叶中ABA和iPA含量升高,IAA和GA3含量减少。培养液渗透势-0.5 MPa与-0.25 MPa两处理相比,前者烟叶水势和ABA含量较低,蛋白质及IAA、GA3和iPA含量较高,根中iPA和叶中ABA含量达到高峰及根中GA3含量出现低谷所需时间较短,其它指标的变化二者同步。根与叶中激素含量相比,在胁迫处理前期(6 h)根中IAA和GA3含量的降低幅度较大,ABA含量峰值出现较早,说明烤烟根中的激素对渗透胁迫的反应更加敏感。     

旱作水稻内源激素变化及其与水稻形态和生理特性的关系

以杂交稻籼优 63(Sy63) ,常规稻武育粳 (Wyj) ,旱稻 85 - 1 5 ( 85 - 1 5 )为材料 ,分别研究了旱作处理与水作处理的水稻体内脱落酸 (ABA) ,生长素 (IAA) ,赤霉素 (GAs)和细胞分裂素 (CTKs)在全生育期内的变化规律 ,初步探究了激素变化与旱作水稻形态及生理适应性的关系。旱作条件下水稻根叶的ABA都显著增加且各品种均呈现一定的规律性 ;旱作水稻的根叶中GAs规律与其ABA的变化规律相似。旱作水稻叶中IAA苗期增加而根先减少后增加 ,后期IAA逐步减低 ;苗期旱作水稻叶中CTKs增加而根减少 ,后期差异不大。实验结果表明旱作条件下的气孔行为可能由ABA和IAA共同调控 ;旱作的侧根发达可能是因为根系中IAA增加及CTKs降低导致的     

DCPTA对干旱胁迫下玉米种子萌发影响的无损检测

为探究2-(3,4-二氯苯氧基)乙基二乙胺(2-(3,4-dichlorophenoxy) ethyl triethylamine,DCPTA)在干旱胁迫下对玉米种子萌发的影响,使用聚乙二醇(polyethylene glycol-6 000,PEG-6 000)和浓度为0.5、1.0、1.5 mg/L的DCPTA混合溶液对玉米种子进行浸泡处理,采用种子标准发芽试验总结得出不同浓度的DCPTA对玉米种子发芽情况影响的规律,再结合低场核磁共振(low field nuclear magnetic resonance,LF-NMR)及核磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)技术,通过研究其内部水分变化情况、水分迁移规律及水分分布特征解释造成该结果的原因。试验结果表明:一定浓度的DCPTA可以提高玉米种子萌发过程中的耐旱性能,加快种子内部水分的存储速率,提供种子萌发所需的水分条件,减轻干旱胁迫对玉米种子造成的损害。DCPTA对玉米种子干旱胁迫的缓解效果随着其浓度的升高呈现先上升后下降的趋势,以1.0 mg/L的DCPTA处理效果最显著(P<0.05)...     

Alleviation of drought stress in the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) by co-inoculation with Paenibacillus polymyxa and Rhizobium tropici

A greenhouse experiment was performed to evaluate the influence of Rhizobium when co-inoculated with each of two Paenibacillus polymyxa strains, singly and in mixture on growth, nitrogen content, phytohormone levels and nodulation of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) under three levels of drought stress. Stress was applied continuously by the control of matric potential (ψ_m) through a porous cup. Bean plants cv. Tenderlake were grown in pots with Fluvic Neosol eutrophic soil under three different ψ_m (S₁ −7.0; S₂ −70.0 and S₃ < −85 kPa). The seeds were inoculated with Rhizobium tropici (CIAT 899) and each of P. polymyxa (DSM 36) and P. polymyxa Loutit (L) singly and in mixture (CIAT 899 + DSM36 + Loutit). Co-inoculation of bean with Rhizobium and both Paenibacillus strains resulted increased plant growth, nitrogen content and nodulation compared to inoculation with Rhizobium alone. This was particularly evident at the most negative ψ_m (S₃ < −85 kPa) we used. Drought stress triggered a change in phytohormonal balance, including an increase in leaf abscisic acid (ABA) content, a small decline in indole acetic acid (IAA) and gibberellic acid (GA₃) and a sharp fall in zeatin content in bean leaves. The content of endogenous Cks decreased under water stress, possibly amplifying the response of shoots to increasing ABA content. We hypothesize that co-inoculation of bean with R. tropici (CIAT 899) and P. polymyxa strains (DSM 36) and Loutit (L) mitigates some of the negative effects of drought stress on bean.     

Effects of drought stress and rewatering on antioxidant systems and relative water content in different growth stages of maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids

Drought is a problem of the expanding universe which seriously influences crop production and quality. Approximately one-third of the cultivated area of the world suffers from constantly inadequate supplies of water. The present study aimed to determine the effects of drought and rewatering on activities of antioxidant enzymes, chlorophyll, proline, and relative water contents (RWC). In this experiment, six maize hybrids (Sc260, Sc370, Sc500, Sc647, Sc700, and Sc704) were examined in a pot study during the maize-growing season of 2011. Results indicated that the growth of hybrids was retarded under drought stress conditions and regained growth speed during rewatering. RWC, chlorophyll, and carotenoid contents were markedly decreased by the water deficit and reached normal values during rewatering in Sc647, Sc704, and Sc700. Our findings also indicated significantly higher activity levels of peroxidase and catalase and proline content in water-stressed plants than in well-watered plants, which decreased when the plants were rewatered, showing an inverse relationship to gluthatione reductase activity. According to the results, the better upregulation of the protective mechanism in Sc704 and Sc647 probably induced higher drought resistance. We concluded that antioxidant enzyme activity could provide a useful tool for depicting drought tolerance in maize hybrids in arid and semiarid regions.     

太空诱变玉米核雄性不育与植物激素的关系

采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)分析了太空诱变玉米核不育突变体姊妹交后代可育株和不育株中的细胞分裂素(ZT)、赤霉素(GAs)、生长素(IAA)、脱落酸(ABA)的含量及比值的变化,并通过外施赤霉素试验,调查了外施赤霉素对育性表现的影响。结果表明,外施赤霉素并不能使植株的育性发生改变。苗期可育株与不育株叶片中的内源IAA、ABA含量差异达显著水平;拔节期可育株与不育株叶片中的内源ZT、GAs、IAA和ABA含量差异均达显著或极显著水平;单核小孢子期可育株与不育株雄穗中的IAA、ABA含量差异达极显著水平,而双核花粉期可育株与不育株雄穗中仅有ABA含量差异达极显著水平。其中可育株中ZT、GAs和IAA含量高于不育株,ABA含量低于不育株。太空诱变玉米核不育突变体不属于赤霉素敏感型;不育突变体的发生可能与ABA、IAA的关系更为密切。