施磷量对小麦物质生产及吸磷特性的影响

在低磷土壤条件下,以中筋小麦扬麦12号和弱筋小麦扬麦9号为材料,研究了施磷量对小麦物质生产和吸磷特性的影响。结果表明,在施磷量(P2O5)0～180.kg/hm2范围内,植株对磷的吸收量、吸收速率和磷的积累量随施磷量增加而上升;以施磷量108.kg/h2处理的叶面积指数(LAI)、植株茎蘖数、茎蘖成穗率、干物质积累量、花后干物质积累量和子粒产量最高。当施磷量超过108.kg/hm2时,相关物质生产指标则呈下降趋势,说明即使在缺磷土壤上,施磷量有其适宜值。小麦一生对磷的吸收存在两个高峰,出苗至越冬始期为第一个吸收高峰,拔节至孕穗期为第二个吸收高峰。植株磷素积累量的70%～75%是在拔节后吸收,表明拔节期施磷对满足小麦第二个吸磷高峰和磷的最大积累期需磷有重要意义。     

施磷量对不同播种方式下冬小麦干物质转运及养分吸收利用的影响

  【目的】  研究立体匀播方式下,施磷量对冬小麦干物质、产量及养分效率的影响,以筛选与新疆冬小麦立体匀播技术配套的适宜施磷量。  【方法】  以新冬22号为材料,采用双因素裂区试验设计,设播种方式为主区,分条播 (D) 和立体匀播 (U) 两种方式;施磷量 (P₂O₅) 为副区,磷施用量分别为0、60、120、180 kg/hm2 (分别用P₀、P₆₀、P₁₂₀、P₁₈₀表示)。在主要生育期取植株样并测定干物质分配和转运量,在开花期和成熟期测定植株氮、磷、钾含量,收获后测定产量及其构成因素。  【结果】  与条播相比,小麦茎秆直径和株高在立体匀播下具有显著优势 (P < 0.05)。4个磷用量处理中,干物质转运、分配及磷素转运、利用均以P₁₂₀最佳,且产量优势明显 (P < 0.05)。立体匀播提高了冬小麦分蘖茎上籽粒的干物质分配、营养器官干物质转运量,保证冬小麦将更多的氮、磷、钾向籽粒转运,促进植株磷素转运和利用。两种播种方式均以P₁₂₀ 处理最有助于开花期和成熟期干物质向叶片、茎秆和叶鞘以及穗部的分配,从而有效增加干物质转运率和干物质转运对籽粒贡献率,进而提高经济系数,达到高产的效果。  【结论】  立体匀播比常规条播更有利于小麦生长发育。采用立体匀播的冬小麦适当增加磷肥施用量,可有效促进单位面积穗数、分蘖茎穗粒数和千粒重的提高,进而获得高产。在本试验条件下,施用P₂O₅ 120 kg/hm2是兼顾冬小麦产量和养分利用效率的最佳用量。     

Organ-specific allocation pattern of acquired phosphorus and dry matter in two rice genotypes with contrasting tolerance to phosphorus deficiency

ABSTRACT

Our earlier study demonstrated that the landrace of Japonica rice, Akamai exhibits low-P (phosphorous) tolerance mechanisms compared to the conventional type cultivar, Koshihikari. The present study examined the genotypic difference of yield, plasticity of root growth, and internal utilization of acquired P (allocation pattern of biomass and P among different vegetative and reproductive organs) of two contrasting cultivars in response to P-deficiency. Each cultivar was grown until maturity with (+P) and without (–P) P supply in pots (two plants per pot) filled with 15 kg of Regosol soil. Grain yield and yield components were determined along with biomass and P accumulation in different vegetative and reproductive organs. To assess the plasticity of root growth, the soil column in the pot was divided into two equal portions (upper and lower soil layers) in which the root dry weight and length were measured separately. Among the investigated yield components, the number of filled grains per panicle was the key parameter determining genotypic differences of grain yield of two cultivars. P-deficiency had a marked influence on grain filling of Koshihikari where the filled grain percentage under –P condition was reduced by 29% compared to that under +P condition. However, the respective reduction for Akamai was only 11%. Low-P tolerance ability of Akamai imparts a yield advantage over Koshihikari under P-deficient conditions because of the production of the higher number of filled grains per panicle. Akamai explored both upper and lower soil layers of the pot more efficiently in search of P through greater root biomass and length. Akamai grown under P-deficient conditions had remarkably lower P concentrations in less active vegetative tissues (partly and fully senesced leaves) than those of Koshihikari; whereas, more active organs (green leaves and panicles) contained a greater amount of P. Akamai’s higher plasticity to external P availability can be a genetic resource for developing low-P tolerant, high-yielding rice genotypes suitable for predicted future P-limited environments.     

