Seasonal Variation in Yield Fruit Quality and Nutritional Status of Greenhouse Tomato under Different Fertilization Management Plans

A study was conducted in the region of Pella, Stavrodromi, northern Greece for two consecutive years. The work investigated the effect of various fertilization plans at various growth stages on the vegetative growth, yield, fruit quality, and nutritional status of a greenhouse semi-long-life tomato cv. Formula. It was found that the recommended fertilization plan [a combination of application of nitrogen–phosphorus–potassium (NPK) fertilizers until harvest] gave the greatest yields (104 and 137 t ha^?1 at years 1 and 2 of the experiment, respectively) when compared to other treatments [different combinations of N and calcium (Ca) applied to soil at weekly intervals until harvest]. Soil application of Ca at different weekly intervals until harvest had no substantial effect in greenhouse tomato. It was concluded that the recommended NPK fertilization in combination with application of K during harvest could be the basis for an effective nutrient management in greenhouse tomatoes established on areas with similar soil climatic conditions.     

Olive Yields and Tree Nutritional Status during a Four-Year Period without Nitrogen and Boron Fertilization

Nitrogen (N) and boron (B) are mobile elements in soil. Therefore, the application of these nutrients is typically performed annually, as a single dose, or even split into several fractions in the case of N. In olive (Olea europaea L.), however, controversial literature has suggested that yearly application of N may not be required. In the case of B, some authors indicated that one single application is sufficient for 3 or 4 years. Thus, the effects of these elements on olive yield, leaf N and B concentrations, as well as soil available N and B were investigated during a field trial performed in an olive orchard located in northeast Portugal, in which N and B were not applied for four consecutive growing seasons. Fertilizer treatments consisted of the following: the control, which was a complete fertilization plan where N and B were included (N + B treatment); –N treatment, with N excluded from the fertilization plan; and –B treatment, with B excluded. Available soil N and B were estimated from a pot experiment with Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.) and from chemical laboratory extractions. Olive yield decreased significantly in the –N treatment in comparison to the control. A slight yield reduction in the –B treatment in comparison to the control was also observed. Leaf N and B concentrations decreased significantly in the –N and –B treatments, respectively, in comparison to the N + B treatment. Soil available N and B at the end of the experiment were significantly lower in the –N and –B treatments, respectively, in comparison to the N + B control. The results showed a continuous decrease in olive yield and leaf N and B concentrations, which reflected the reduction in soil-available N and B in the treatments lacking the respective nutrient. Therefore, it seems prudent to recommend adjustments to the rates of N and B every year to prevent reduction in tree crop performance and improve nutrient-use efficiency.     

2种氮源与双氰胺配施对温室芹菜氮素吸收和营养品质的影响

采用盆栽试验研究了2种不同氮源(尿素氮、农家肥氮)与硝化抑制剂双氰胺(DCD)配施后对温室芹菜氮素吸收和营养品质的影响。结果表明:尿素(Urea)和腐熟牛粪(Dung)分别与DCD配施在一定程度上均可促进芹菜产量的提高和品质的改善,减少土壤中硝态氮含量,降低芹菜体内硝酸盐累积,显著提高氮素利用率。与单施肥料相比,Urea+DCD和Dung+DCD可使土壤中铵态氮含量增加22.71%~92.97%,硝态氮含量降低12.28%~56.73%;可使芹菜茎、叶吸氮量分别增加29.24%~74.89%,30.89%~66.33%,地上部氮素利用率分别提高到16.85%和30.30%。同时,Urea+DCD和Dung+DCD还可促进芹菜产量和株高的增加,但差异未达到显著性水平(P0.05)。芹菜体内硝酸盐含量则分别降低37.05%,17.18%(茎),25.21%和7.63%(叶),并且还能显著提高芹菜中可溶性糖、蛋白质、游离氨基酸和Vc含量。综合比较可知,尿素和DCD配施在减少氮素损失,降低芹菜体内硝酸盐含量以及提高营养品质方面的综合效果较佳。     

