Uptake and distribution of nitrogen and phosphorus in grain sorghum hybrids and their parents

Grain sorghum Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench genotypes responded differently to nitrogen and phosphorus additions to soil, but very little information is available correlating responses of hybrids and their parents. A two‐year study of a set of four male and three female parents and their resulting hybrids was conducted under control and added N, P, or N + P conditions. The treatments caused differences in grain yield and total grain phosphorus among the genotypes. Days to bloom, stover yield, or percent grain and stover nitrogen were not influenced by additions of nitrogen or phosphorus in this soil. The only significant difference detected among groups (females, males or hybrids) was for total grain nitrogen; i.e., male parents had lower grain yields than female parents or hybrids. Differences were found among the four males only for total grain phosphorus and among the females only for days to bloom. Hybrids differed for days to bloom and stover yield. A significant genotype by year interaction occurred for all traits measured, which was due primarily to environmental stress in the first year that significantly lowered the magritude of genotypic differences in the first year compared with those in the second year. Nitrogen and phosphorus applied together generally exerted more influence on most of the measured traits than either element applied singly. The responses of hybrids were correlated more closely with the response of the female than of the male parent for the traits. The only exception was for percent stover nitrogen where the influence of the male and female parents was equal.     

Starter fertilizer effects on grain sorghum hybrids grown on a soil high in residual phosphorus in a no‐tillage environment

Conservation tillage crop production systems have become common in the central Great Plains because they reduce soil erosion and increase water‐use efficiency. The high residue levels associated with no‐tillage systems can cause soils to be cool and wet which can reduce nutrient uptake and growth of crops. Starter fertilizer applications have been effective in improving nutrient uptake even on soils high in available nutrient elements. Resent research indicates that corn (Zea mays L.) hybrids differ in their responses to starter fertilizer. No information is currently available concerning grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] hybrid response to starter fertilizer. The objective of this study was to evaluate grain sorghum hybrid responses to starter fertilizer in a no‐tillage environment on a soil high in available phosphorus (P). This field experiment was conducted from 1995 to 1997 at the North Central Kansas Experiment Field, located near Belleville, on a Crete silt loam soil (fine, montmorillonitic, mesic, Pachic Arguistoll). Treatments consisted of 12 grain sorghum hybrids and two starter fertilizer treatments. Fertilizer treatments were starter fertilizer [34 kg nitrogen (N) and 34 kg P₂O₅ ha^‐1] or no starter fertilizer. Starter fertilizer was applied 5 cm to the side and 5 cm below the seed at planting. Immediately after planting, N was balanced on all plots to give a total of 168 kg N ha^‐1. In all three years of the experiment, grain yield, total P uptake (grain plus stover), grain moisture content at harvest, and days to mid‐bloom were affected by a hybrid x starter fertilizer interaction. Starter fertilizer consistently increased yields, reduced harvest grain moisture, improved total P uptake, and reduced the number of days needed from emergence to mid‐bloom of Pioneer 8505, Pioneer 8522Y, Pioneer 8310, Dekalb 40Y, Dekalb 48, Dekalb 51, Dekalb 55, and Northrup King 524, buthadno effect on Pioneer 8699, Dekalb 39Y, Northrup King 383Y, and Northrup King 735. When averaged over the three years, starter fertilizer increased grain yield of responding hybrids (hybrids in which the 3‐year average grain yield was significantly increased by the application of starter fertilizer) by 920 kg ha^‐1. In responding hybrids, starter fertilizer reduced grain moisture at harvest by 54 g kg¹ and also shortened the period from emergence to mid‐bloom by five days. Starter fertilizer increased V6 stage aboveground dry matter production and N and P uptake of all hybrids tested. Results of this work show that in high residue production systems even on soils high in available P, starter fertilizer can consistently increase yield of some hybrids, whereas other hybrids are not affected.     

不同氮效率茄子基因型及其杂种F1的氮素吸收特性

为阐明杂种一代在氮素吸收方面的优势,研究了不同氮效率茄子基因型及其杂种 F1的氮素吸收特性。试验以3个典型氮效率的茄子基因型及其F1代为材料,研究其在正常供氮和低氮胁迫条件下的根系体积、根系干重、氮素吸收总量、根系活力、硝酸还原酶活性及谷氨酰胺合成酶活性。结果表明,与高氮低效-低氮低效基因型L相比,氮高效基因型H1、H2的单株根系体积、根系干重、根系活力以及氮素吸收总量均较大; 且具有较高的硝酸还原酶与谷氨酰胺合成酶活性。三个杂交组合F1-1（L×H1）、F1-2（L×H2）和F1-3（H1×H2）的单株根系体积、根系干重、根系活力、硝酸还原酶活性、谷氨酰胺合成酶活性以及氮素吸收总量的中亲优势（Hm）和超亲优势（Hp）多为正向优势; 其中,组合F1-3杂种优势最为明显。利用杂种在氮素吸收方面的优势,对于改善植株体内的氮代谢水平进而提高氮效率具有重要意义。     

Nitrogen fixation and beneficial effects of some grain legumes and green-manure crops on rice

