Growth and nutrient and nitrate accumulation of lettuce under different regimes of nitrogen fertilization

Abstract

For plant growth and composition, the effects of fertilizers including blood meal (BLO), cottonseed meal (CSM), dehydrated cow manure (COW), and urea (UREA) factored with lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) of different morphological phenotypes including iceberg, romaine, loose head, and loose leaf were studied in a greenhouse. Lettuce growth increased with increasing nitrogen (N) applications from 0 to 800?mg N/pot (kg), but the top application of BLO, CSM, or UREA suppressed yields. Lettuce grown with BLO, CSM, or UREA had higher concentrations of N than with COW. Nitrate-N concentration in leaves of all varieties exceeded some standards at high application of organic fertilizer or urea except for COW. In general, increasing N application resulted in higher concentration of NH₄-N in lettuce with increases in applications of fertilizers. Organic fertilizers and urea were equally effective in supporting growth and affecting nutrient accumulation in lettuce if sufficient N was supplied.     

营养液浓度对水培生菜生长和硝酸盐积累的影响

该文研究了4种营养液浓度处理(山崎生菜配方的1/4(1/4s)、1/2(1/2s)、1(1s)和2(2s)单位)对水培生菜(品种为“弘农”和“绿领”)生长、硝酸盐积累和品质的影响。结果表明，1/2单位营养液浓度处理下生菜地上部和根的鲜重、叶长和叶宽最大，而2个单位营养液浓度处理下上述指标最小。不同营养液浓度处理下叶片硝酸盐积累的高低顺序为2s>1s>1/2s>1/4s，2个单位营养液浓度处理下生菜生长发育后期叶片中的SOD活性和MDA含量最高。对采收时生菜品质的分析表明，生菜体内的硝酸盐含量随着营养液浓度的增加而迅速上升，2个单位营养液浓度处理下生菜叶片中硝酸盐、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白质R 含量最高。综合考虑产量和品质，采用1/2单位的山崎生菜配方是适合生菜水培的营养液配方。     

营养液浓度对水培生菜生长和硝酸盐积累的影响

该文研究了4种营养液浓度处理(山崎生菜配方的1/4(1/4s)、1/2(1/2s)、1(1s)和2(2s)单位)对水培生菜(品种为“弘农”和“绿领”)生长、硝酸盐积累和品质的影响。结果表明,1/2单位营养液浓度处理下生菜地上部和根的鲜重、叶长和叶宽最大,而2个单位营养液浓度处理下上述指标最小。不同营养液浓度处理下叶片硝酸盐积累的高低顺序为2s>1s>1/2s>1/4s,2个单位营养液浓度处理下生菜生长发育后期叶片中的SOD活性和M DA含量最高。对采收时生菜品质的分析表明,生菜体内的硝酸盐含量随着营养液浓度的增加而迅速上升,2个单位营养液浓度处理下生菜叶片中硝酸盐、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白质R含量最高。综合考虑产量和品质,采用1/2单位的山崎生菜配方是适合生菜水培的营养液配方。     

施肥对酸性菜园土壤莴笋硝酸盐和叶片养分形态的效应

通过田间试验研究了3种酸性菜园土壤(强酸性、酸性和微酸性土壤)不同氮磷钾配比及其与硝酸盐复合控制剂配施对莴笋产量、硝酸盐及叶片养分形态的影响。结果表明,莴笋产量以微酸性土>酸性土>强酸性土,酸性和强酸性土壤上配施硝酸盐复合控制剂可使莴笋显著增产(达6.2％～18.2％),而微酸性土壤则相反。HNK配施硝酸盐复合控制剂在3种土壤上分别降低莴笋茎和叶硝酸盐含量25.1％～76.3％和3.1％～27.7％(微酸性土除外),降低作用以茎>叶,以HNK+C2处理效果最好。莴笋叶片硝酸盐含量以酸性土壤>微酸性土壤>强酸性土壤,茎中硝酸盐以酸性土壤为最高。莴笋叶片氮、磷、钾形态分别以蛋白氮、非蛋白磷、非蛋白钾为主,HNK配施硝酸盐复合控制剂(HNK+C3除外)提高莴笋叶片蛋白氮占全氮、蛋白磷占全磷和蛋白钾占全钾的比例。莴笋叶片硝酸盐含量与全氮、蛋白氮、全磷、蛋白磷和蛋白钾含量呈极显著负相关。     

Effect of partial urea application on nutrient absorption by hydroponically grown spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)