Genotypic variation in partitioning of phosphorus in relation to nitrogen and dry matter during wheat grain development

Phosphorus has many similarities to N for plant nutrition, but little is known regarding P partitioning among genotypes and factors that affect it. Experiments were conducted to measure variation in partitioning of P and its relationship to N, dry matter, and yield components of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Sixteen cultivars grown under field conditions were sampled at anthesis for P, N, and dry matter and at maturity for the same constituents and for yield components. Relationships among the traits were determined by Spearman rank correlation coefficients. Accumulation of P and dry matter during grain development and grain HI, NHI, and PHI differed significantly among genotypes. Post‐anthesis P, N, and dry matter accumulation correlated positively as did HI, NHI, and PHI, but accumulation of the constituents was not related to their His. The positive associations were attributed to requirement of P and N for growth and their accumulation as reserve compounds in grain. Genotypic variation in PHI may be as useful as variation in HI and NHI for wheat improvement.     

Effects of salts on dry matter yield and nitrogen and phosphorus contents of rice plants

Abstract

The effects of different kinds and concentrations of salts on dry matter yield and nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) contents of rice plants under greenhouse conditions were determined for two silt loam soils, one from southern Ohio (Clermont) and one from Arkansas (Crowley). Yield and N and P contents tended to be enhanced by low salt concentration but to be depressed at higher concentration. The chloride salts (NaCl, CaCl₂) were most detrimental to yield and N and P contents, while the sulfate salts (especially Na₂SO₄,) were beneficial when the electrolyte concentration and P in the soil were not high.

The degree of adverse response to salts in the irrigation water and of favorable response to P fertilizer were reflected in the levels of electrolyte and available P in the soils studied. Total N content of the rice tissue increased much more from N and P additions than did total P content. The NaCl (1.5 mmhos/cm) and NaCl + Na₂SO₄ (3.0 mmhos/cm) salt treatments vere generally least detrimental, and NaCl and NaCl + CaCl₂both at 3.0 mmhos/cm were most detrimental to yield and N and P contents of tissue.

In the non‐lethal response range, salt‐depression of yield and N and P contents of tissue may well be largely or partially overcome by fertilizer application. In this study, the best combination of fertilizer and salt was the highest level of N (268 kg N/ha) and intermediate level of P (67 kg P/ha), in combination with NaCl + Na₂SO₄.     

不同水氮水平冬小麦干物质积累特征及产量效应

为了阐明灌水施氮对冬小麦干物质积累和产量形成的影响机制,通过2012-2014年在关中平原进行的3个灌水水平、4个施氮水平的田间试验,采用Richards生长曲线对干物质积累过程进行拟合,定量分析了干物质积累过程的动态特征和产量效应。结果表明灌越冬水和拔节水均能显著延长干物质积累的总时间,使最大干物质量由雨养下的10 831提高到灌两水条件下的13 813 kg/hm~2。氮肥显著提高了干物质积累过程的平均速率和最大速率,缩短了达到最大速率的时间,使最大干物质量由8 001(不施氮)提高到14 112 kg/hm~2(施氮210 kg/hm~2)。年份主要通过控制进入快速生长期和达到最大速率的时间来影响干物质量积累过程。灌水的产量效应年际变异较大,在2013和2014年分别通过增加千粒质量和每平方米粒数来影响产量,2013年千粒质量由雨养下的35.8提高到灌两水下的41.7 g,2014年每平方米粒数由雨养下的13 833增加到灌两水条件下的15 749粒/m~2。氮肥主要是通过增加每平方米粒数来提高产量,由不施氮下的10 414增大到施氮210 kg/hm~2条件下的15 911粒/m~2,继续增施氮肥对产量及产量构成要素影响不大。产量和每平方米粒数均与干物质积累过程的平均速率和最大速率呈显著正相关性,表明在该研究地区小麦产量主要受氮肥限制。该研究为干旱半干旱地区合理调控水肥措施,实现作物高产高效提供科学依据。     