长期培肥对烤烟-小麦轮作红壤各级团聚体氮及其酶活性的影响

以云南省烟草农业科学研究院研和试验基地13年长期定位试验为平台,以化肥配施有机肥(CFM)、单施化肥(FM)和不施肥(CK,对照)3种处理土壤为研究材料,利用干筛法分离土壤团聚体,研究长期培肥对烤烟-小麦轮作红壤团聚体、有机质、氮含量、酶活性的影响及其相关性。结果表明:长期化肥配施有机肥有利于大团聚体的形成,2～1mm团聚体土壤的分配率显著高于单施化肥和对照;使耕层土壤有机质、各形态氮(全氮、碱解氮、硝态氮和铵态氮)及酶活性大幅度改善,并且,除硝态氮以外,各级团聚体土壤有机质及各形态氮含量变化趋势为CFM>CF>CK;化肥配施有机肥各级团聚体土壤蛋白酶、脲酶、蔗糖酶、脱氢酶活性明显高于单施化肥和对照,其中脲酶、蔗糖酶活性与土壤有机质和4种形态氮呈显著正相关,蛋白酶和脱氢酶与上述营养呈负相关,但不显著。化肥配施有机肥有利于增加土壤大团聚体的分配率,提高土壤有机质、全氮及碱解氮等的含量及酶活性,对烤烟、小麦生长意义重大。     

长期不同施肥对红壤碳氮储量的影响

利用20年长期肥料定位实验,研究了不同施肥条件下土壤全氮在0~20 cm、20~40 m、40~60 cm层次中分布特征。结果表明,不同施肥处理土壤全氮含量、C/N比值均以0~20 cm土壤层次中最高,随着土壤层次加深而出现下降。长期不同施肥处理后土壤全氮储量高低趋势为:有机肥料区组>化学肥料平衡施用区组>化学肥料不平衡施用区组,有机肥料和有机无机肥料配合施用效果最为显著。长期不同施肥,土壤碳氮比(C/N)无显著差异,长期施用有机肥料,土壤有机碳和土壤全氮数量同步上升,土壤C/N比值保持稳定。有机肥料与化学肥料配合施用能够提高土壤碳氮库容,是维持土壤肥力的最优施肥方式。     

Evaluation of Nitrogen Fertilization Patterns Using DSSAT for Enhancing Grain Yield and Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Rice

Temporal variation of rice growth and nitrogen (N) uptake generally follow a sigmoid curve and may respond positively to the N-fertilizer application at critical growth stages. In this study, it was hypothesized that the amount of N-fertilizer applied at critical growth stages possibly follows a geometric pattern such as line, parabola, and sinusoidal to attain maximum yield and nitrogen use efficiency. To test and identify the best pattern, short-term modeling-field testing-long-term modeling strategy was followed. The patterns with the highest simulated yield and nitrogen use efficiency from short-term modeling were tested in the field. Finally, long-term evaluation of N-fertilization patterns was performed using 25 years of historical weather data, resulting in the line pattern with 14% more yield and 25% less NO₃^? leaching in comparison to the conventional N-Fertilization pattern. Therefore, line pattern may be adopted to enhance the yield and nitrogen use efficiency in rice.     

长期不同施肥措施水稻土可矿化氮与微生物量氮关系的研究

采用短期淹水密闭培养法、长期淹水密闭培养-间歇淋洗法及氯仿薰蒸法,探讨不施氮肥、施氮肥、氮肥 有机肥、氮肥 有机肥 放萍4种施肥措施,连续16年长期定位试验水稻土的可矿化氮及微生物量氮的变化.结果表明:经过16年培肥及水稻种植,与不施氮肥相比,单施化学氮肥使水稻土可矿化氮数量极显著下降(p＜0.01),化学氮肥与有机肥配施可极显著地提高水稻土可矿化氮数量(p＜0.01);而化学氮肥及化学氮肥与有机肥配施均可极显著增加水稻土微生物量氮的数量(p＜0.01),但以单施化学氮肥增加的幅度最大.与氮肥和有机肥配施相比,在此基础上,连续7年水稻插秧后接种“Azolla“固氮菌体,水稻土可矿化氮及微生物量氮数量均无显著变化.两种培养方法,水稻土可矿化氮量与微生物氮量之间无密切联系,但水稻土可矿化氮和矿化氮与微生物量氮比率之间则有密切正相关关系.     