Spinach (Spinacia oleracea cv. Okame) was grown in hydroponic pot culture with an Enshi nutrient solution amended with 0, 20, or 50% urea with or without nickel addition (Ni; 0.05 mg L^-1), while the total concentration of N (17.33 mmol L^-1) remained constant in all the cases to evaluate the effect of partial urea application, with or without the addition of Ni, on the absorption of NO³-N, urea-N, NH₄-N, minerals (e.g. Ca, K, Mg, P) by plants. Fresh and dry weight of the shoots was highest when a 20% urea solution with Ni addition was used. The variation in spinach yield was related to the absorption of total-N by the plants. The absorption of total-N, attributed mainly to NO₃-N and urea-N, differed between the treatments. In the case of short-term absorption, determination by using ¹⁵N-urea and ¹⁵N-KNO₃ showed that, the urea-N absorption significantly increased with the increase in the urea concentration in the nutrient solution. When the urea solutions were used, regardless of Ni addition, the absorption of NO₃-N was more than four times higher than that of urea-No The addition of Ni in the urea solutions stimulated and increased both urea-N and NO₃-N absorption. In the case of long-term absorption, the NO₃-N absorption decreased with the decrease of the NO₃-N concentration when NO₃-N was partially replaced with urea in the nutrient solution. The addition of Ni in the urea solutions resulted in the increase of the absorption of both urea-N and NO₃-N, but the NO₃-N absorption remained lower in all the treatments compared to the control. In the urea solutions, the absorption of urea-N with or without the addition of Ni increased at a lower rate over time (sampling stages). Application of urea, with or without the addition of Ni in the nutrient solution, increased Ca absorption but decreased K and Mg absorption, whereas, P absorption was unaffected. It is suggested that spinach could grow adequately in an Enshi nutrient solution modified with 20% urea with the addition of 0.05 mg Ni L^-1, when urea totally replaced NH₄-N and partially replaced NO₃-N.     

有机肥氮部分替代化肥氮对间作珠芽魔芋生长及养分积累利用的影响

为探索胶园间作珠芽魔芋的合理施氮方法,对有机肥氮部分替代化肥氮对珠芽魔芋生理特性、产量、品质及养分积累利用的影响进行了研究。研究设6个处理,分别为不施氮对照(T1)、当地习惯化肥氮用量(N 450 kg/hm²)(T2)、80%习惯化肥氮用量+20%有机肥氮用量(T3)、80%习惯化肥氮用量(T4)、60%习惯化肥氮用量+20%有机肥氮用量(T5)、30%习惯化肥氮用量+50%有机肥氮用量(T6)。成熟期测定珠芽魔芋叶片形态指标、叶面球茎数量及倒伏株数、地下球茎产量、可溶性糖、淀粉、葡甘聚糖含量、氮磷钾含量及氮肥利用率。结果表明:与纯施化肥氮相比,有机肥代替部分化肥珠芽魔芋株高、茎粗、叶面球茎数量、繁殖系数增加,抗倒伏能力增强,提高了地下球茎氮肥利用率、产量、单株鲜重、膨大系数及氮、磷、钾吸收量。胶园间作珠芽魔芋的合理施氮模式为80%化肥氮+20%有机肥氮或者30%化肥氮+50%有机肥氮。     

Tillering,nutrient accumulation,and yield of winter wheat as influenced by nitrogen form 1

When grown with mixtures of nitrate‐nitrogen (NO₃‐N) and ammonium‐nitrogen (NH₄‐N) (mixed N) spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants develop higher order tillers and produce more grain than when grown with only NO₃. Because similar work is lacking for winter wheat, the objective of this study was to examine the effect of N form on tillering, nutrient acquisition, partitioning, and yield of winter wheat. Plants of three cultivars were grown to maturity hydroponically with nutrient solutions containing N as either all NO₃, all NH₄, or an equal mixture of both forms. At maturity, plants were harvested; separated into shoots, roots, and grain; and each part analyzed for dry matter and chemical composition. While the three cultivars varied in all parameters, mixed N plants always produced more tillers (by a range of 16 to 35%), accumulated more N (28 to 61%), phosphorus (P) (22 to 80%), and potassium (K) (11 to 89%) and produced more grain (33 to 60%) than those grown with either form alone. Although mixed N‐induced yield increases were mainly the result of an increase in grain bearing tillers, there was cultivar specific variation in individual yield components (i.e., tiller number, kernels per tiller, and kernel weight) which responded to N form. The presence of NH₄ (either alone or in the mixed N treatment), increased the concentration of reduced N in the shoots, roots, and grain of all cultivars. The effect of NH₄ in either treatment on the concentrations of P and K was variable and depended on the cultivar and plant part. In most cases, partitioning of dry matter, P, and K to the root decreased when NH₄ was present, while partitioning of N was relatively unaffected. Changes in partitioning between the shoot and grain were affected by N treatment, but varied according to cultivar. Based on these data, the changes in partitioning induced by NH₄ and the additional macronutrient accumulation with mixed N are at least partially responsible for mixed‐N‐induced increases in tillering and yield of winter wheat.     