Dry matter accumulation and phosphorus efficiency response of cotton cultivars to phosphorus and drought

Low soil phosphorus (P) availability and drought are the most recognized growth-limiting factors for the cotton production in arid regions. A pot experiment with P-efficient (Xinluzao19, X19) and P-inefficient (Xinluzao19, X26) cotton cultivars was conducted to investigate the effects of P and drought on dry matter accumulation and P efficiency. Results showed that biomass and chlorophyll content of leaves increased significantly with the increase in soil P content, whereas the root:shoot ratio decreased dramatically. Drought increased the root:shoot ratio, but the chlorophyll content of leaves remained stable. The yield of X19 increased with the increase in soil P content. For X26, the highest yield was attained under the medium P content. Under drought conditions, root P efficiency ratio, P absorption efficiency, and P transfer efficiency were all proportional to P concentration, whereas P utilization was inversely proportional. Compared with X26, X19 presented higher P absorption efficiency and P utilization but lower root P efficiency ratio and P transfer efficiency. It suggested thatthe application of phosphate fertilizer under drought could increase the root P efficiency ratio, P absorption efficiency, and P transfer efficiency, thereby enhancing the ability of stress resistance of cotton and significantly increasing biomass as well as cotton yield.     

花后阴雨对小麦籽粒淀粉合成和干物质积累的影响

针对长江中下游小麦开花期常遇连阴雨导致减产的现象,研究阴雨寡照对小麦籽粒淀粉合成和干物质积累的影响,旨在为该地区小麦抗逆稳产栽培提供理论依据。选用长江中下游小麦主栽品种‘扬麦18’(受渍迟钝型)和‘皖麦52’(受渍敏感型)为试验材料,在小麦开花后设置7 d、11 d和15 d的渍水遮阴处理,研究渍水遮阴对小麦籽粒发育过程中淀粉合成相关酶活性及淀粉、干物质积累的影响。结果表明,渍水遮阴处理后,小麦籽粒中腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶(AGPase)、可溶性淀粉合成酶(SSS)和结合态淀粉合成酶(GBSS)活性在灌浆前期(花后10～15d)与对照差异不显著,随着灌浆进程的推进,渍水遮阴处理与对照之间差异增大。灌浆中期(花后20 d)小麦籽粒中AGPase和SSS活性达到峰值时,渍水遮阴处理11 d、15 d的‘扬麦18’和‘皖麦52’籽粒中AGPase活性分别较对照下降1%、10%和11%、24%,SSS活性则下降5%、11%和9%、32%,且渍水遮阴处理11 d和15 d的小麦籽粒中SSS和GBSS活性在灌浆后期显著低于对照。用Logistic方程分别拟合籽粒淀粉和干物质的积累,花后渍水遮阴处理缩短了籽粒灌浆缓增期,降低了小麦籽粒灌浆的平均速率、淀粉积累的最大速率及平均速率,减少了籽粒淀粉和干物质的积累量。同时,渍水遮阴处理降低了小麦穗粒数和千粒重,使产量显著下降。随着渍水遮阴处理时间的延长,小麦籽粒中淀粉合成相关酶活性、干物质积累量及产量的下降幅度越大。迟钝型品种‘扬麦18’各指标的下降幅度均小于敏感型品种‘皖麦52’。小麦开花后渍水遮阴处理降低了籽粒中AGPase、SSS和GBSS活性,不利于籽粒淀粉合成及干物质的积累,导致产量下降显著。     