Optical Sensor‐Based Algorithm for Crop Nitrogen Fertilization

Abstract

Nitrogen (N) fertilization for cereal crop production does not follow any kind of generalized methodology that guarantees maximum nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). The objective of this work was to amalgamate some of the current concepts for N management in cereal production into an applied algorithm. This work at Oklahoma State University from 1992 to present has focused primarily on the use of optical sensors in red and near infrared bands for predicting yield, and using that information in an algorithm to estimate fertilizer requirements. The current algorithm, “WheatN.1.0,” may be separated into several discreet components: 1) mid‐season prediction of grain yield, determined by dividing the normalized difference vegetative index (NDVI) by the number of days from planting to sensing (estimate of biomass produced per day on the specific date when sensor readings are collected); 2) estimating temporally dependent responsiveness to applied N by placing non‐N‐limiting strips in production fields each year, and comparing these to the farmer practice (response index); and 3) determining the spatial variability within each 0.4 m² area using the coefficient of variation (CV) from NDVI readings. These components are then integrated into a functional algorithm to estimate application rate whereby N removal is estimated based on the predicted yield potential for each 0.4 m² area and adjusted for the seasonally dependent responsiveness to applied N. This work shows that yield potential prediction equations for winter wheat can be reliably established with only 2 years of field data. Furthermore, basing mid‐season N fertilizer rates on predicted yield potential and a response index can increase NUE by over 15% in winter wheat when compared to conventional methods. Using our optical sensor‐based algorithm that employs yield prediction and N responsiveness by location (0.4 m² resolution) can increase yields and decrease environmental contamination due to excessive N fertilization.     

长期施肥条件下土壤碳氮循环过程研究进展

土壤是主要的陆地生态系统碳库,碳、氮通过大气-作物-土壤界面进行周转和协同转化。长期施肥通过改变土壤物理、化学和生物学性质,进而影响土壤有机碳、氮储量的稳定性。土壤有机质是评价土壤质量的重要指标,具有农艺和环境双重功能。有机-无机肥配施不仅可显著提高土壤肥力,并且可减少农田土壤温室气体排放,保持农田土地的可持续利用。本文就土壤碳、氮消长动态研究以及有机质周转的同位素示踪测试技术等作一简要综述。     

不同水、氮处理对济麦20产量和蛋白质品质的影响

以强筋小麦济麦20为材料,在防雨棚肥水控制池条件下,研究了不同灌水和施氮处理对小麦产量和蛋白质品质的影响。结果表明,开花期灌水有利于抑制小麦生育后期旗叶叶绿素的降解,提高叶片含氮量,延长旗叶功能期;开花期灌水和灌浆期灌水有利于小麦产量和千粒重的提高,以春季灌3水(春5叶露尖+开花+灌浆)最高;在180kg.N/hm2条件下,籽粒产量及千粒重、容重和穗粒数均高于270kg.N/hm2的处理,对穗粒数的影响达显著水平。籽粒蛋白质及各组分的含量,除球蛋白外,均以B3处理(灌春2叶露尖水和春5叶露尖水)最高;增施氮肥有利于谷蛋白含量的提高。籽粒蛋白质产量以B4处理(春5叶露尖水+开花水+灌浆水)最高,与B2处理(春5叶露尖水+开花水)差异不显著;180kg.N/hm2处理的蛋白质产量高于270kg.N/hm2处理。在本试验条件下,180kg/hm2的施氮量处理结合春5叶露尖灌水和开花期灌水有利于强筋小麦产量和品质的共同提高。     