Effect of different levels of nitrogen in nutrient solution and crop system on nitrate accumulation in endive

With the objective of studying the effect of two nutrient solutions and two crop systems (greenhouse and openfield) on nitrate accumulation, incidence of tipburn and chlorophyll content, endive (cv. Cuartana) was planted in 8 L pots, filled with a mixture of coconut coir:perlite (1:1) in three different cycles C1 (winter), C2 (spring) and C3 (summer). Plants were irrigated with two nutrient solutions of different nitrate content: S1, low ([NO^?₃] = 7.91 mmol L^?1) and S2 moderate nitrate content ([NO^?₃] = 16.91 mmol L^?1). Nitrate content was determined by reflectometry, tipburn was evaluated using a qualitative scale and chlorophyll content by soil plant analysis development(SPAD) values. Plants irrigated with S2 showed higher nitrate accumulation in leaves in all cycles, however, no influence of the nutrient solution was observed on the incidence of tipburn. Greenhouse-cultivated plants accumulated more nitrates than those cultivated in open field and also showed a higher incidence of tipburn and SPAD values.     

磷素不同用量对莴苣硝酸盐积累的影响

以莴苣为试验材料,采用随机排列设计,利用基质栽培的方法,研究不同用量的磷素对莴苣产量、品质的影响.结果表明:当磷素浓度为0.3～0.4 mmol/L时,莴苣体内硝酸盐含量较少,硝酸还原酶活性较低,产量较高,是较适宜的培养莴苣的磷素用量.     

Effect of NO3 and NH4 concentrations in nutrient solution on yield and nitrate concentration in seasonally grown leaf lettuce

The effect of suboptimal supply of nitrogen (N) and of replacing nitrate in the nutrient solution with ammonia on growth, yield, and nitrate concentration in green and red leaf lettuce was evaluated over two seasons (autumn and spring) using multiple regression analysis. The plants were grown in a greenhouse on a Nutrient Film Technique (NFT) system. Nitrogen concentrations in the nutrient solution were either 3?mM or 12?mM, and the form of N was varied as follows: 100% NO₃, 50% NO₃?+?50% NH₄, and 100% NH₄. In both seasons, the biomass (fresh weight) of lettuce heads increased with increasing NO₃ concentrations and in autumn, NO₃ even at 1.5?mM was sufficient for high yield. However, head dry weight was affected neither by the season nor by changes in the composition of the nutrient solution. The concentration of NO₃ had no effect on root dry weight, but it decreased at higher concentrations of NH₄. The number of leaves increased as the ratio of NO₃ to NH₄ in the nutrient solution increased and was higher in autumn because of the longer growth period. Increasing the concentration of NO₃ in nutrient solution increased both total N and nitrate concentration in lettuce heads (dry weight) but decreased the concentration of total C. Also, leaf nitrate concentration was lower in spring than in autumn and decreased with increasing NH₄ concentration. Nitrogen utilization efficiency was maximum when NH₄ levels in the nutrient solution were either 0% or 50% irrespective of the season. Our results thus show that suboptimal N supply in autumn will not affect lettuce yield, and that nitrate concentration in leaves is lower when NH₄ concentrations in nutrient solution are higher and also much lower in red lettuce than in green lettuce.     