模拟增温对半干旱雨养区春小麦物质生产与分配的影响

为了明确未来气候变化对半干旱区春小麦生产的影响,了解增温条件下春小麦不同生长阶段物质生产的响应特点以及光合产物在不同器官中的分配特征,利用开放式红外增温系统设置不同的温度梯度,即不增温（对照）、增温1和2℃,模拟田间增温对春小麦物质生产与分配的影响。结果表明：温度增加,春小麦发育加快,全生育期明显缩短,增温1和2℃,比对照分别缩短7和11 d;从各器官干物质生产来看,相对于对照,在增温1、2℃处理下,叶干物质质量在三叶期分别增加了11.23%和27.49%,在拔节期及其以后分别平均降低了20.12%和30.83%。茎干物质质量在拔节期及其以前分别平均增加了17.30%和30.30%,拔节期以后分别平均降低了13.19%和22.09%。根干物质质量在孕穗期及其以前分别平均增加了10.26%和23.30%,孕穗期以后分别平均降低了15.79%和26.05%。穗干物质质量分别平均降低16.43%和29.00%;增温处理下春小麦物质生产随时间的响应规律主要是由净同化率的变化所致;从各器官干物质分配来看,与对照相比,增温1、2℃处理下,春小麦叶和穗干物质质量占全株干物质质量的比例在整个生育期分别平均下降了8.32%、12.01%和0.56%、3.40%,且增温幅度越大,下降的越多。增温1、2℃处理下,茎和根干物质质量占全株干物质质量的比例在整个生育期分别平均增加了3.92%、6.25%和3.86%、8.71%,且增温幅度越大,增加的越多。结果为中国半干旱区春小麦对全球气候变化下的敏感性及适应性研究提供理论参考。     

氮肥施用方式对耐盐冬小麦干物质积累和氮素吸收利用的影响

【目的】耐盐冬小麦作为盐渍化地区的先锋作物,结合适当的轮作方式,既可以提高盐碱地的当年生产力,又可以改良盐碱地土壤耕层的盐分状况,然而在施肥管理方面,耐盐冬小麦没有形成统一的管理技术模式,其营养特征尚不明确,为了探索耐盐冬小麦科学合理的氮肥施用技术模式,本文对冬小麦开展了不同氮肥施用方式对其干物质积累和氮素吸收利用的影响研究。【方法】基于冬小麦区域施肥状况调查和冬小麦不同生育阶段的氮素吸收量,设置4种施肥方式;采用田间小区试验,在不同时期采集冬小麦植物样品,收获期进行产量测定,并对采集的样品进行氮素吸收和干物质量的测定,再通过相关公式计算,获得冬小麦的氮素吸收量和干物质积累量,用SPSS统计软件做统计分析,研究处理间的差异。【结果】 1）从返青到孕穗期,各处理间干物质积累量和氮素积累量差异最大,N300/2（农民习惯施肥）和N210/3（氮肥分三次施用,基肥、拔节肥和穗肥各占1/3）处理干物质积累量和氮素积累量明显高于N150/3和不施氮（N0）处理; 2）在返青期、孕穗期和收获期,N0处理的氮素含量最低,与施氮处理间差异显著,而所有施氮处理间差异不显著; 3）N300/2与N210/3处理的干物质累积量和氮素累积量以及产量无显著差异; 4）N210/3处理的氮素利用效率最高达40.7%,显著高于N300/2处理。【结论】耐盐冬小麦干物质积累均表现为苗期返青期很慢,返青期孕穗期迅速增大,孕穗后期成熟期缓慢增加,整个过程呈现慢快慢的趋势;耐盐冬小麦的氮素积累量在返青期至孕穗期最大,对氮肥的需求最为迫切。生育期少量多次施肥方式,在不降低耐盐冬小麦产量的情况下可以减少氮肥施用量,并能够提高氮肥的利用效率。     

Effects of drought and salt stresses on man-made cyanobacterial crusts

As a primary successional stage of biological soil crusts (BSCs), cyanobacterial crusts form firstly in the arid and semiarid areas. At the same time, they suffer many stress conditions, such as drought, salt, etc. In this study, we constructed man-made cyanobacterial crusts with Microcoleus vaginatus Gom. and comparatively studied the effects of drought and salt stresses on the crusts. The results showed that crust growth and photosynthetic activity was significantly inhibited by the stress conditions (P < 0.05), and inhibitory effect increased with the increasing stress intensity and treated time. Compared with salt stress, drought completely stopped crust metabolic activity, so the crust biomass was conserved at a higher level, which meant that drought itself might provide the crusts some protection, especially when the crusts simultaneously suffered drought and salt stresses. That is very important for the survival of crusts in the high-salt areas. In addition, to some extent the crusts could adapt to the stress conditions through metabolic adjustment. In our experiment, we found the accumulation of exopolysaccharides (EPS) increased under stress conditions within a certain threshold.     