施氮水平对强筋小麦氮素同化及籽粒蛋白质组分积累的影响

在高产条件下研究了施氮水平对强筋小麦济麦20氮素同化及籽粒蛋白质组分积累和品质的影响,结果表明,在0~195 kg/hm2施氮量范围内,增施氮肥显著提高旗叶硝酸还原酶和谷氨酰胺合成酶活性,提高各器官氮素含量和积累量,促进籽粒单体蛋白、可溶性和不溶性谷蛋白积累,提高籽粒蛋白质含量及可溶性和不溶性谷蛋白占总蛋白的比例,改善籽粒品质;285 kg/hm2施氮量处理与195 kg/hm2施氮量处理相比,旗叶硝酸还原酶和谷氨酰胺合成酶活性及籽粒蛋白质含量均无显著变化,但单体蛋白含量及占总蛋白质的比例升高,可溶性和不溶性谷蛋白含量及占总蛋白质的比例降低,籽粒品质下降,兼顾高产和优质的适宜施氮量为105~195 kg/hm2。     

Soil Acidity Changes in Bulk Soil and Maize Rhizosphere in Response to Nitrogen Fertilization

The capacity of nitrogen (N) fertilizers to acidify the soil is regulated principally by the rate and N source. Nitrogen fertilizers undergo hydrolysis and nitrification in soil, resulting in the release of free hydrogen (H⁺) ions. Simultaneously, ammonium (NH₄ ⁺) absorption by roots strongly acidifies the rhizosphere, whereas absorption of nitrate (NO₃ ^?) slightly alkalinizes it. The rhizosphere effects on soil acidity and plant growth in conjunction with N rate are not clearly known. To assess the impact of these multiple factors, changes in the acidity of a Typic Argiudol soil, fertilized with two N sources (urea and UAN) at two rates (equivalent to 100 and 200 kg N ha^?1), were studied in a greenhouse experiment using maize as the experimental plant. Soil pH (measured in a soil–water slurry), total acidity, exchangeable acidity, and exchangeable aluminum (Al) were measured in rhizospheric and bulk soil. Plant biomass and foliar area (FA) were also measured at the V₆ stage. Nitrogen fertilization significantly reduce the pH in the bulk soil by 0.3 and 0.5 units for low and high rates respectively. Changes in the rhizosphere (the “rhizospheric effect”) resulted in a significant increase in soil pH, from 5.9 to 6.2. The rhizospheric effect × N source interaction significantly increased exchangeable acidity in the rhizosphere relative to bulk soil, particularly when UAN was added at a low rate. Only total acidity was significantly increased by the fertilizer application rate. In spite of the bulk soil acidification, no significant differences in exchangeable aluminum were detected. Aerial biomass and FA were significantly increased by the higher N rate, but N source had no effect on them. Although changes in acidity were observed, root biomass was not significantly affected.     

不同施肥和调理剂对侵蚀红壤肥力和抗侵蚀性的修复效应

为弄清不同施肥结构对侵蚀红壤的修复效应,研究施化肥(NPK)、施化肥+有机肥(NPKM)、施化肥+土壤调理剂2(NPKR2)与不施肥处理(CK)对不同母质发育的侵蚀红壤肥力和抗侵蚀性的修复效应。结果表明:施肥可以在一定程度上提高土壤碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾、有机质含量和生物产量,但产量并不稳定;其中,有机无机肥配施处理(NPKM)较其他施肥处理可以明显提高土壤碱解氮和有机质含量,显著降低土壤的可侵蚀性K值,提高土壤的抗侵蚀能力,因而明显提高作物产量;化肥加调理剂处理(NPKR2)较其他施肥处理可以明显提高土壤有效磷和速效钾含量,还可以明显提高土壤粉粒和砂粒百分比含量,显著降低黏粒百分比含量,土壤的可侵蚀性K值最大;在花岗岩红壤和板岩红壤中黏粒百分比含量为培肥前最高,在均质红壤和网纹红壤中黏粒百分比含量为NPKM处理最高。     