间作对气雾培生菜生长和硝酸盐积累的影响

该文对生菜与樱桃萝卜间作和生菜单作模式下气雾培生菜相关指标进行了对比研究,并结合营养液中矿质元素含量的变化规律进一步分析了生菜与樱桃萝卜间作模式下生菜地上部分硝酸盐积累的主因素。结果表明：生菜与樱桃萝卜间作有利于提高生菜地上部分鲜质量,促进生菜叶片的展开以及生菜植株根总长度、根系表面积和根系体积等植株根系形态学参数的增大;生菜与樱桃萝卜间作增加了生菜SPAD值、净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率等光合指标,而对胞间CO2浓度无明显规律性影响;生菜与樱桃萝卜间作不同程度地降低了生菜硝酸盐含量,随着气雾培时间的推进,总体呈先降低后增加的趋势,而硝酸还原酶活性的变化趋势与硝酸盐含量的变化趋势相反;进行相关性分析得出,生菜与樱桃萝卜间作模式下生菜硝酸盐含量降低主要是由于硝酸还原酶活性的增加导致的,并且营养液中硝态氮消耗量、铵硝比和锰消耗量对硝酸还原酶活性影响较大,相关系数分别为0.882、0.762和0.851。研究结果揭示了生菜与樱桃萝卜间作模式对气雾培生菜生长和硝酸盐积累的影响,并探究了该模式下生菜硝酸盐积累的主因素,为生菜与樱桃萝卜间作模式的作用机理研究提供一定的理论基础。     

供氮水平对菠菜产量、硝酸盐和草酸累积的影响

采用溶液培养方法研究了不同供氮水平对菠菜生物量、硝酸盐和不同形态草酸含量的影响。结果表明,供氮水平由4.mmol/L增加到8.mmol/L,菠菜产量显著增加,继续提高氮水平对产量没有显著影响。叶片中的维生素C(Vc)含量随着供氮浓度从4.mmol/L提高到8.mmol/L而显著增加,再增加氮水平,叶片中的Vc含量明显下降;而菠菜叶柄Vc的含量则随供氮水平的提高显著下降。叶片硝酸盐含量随着氮浓度的提高而增加,当供氮水平由4mmol/L增加到8.mmol/L时,叶柄硝酸盐含量显著下降,而氮水平由8.mmol/L提高到20.mmol/L时,叶柄硝酸盐含量则随之升高。供氮浓度从4.mmol/L增加到8.mmol/L,叶片可溶态草酸含量略有下降,再提高供氮水平则明显上升,供氮水平低于12.mmol/L时,叶柄中的可溶态草酸和菠菜叶片和叶柄中的草酸总量则随着氮水平的提高而升高,高于12.mmol/L草酸含量反而降低。由此可见,菠菜在供氮浓度为8mmol/L(N2)时能够获得较高的产量和Vc含量,较低的硝酸盐和草酸含量,表明适宜的供氮水平下可获得高产优质的菠菜。     

Effects of partial replacement of nitrate with different nitrogen forms on the yield,quality and nitrate content of Chinese kale

In this study, the yields, nutritional qualities and nitrate (NO₃) content of Chinese kale were studied with two cultivars, following partial replacement of nitrate (20%) with ammonium (NH₄), urea and glycine in hydroponics. The results showed that, compared with the full nitrate treatment, ammonium replacement increased the fresh weight by 18.1% and 8.0% of ‘Zaobao’ and ‘Lvbao’ cultivars respectively, whereas urea and glycine replacements decreased the biomass significantly. Adding different nitrogen (N) forms significantly improved the contents of vitamin C, soluble sugar, free amino acid, protein, soluble phenol and flavonoids in Chinese kale. Adding the three alternative N forms also reduced nitrate content significantly, in which glycine replacement was the lowest. According to the results obtained, different forms of N replacement could be used for different purposes. Glycine replacement could be the best alternative only to improve qualities, while ammonium replacement could be the best alternative to improve both the yield and qualities.     

Effects of chloride and partial substitution of reduced forms of nitrogen for nitrate in nutrient solution on the nitrate,total nitrogen,and chloride contents of onion

An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of chloride (Cl) and reduced forms of nitrogen (N) on the nitrate (NO₃), total N, and Cl concentrations in onion (Allium cepa L.) plants using a non‐recirculating nutrient film growing system. The reference treatment was a nutrient solution containing 19 mM NO₃ and 1.25 mM ammonium (NH₄). The results from this treatment were compared with that obtained using mixed amino acid, urea, and glycine treatments with or without additional Cl (10 mM) in which 20% of the NO₃ in the reference treatment was substituted with one of these reduced forms of N. Fresh and dry weights of the onion plants were not affected by the treatments. The NO₃ content was considerably lower in the mixed amino acid treatment, being 4236 mg NO₃/kg FW as compared to either the reference, urea, or glycine treatments. The NO₃ contents of the plants in these treatments were 5393, 5339, and 5261 mg NO₃/kg FW, respectively. The presence of Cl in the nutrient solution also reduced the NO₃ content of the plants from 5816 to 4299 mg NO₃/kg FW. The reduced‐N treatments increased the total N contents of the plants. The Cl content of the plants was increased by the Cl supplied and by the reduced forms of N in the nutrient solution.     