不同磷水平下小麦B染色体双端体植株干物质积累和磷效率特征研究

以中国春（CS）及其B染色体组双端体（1BS7BS和1BL7BL））为材料,采用溶液培养法,研究了不同磷水平下各供试材料的干物质积累和磷效率特征。结果表明,与CS相比,丰磷下4BS、6BS、3BL及7BL和低磷下4BS、6BS、7BS、和7BL植株形态及单株干重无明显变化,其他B染色体组双端体植株形态变劣、单株干重降低。丰、低磷下,各双端体单株磷累积量与CS相比多呈减少趋势,表明缺失B染色体长、短臂对小麦的磷素吸收和累积发挥不同程度负调控效应。全磷含量表现为丰磷下4BS和4BL较CS显著增加、5BS较CS显著降低;低磷下5BS较CS显著提高,3BL和5BL较CS显著降低。与CS相比,各双端体植株的磷效率变幅较大,呈与单株磷累积量相反趋势变化,即丰磷下3BS、5BS较CS显著增加,4BS、1BL和4BL较CS显著减少。丰、低磷条件下,多数双端体植株氮钾效率与CS相比也发生不同程度改变。丰、低磷磷下单株干重与磷累积量呈显著正相关,且单株干重与单株叶面积也呈显著正相关。因此,本研究证实,特定B染色体组长、短臂在调控植株抵御低磷逆境中发挥着重要遗传效应,可用单株叶面积作为丰、低磷下植株磷效率的评价指标。     

水分胁迫下不同年代冬小麦品种干物质积累与转运特性

为了明确河南中部地区冬小麦品种改良过程中物质积累与转运特性及对水分亏缺响应的差异, 选取新中国成立以来6个不同年代主栽冬小麦品种, 采用测坑试验研究了冬小麦品种在不同水分胁迫(CK: 充分供水田间持水量的75%~85%; MD: 轻度干旱, 田间持水量的60%~70%; SD: 重度干旱, 田间持水量的45%~55%)下干物质生产与积累转运特性的演进特征及其与产量的关系。结果表明, 品种改良协调了干物质在各生育阶段的分配, 使花前和花后干物质积累与转运对籽粒的贡献更加平衡。在品种更替过程中, 株高和穗下节降低, 千粒重、籽粒产量和收获指数增加, 干物质积累总量无显著差异, 千粒重和收获指数的提高对产量增加起重要作用。在CK、MD和SD处理下, 20世纪90年代和2002年品种比20世纪50年代品种平均株高降低35.2%、36.2%和38.2%, 平均千粒重比增加31.7%、17.4%和56.3%, 平均籽粒产量增加40.4%、43.0%和52.4%; 20世纪90年代和2002年品种的收获指数比20世纪80年代及以前品种增加31.4%、22.3%和24.6%。CK处理早期品种干物质积累在抽穗至开花阶段超过现代品种。MD和SD处理的20世纪90年代及以后的品种花前干物质转运能力高, 茎秆干物质输出率增加, 花后贮藏物质积累降幅小, 干物质贮藏转运分配比例适宜, 对籽粒贡献率高, 是水分胁迫条件下现代品种高产的基础。     

硅磷配施对低磷土壤春玉米干物质积累、 分配及产量的影响

以玉米品种‘正红2号’和‘正红115’为材料,通过2014年和2015年的田间小区定位试验,研究低磷土壤条件下,硅磷肥配施对玉米拔节期和吐丝期的净光合速率、蒸腾速率和叶面积指数,拔节期、吐丝期、灌浆期和成熟期干物质积累和分配,产量及产量构成因素的影响,探讨施硅及硅磷配施的增产效果。结果显示,与对照(不施磷肥和硅肥)相比,施磷、施硅和硅磷配施处理均可提高玉米拔节期和吐丝期的叶面积指数和净光合速率,增加拔节期、吐丝期、灌浆期和成熟期各生育阶段的干物质积累量,降低灌浆期和成熟期叶片的干物质分配比例和灌浆期茎鞘的干物质分配比例,提高籽粒干物质分配比例和收获指数,降低秃尖长度,增加穗长,最终提高穗粒数、千粒重和籽粒产量;其中施用磷肥增加或降低上述指标的效应明显大于施用硅肥,硅磷配施增加或降低上述指标的效应又明显大于单施磷肥或单施硅肥,硅和磷表现出明显的协同作用和配合效应。2014年和2015年玉米籽粒产量均与拔节期、吐丝期、灌浆期和成熟期干物质积累量呈显著正相关;与单施磷肥相比,硅磷配施处理分别增产1 288.57 kg·hm~(-2)(2014年)和1 313.61 kg·hm~(-2)(2015年),且2015年的增幅明显大于2014年,硅、磷表现出稳定的增产效应。综上所述,在四川丘陵低磷土壤条件下,合理进行硅磷肥配施,既能提高玉米生育前期物质生产能力和干物质积累量,又能改善生育后期干物质在玉米各器官中的分配,促进籽粒灌浆结实,最终提高籽粒产量。     