长期定位施肥对旱作农田土壤全氮及其组分的影响

基于田间定位试验,研究了长期施肥对旱作冬小麦农田土壤全氮及其组分的影响,试验设4个处理(对照不施肥CK、氮磷配施NP、化肥与有机肥配施NPM以及长期休闲地BL),测定了0—15,15—30,0—30cm土壤全氮、微生物量氮、潜在矿化氮和颗粒有机氮含量。结果表明,长期持续施肥30a后,在0—30cm土层,NPM处理土壤全氮、微生物量氮、潜在矿化氮分别较CK提高了35.0%,27.0%和48.9%(P0.05),且这种增加作用在15—30cm更明显,土壤全氮增幅达到41.3%(P0.05),但颗粒有机氮差异并不显著;此外,NPM处理微生物量氮、颗粒有机氮含量较NP处理分别提高了35.2%,307.5%(P0.05),而NP处理与CK仅潜在矿化氮差异显著。与种植作物相比,长期休闲降低了土壤全氮、微生物量氮、潜在矿化氮和颗粒有机氮含量,差异分别为15.0%,1.8%,31.3%和33.6%,但均未达到显著水平。相关性分析表明,土壤全氮、潜在矿化氮、微生物量氮和颗粒有机氮两两之间存在着显著的正相关关系。总的来说,长期持续施入有机肥能够有效地增加旱作农田土壤全氮,同时增加其组分含量,有助于维持土壤健康,保持其供氮能力。     

水氮耦合对水稻田间氨挥发规律的影响

在防雨棚池栽试验中应用通气法研究了水氮耦合对稻田土壤氨挥发速率的动态变化及损失量。结果表明,稻田施用氮肥后有明显NH3挥发损失,整个生育期累计氨挥发量为31.67～69.70kg·hm^-2,占施氮量的17.95%～28.64%;不同生育时期氨挥发量的大小依次为返青期〉拔节孕穗期〉分蘖期〉抽穗开花期〉乳熟期,挥发高峰出现在施氮肥后的1～3d内;随着施氮水平增加,田间氨挥发量显著增加。与此同时,稻田水分状况对NH3挥发损失具有重要影响,与常规灌溉模式相比,控制灌溉条件下氨挥发总量和氨挥发损失率均较小,且不同施氮水平间差异显著。就氨挥发损失率而言,在试验条件下水氮耦合效应显著,以控制灌溉模式下施氮量为180kg·hm^-2时的氨挥发损失率最低,为17.59%。     

长期施肥对旱地红壤细菌群落的影响

为探讨长期不同施肥对旱地红壤细菌群落的影响,以中国农业科学院祁阳红壤实验站的冬小麦—夏玉米定位试验为研究对象,选取不施肥(CK)、单施氮肥(N)、施化学氮磷钾肥(NPK)和化学氮磷钾+有机肥配施(NPKM)4个处理,于试验开展25年(2015年)小麦收获后采集各处理0～20 cm的土壤样品,利用Illumina MiSeq高通量测序技术对土壤细菌群落进行测定,并深入揭示影响旱地红壤细菌群落的关键因素。结果表明:(1)长期不同施肥显著改变了旱地红壤的化学性质,N和NPK处理的土壤pH显著降低至4.02和4.15,而NPKM处理的土壤pH显著上升至5.99。NPK和NPKM处理均显著改善土壤肥力,但后者效果明显优于前者,而N处理对土壤肥力的提升效果微弱。(2)长期不同施肥改变了旱地红壤优势菌的相对丰度,非度量多维度分析(NMDS)和相似性分析(ANOSIM)表明不同处理的土壤细菌群落发生显著变化。(3)与CK相比,N处理的4种多样性指数(物种丰富度、Chao1指数、系统发育多样性和香农指数)显著降低了21.4%～49.4%,而NPKM处理显著增加了7.0%～66.9%,NPK处理也会使系统...     