Effect of nitrogen application on the bromide content of lettuce grown under glass

Abstract

Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) collected from eleven trials with different rates of application of ammonium nitrate limestone was analysed for bromide. Nitrogen application (0–2.6 kg N/100 m²) decreased the bromide content of the lettuce in most trials. This decrease varied from 0 to 50%, with 27% as the average. A correlation was found between the bromide content of the crop and that of the soil extract at the conclusion of the trials. The correlation could be improved by calculating a multiple regression equation which included the nitrate content of the soil extract.     

15N study on the partitioning of the nitrogen taken by soybeans from atmospheric dinitrogen,medium nitrate or ammonium

Abstract

Soybean plants (Glycine max, cv. Akisengoku) were water-grown in a greenhouse with a low concentration of nitrate in the culture solution. Under these conditions root nodulation mostly on primary roots was profuse. At the vegetative and pod-filling stages, plants were fed ¹⁵N-labeled dinitrogen, nitrate, or ammonium for 7 to 8 hr in the daytime.

Partitioning of the ¹⁵N from the three nitrogen sources showed distinct characteristics. The nitrogen (N) from dinitrogen preferentially distributed to the developing organs, young leaves, and developing pods, in comparison with N from nitrate. N from ammonium showed distribution pattern similar to that of N from dinitrogen.

The nodule N was supplied by both directly fixed-N and transferred nitrogen, and fixedN was inferred to play a major role in this process. The pro tein N in the roots could be furnished by the recycled N of dinitrogen and nitrate through the shoots along with direct incorporation of amino acids produced in the roots from nitrate     

施氮对稻米蛋白质、氨基酸含量的影响

稻米蛋白质和各种氨基酸含量是稻米营养价值的一个重要指标,尤其是人体不能合成的赖氨酸含量的高低对稻米的营养价值更为重要.本项试验通过分析研究不同施氮量以及等氮量条件下水稻生长前、中、后期不同施氮比例对稻米中蛋白质和各种氨基酸含量的变化,以探讨不同施肥方法对稻米营养价值的影响,为高产、高效、优质的水稻施肥提供依据.     

钼、氮肥配合施用对冬小麦子粒蛋白质及其氨基酸组成的影响

盆栽试验结果表明 ,施钼和缺钼时 ,氮肥对冬小麦的增产率分别为 319.9%和 174.0% ;冬小麦子粒中蛋白氮、清蛋白氮、醇溶蛋白氮含量 ,面粉蛋白质氨基酸总量及其氨基酸组分的含量以及谷氨酸、脯氨酸的比例等随氮肥水平提高而增加 ;但冬小麦面粉中游离天门冬氨酸和苏氨酸的含量和比例降低 ,游离氨基酸含量在缺钼时提高了 38.3% ,施钼时则下降了 37.1%。在高、低氮肥水平下施钼 ,冬小麦子粒中蛋白质含量没有明显影响 ,但分子量小的蛋白质含量及其占总量的比例下降 ,清蛋白比例分别下降 14.5、6.6个百分点 ;而大分子量蛋白质含量和比例均提高。在不同施氮水平下缺钼冬小麦子粒中游离氨基酸含量比施钼分别高 48.0%和 15.26% ,且亲水性氨基酸比例增加。缺钼冬小麦子粒中低分子量蛋白质、游离氨基酸以及亲水性氨基酸的增加 ,可能是诱发缺钼冬小麦子粒低休眠度以及出现收获前萌芽的重要原因。     

养分量比对基质栽培叶菜硝酸盐累积及其营养品质的影响

试验研究 5种养分量比 [N∶P2 O5∶K2 O分别为 1∶1∶1 (BNPK)、3∶1∶2 (HNK)、2∶1∶3(HKN)、2∶3∶1 (HPN)和3∶2∶1 (HNP) ]对基质栽培叶菜硝酸盐累积及其营养品质的影响结果表明 ,以有机肥为基础 ,养分组合量比对芹菜生长、产量和维生素C、可溶性糖 (HPN处理除外 )、氨基酸 (HPN和HNP 除外 )含量等营养品质均有降低作用 ,但对硝酸盐累积作用不明显。 5种养分组合量比可提高生菜产量 (HNP除外 )以及维生素C(HPN 除外 )、可溶性糖 (HKN 、HNK 除外 )和氨基酸 (HNP除外 )含量 ,降低生菜硝酸盐含量 (HNK除外 ) 4 5 %～ 4 1 8%。