长期不同施肥对水稻干物质和磷素积累与转运的影响

【目的】磷是制约黄壤生产力的重要限制因子,提高作物的磷效率是农业科学研究的热点之一。探讨不同施肥模式对水稻干物质和磷素积累与转运的影响,为黄壤稻田合理施用磷肥提供理论依据。【方法】依托22年的黄壤(水田)长期定位试验,选取其中6种施肥模式:不施肥(CK);不施磷肥(NK);平衡施用化肥(NPK);单施有机肥(M);1/2有机肥替代1/2 NP (0.5 MNP);有机肥化肥配施(MNPK)。除CK和MNPK外,NK、NPK、M、1/2 MN处理为等氮量165 kg/hm^2,施磷量依次为P2O5 0、82.5、79.4、81.0 kg/hm^2,MNPK施N330 kg/hm^2、P2O5 161.9 kg/hm^2。于水稻分蘖期、开花期及成熟期,采集水稻植株样品,分析比较各处理水稻产量、干物质和磷素积累与转移特征、磷肥吸收利用效率的差异。【结果】水稻产量、干物质和磷素积累量大小顺序均表现为MNPK> M> 0.5 MNP> NPK> CK> NK。磷素积累快速增长开始(t1)和结束(t2)时间均较干物质积累提前2~8 d和5~20 d,且磷素积累快速增长持续时间(Δt)也较干物质缩短了4~12 d,表明磷素快速吸收较干物质早,且持续时间短。处理NK、NPK、0.5 MNP、MNPK干物质最大增长速率(Vm)出现时间(t0)以及t1、t2分别比CK和M处理滞后5~10 d、1~4 d、6~16 d,Δt延长了1~14 d。各处理干物质和磷素积累的Vm均表现为M、MNPK> 0.5 MNP、CK> NPK> NK。水稻籽粒干物质积累量主要来源于花后干物质积累,磷素积累量则主要来源于花前磷素积累向籽粒的转运,各处理花后干物质积累率为29.5%~43.4%,施用化肥各处理显著高于CK和M处理,各处理花前磷素积累率为60.5%~85.6%,大小为CK> NPK、M> NK、0.5 MNP、MNPK。与NPK处理相比,M和0.5 MNP处理磷肥吸收效率、磷肥偏生产力、磷肥利用率分别显著提高了0.43kg/kg、48.9 kg/kg、40.8个百分点和0.26 kg/kg、32.2 kg/kg、25.3个百分点。【结论】黄壤地区水稻栽培中长期缺磷不利于花后干物质的积累,也不利于花前磷素的积累,严重制约水稻产量和磷吸收量的提高。在氮磷钾投入平衡前提下,长期单施有机肥可促进花前干物质和磷素的积累及其向籽粒的转运,但不利于花后干物质和磷素的积累,长期单施化肥可延长干物质和磷素积累的快速增长持续时间,但最大增长速率较小,而长期有机无机配施均较有利于促进水稻花前和花后干物质和磷素的积累,水稻产量和磷肥利用率均较高,是最合理的施肥方式。     

离体培养下锌对春小麦子粒形成及干物质积累的影响

采用离体穗培养技术研究了锌对春小麦后期生长及产量的影响。结果表明,在Zn2+浓度为6.mmol/L的处理小麦的生长发育状况最好,其旗叶内叶绿素含量、倒一节长度、穗粒数、结实率、千粒重以及穗的干重与对照相比差异均达到显著或极显著水平;倒二节长度和小花数与对照的差异不显著。低锌和锌过量(Zn2+浓度为0.3和300mmol/L)条件下,小麦的生长发育受阻,各项性状指标均低于对照,不利于产量的提高;而且锌过量不但降低产量还造成锌肥的浪费和环境污染。     