Analysis of Yield Response Variability to Nitrogen Fertilization in Experiments Performed in the Argentine Pampas

Abstract

Nitrogen (N) fertilization has become a common practice in corn and wheat crops in the Argentine Pampas during the past decade. In this region, great environmental variability determines erratic responses to fertilization. The quantity of data necessary for defining yield response models to N has not been investigated, and the relative yield transformation, combined with the total nutrient approach, has been widespread when analyzing fertilizer response results. The objectives were to determine the minimum data set necessary for fitting average yield functions suitable for fertilizer recommendation at regional scale and to investigate the consequences of using relative yield on N response functions when the total nutrient approach is used. Published results from two extensive fertilization networks, one with corn and the other with wheat, were used. Data were aggregated at different levels, because one single experiment to the entire network results, and yield response functions to N were fitted. Yield models tended to stability when a set of around 100 or more data points, generated in experiments performed across different sites and years, were used for fitting models with both crops. This amount of data was generated by performing 20 experiments in the corn network and 35 in the wheat network. Relative yield transformation allowed us to obtain models with lower dispersion than yield, but in the case of corn a biased model was generated that leads to underestimating fertilizer requirements. In wheat, similar fertilizer recommendations were produced from yield or relative yield functions. Response variability to fertilization must be addressed in the experimental area by increasing the amount of data used, rather than by applying the relative yield transformation.     

施肥深度对潮砂土氮磷损失及土壤氮磷含量的影响

以机插精量一次性侧深施肥为背景,探究施肥深度对氮、磷损失及土壤氮磷养分的影响,为农业机械化提供科学依据。本研究采用土柱模拟试验,于2019年在湖南农业大学试验基地大棚内进行,供试土壤为潮砂田水稻土,肥料为三元复混肥。试验共设置6个处理:CK(不施肥)和0(表施)、5、7.5、10、12.5 cm五个不同深度施肥处理,监测氨挥发、田面水和渗漏水氮磷含量的动态变化以及土壤氮磷含量。结果表明:与表施处理相比,5、7.5、10、12.5 cm深施处理的氨挥发累积量分别下降68.07%、82.40%、99.98%、99.98%。10、12.5 cm深施处理的田面水总氮平均浓度,比表施处理分别下降84.82%、89.07%;各深度施肥处理的田面水总磷平均浓度较表施处理均大幅下降,降幅达92.43%～99.56%。不同深度施肥处理的渗漏水中氮、磷平均浓度与表施处理之间差异不显著。在0～20 cm土层中,5、7.5、10、12.5 cm深施处理的土壤全氮、全磷含量分别比表施处理提高了4.63%、12.25%、11.85%、5.69%和6.40%、5.90%、6.09%、5.43%;20～30 cm和3...     

不同施肥制度下紫色土坡耕地氮素流失特征

利用野外径流小区试验,比较了川中紫色土丘陵区12种不同施肥制度下坡耕地侵蚀产沙特征和氮素迁移特征。结果表明,在单次降雨量达到44 mm时,相对于不施肥而言,农家肥配施化肥分别降低坡地径流与侵蚀量68.2%,67.3%,秸秆还田配施化肥分别降低80.3%,92.6%。不同施肥制度下随地表径流迁移的颗粒态氮占总氮的比例大部分都在60.0%以上。坡耕地平衡施肥能降低坡耕地土壤氮素随径流的损失,增施了磷、钾肥后,总氮迁移量分别降低了41.0%和46.1%。与不施肥相比较,农家肥配施化肥减少径流总氮69.0%,秸秆还田配施化肥减少90.5%。     

长期施肥对黑土氮素矿化与硝化作用特征的影响

采用培养试验研究了长期施肥对黑土矿化与硝化作用特征的影响。结果表明,黑土的矿化作用和硝化作用都较强,长期施肥对黑土矿质态氮量有显著影响,施用化肥能够增加矿质态氮量,在施用NPK肥基础上增施有机肥,矿质态氮量进一步增加,表明在土壤管理上如果增加有机肥的施用,可以提高土壤的供氮能力。长期施肥黑土的硝化率与施N肥相关性较好,其次是施用PK肥。有机肥与无机肥配施可使土壤硝化率显著提高;硝化率高低取决于黑土可矿化态氮素含量和土壤pH。