萌动小麦的干物质损耗与品质分析

对小麦籽粒经粒径分选和重力分选后获得的试样进行萌动发芽培养试验,从培养开始(0 h)到24 h之间以一定时间间隔对不同萌动状态的小麦进行干物质损耗测定和品质分析,结果表明：干物质的损耗随着萌动时间的增加而增加;容重(比重)越小,干物质的损耗呈现增大的趋势;各萌动时间段脂肪酸值则随着萌动时间的增加而增加;萌动籽粒的粗蛋白质含量较未萌动籽粒的低;萌动前期小麦籽粒的降落数值与未萌动籽粒相比基本上没有变化,而萌动后期的降落数值下降较快,表明此时淀粉酶的活性较高。     

干旱程度及时期对复水后大豆生长和代谢补偿效应的影响

为探讨大豆干旱胁迫及复水生长补偿效应和代谢补偿效应机制,建立最佳节水灌溉模式,采用盆栽称质量控水法,研究了干旱胁迫及复水对大豆生长发育、渗透调节、内源激素调节和抗氧化系统的影响。结果表明:干旱胁迫抑制株高和叶面积增长,在苗期和开花期复水天数为0时降幅分别达12.50%~39.74%、21.71%~52.87%和16.93%~36.27%、27.99%~47.80%;导致脯氨酸含量、可溶性糖含量和丙二醛含量升高,在苗期和开花期复水后天数为0的增幅分别达46.97%~131.57%、99.56%~139.37%、6.64%~22.82%和31.68%~136.30%、32.63%~184.51%、15.82%~100.75%;超氧化物歧化酶活性升高,但重度胁迫10 d处理呈降低趋势;脱落酸含量升高,赤霉素和玉米素核苷含量降低,而吲哚乙酸含量苗期呈降低趋势,开花期呈升高趋势。复水后,株高和叶面积日增长量表现出短暂快速增长,产生生长超补偿效应;中度胁迫和胁迫5 d处理各代谢指标产生等量或近等量代谢补偿效应,而重度胁迫和胁迫10 d处理产生近等量或部分代谢补偿效应。因此,干旱胁迫后复水产生补偿效应是有条件的,重度胁迫尤其是长时间重度胁迫会降低补偿效应甚至产生伤害效应。同时苗期适度干旱处理可提高开花期再次受旱的适应能力和补偿效应。     

CO2浓度升高、氮与土壤水分对春小麦生长及干物质积累的效应

大型人工气候室条件下进行了350μmol/mol和700μmol/mol 2种CO_2浓度,湿润及干旱2种水分处理和0mg/kg_土、50mg/kg_土、100mg/kg_土、150mg/kg_土和200mg/kg_土5种N肥施用量试验结果表明,高CO_2浓度下春小麦分蘖并未增加,低N时分蘖明显降低,因而高CO_2浓度下春小麦分蘖必须补充足够N素。CO_2浓度增高下播后55d施用N肥,春小麦叶宽、叶面积指数均增加,而不施N肥叶宽、叶面积指数未增加。充足N肥和水分有利于促进春小麦叶片生长,明显提高叶面积和分蘖。CO_2浓度增高,春小麦地上部干物质量增加与N肥施用量有关,中N和高N处理地上部干物质量明显增加,而不施N和低N时则增加不明显。干旱条件且高CO_2浓度下地上部干物质量增幅低于湿润条件,因而CO_2浓度升高对N素和水分胁迫无明显补偿作用。且CO_2浓度升高其根干物质量和根冠比未增加,相反湿润条件下不施N处理根干物质量略有降低,而根冠比明显降低。     

豫东潮土氮钾营养对强筋小麦干物质积累和产量的影响

在豫东潮土区壤质土壤上,研究了在施用磷肥的基础上,施用氮肥和钾肥对强筋小麦干物质积累量、小麦产量的影响.结果表明,增施氮肥和钾肥都可以提高小麦干物质积累量,尤其在拔节至抽穗期单株干物质积累速度最快;N用量为282.5kg·hm-2,K2O用量为270kg·hm-2时更有利于强筋小麦抽穗期对养分的需求;从产量上看,N 180～270 kg·hm-2,K2O 225～300 kg·hm-2为合适施肥量.