Studies were conducted on paddy soils to ascertain N₂ fixation, growth, and N supplying ability of some green-manure crops and grain legumes. In a 60-day pot trial, sunhemp (Crotalaria juncia) produced a significantly higher dry matter content and N yield than Sesbania sesban, S. rostrata, cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata), and blackgram (V. mungo), deriving 91% of its N content from the atmosphere. Dry matter production and N yield by the legumes were significantly correlated with the quantity of N₂ fixed. In a lowland field study involving sunhemp, blackgram, cowpeas, and mungbean, the former produced the highest stover yield and the stover N content, accumulating 160–250 kg N ha^-1 in 60 days, and showed great promise as a biofertilizer for rice. The grain legumes showed good adaptability to rice-based cropping systems and produced a seed yield of 1125–2080 kg ha^-1, depending on the location, species, and cultivar. Significant inter- and intraspecific differences in the stover N content were evident among the grain legumes, with blackgram having the highest N (104–155 kg N ha^-1). In a trial on sequential cropping, the groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) showed a significantly higher N₂ fixation and residual N effect on the succeeding rice crop than cowpeas, blackgram, mungbeans (V. radiata), and pigeonpeas (Cajanus cajan). The growth and N yield of the rice crop were positively correlated with the quantity of N₂ fixed by the preceding legume crop.     

Nitrogen use efficiency and performance of maize (Zea mays L.) cultivars as influenced by calcium carbide and inorganic nitrogen application rates in a derived savanna

Abstract

Field experiments were conducted to investigate nitrogen use efficiency and performance of maize (Zea mays L.) cultivars as influenced by calcium carbide (CaC₂) and nitrogen (N) rates in a derived Savanna (2016 and 2017). Maize cultivars {SUWAN-I [open pollinated variety (OPV)] and OBA SUPER II (hybrid)}, rates of N (0, 60 and 90?kg ha^?1) and CaC₂ (0, 30 and 60?kg ha^?1), were arranged in split-split plot respectively, fitted into a randomized complete block design in three replicates. N Partial factor productivity (PFP_N), Agronomic Use Efficiency (both years) and Apparent recovery of N (2017) increased in the order 60?>?90?>?0?kg N ha^?1, except N Internal use efficiency which was in the order 0?>?60?>?90?kg N ha^?1 (2017). Grain yield increased with increasing rates of N in both years. OBA SUPER-II had significantly higher grain yield than SUWAN-I (2017). Similar pattern was observed on number of grains per cob, dry cob weight, PFP_N and plant height (2017). Conversely in 2016, grain, total and shoot N uptakes were significantly higher in SUWAN-I than OBA SUPER-II. Increasing application of CaC₂ increased grain N uptake and number of grains per cob. Number of leaves and stem girth increased in the order of 60?>?0?>?30?kg?CaC₂ ha^?1. Increased grain yield with N rates could be associated with NHI and N use efficiency. These evidences suggested that hybrid maize performed better than OPV in a derived Savanna.     

Nitrogen Uptake and Remobilization in Maize Hybrids Differing in Leaf Senescence

Abstract

Maize (Zea mays L.) is an important cereal crop with multiple uses in the world. Stay‐green hybrids have been developed because of their higher productivity. Few studies have been conducted to evaluate the influence of nitrogen (N) levels on N uptake, remobilization, grain yield and N concentration in stay‐green hybrids compared to senescent ones. Field studies were undertaken in P.R. China on an Ustochrepts soil to determine the effects of N levels and hybrids differing in leaf senescence on grain yield and N concentration, N uptake, remobilization, and residual in vegetative tissues in 1996 and 1997. The stay‐green hybrid ND108 had greater yields than TK5 (intermediate senescing) and ZD120 (fast senescing) under both high (225 kg N ha^?1) and low N (0 in 1997 or 45 kg N ha^?1 in 1996, respectively) supply. ND108 took up more N than the two other hybrids. Grain N concentration of ND108 did not decrease by low N significantly, excepting the experiment sown in the summer of 1996, when post‐silking N uptake was reduced greatly by the shortened grain filling duration. Nitrogen remobilization efficiency in vegetative tissue was higher in senescent hybrids ZD120 than ND108. Nitrogen retained in the stover at harvest was higher in ND108, which can lead to a deficit of soil N for the next crop if the stover is not returned into soil. It was suggested that, though stay‐green hybrids have been developed for high N conditions, they have advantages over senescent hybrids also under N limited conditions.     

EFFECT OF NITROGEN FERTILIZATION ON STAY-GREEN AND SENESCENT SORGHUM HYBRIDS IN SAND CULTURE

Nitrogen (N) is vital in the production of N containing compounds in cereal crops. Stay-greenness in sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] is characterized by the plant's ability to retain water and chlorophyll content at maturity. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of the genotypic variability between stay-green (BT × 643) and senescent (RT × 7000) hybrids for leaf senescence, dry matter partitioning and N partitioning under three N levels (0.45, 0.90, 1.80 g plant^?1). The stay-green hybrid had a higher percentage green leaf area at 120 DAE with a higher residual N in leaves. The chlorophyll meter (SPAD-502) values for the stay-green hybrid during anthesis (75 and 85 DAE) were higher compared to its senescent counterpart. The results indicated that the expression of stay-green phenotype in sorghum was contingent on a minimum N supply of 1.35 g plant^?1 and associated with greater N acquisition. Nitrogen use and uptake in the stay-green hybrid were higher.     

Effects of NPK fertilizer combinations on yield and nitrogen balance in sorghum or pigeonpea on a vertisol in the semi-arid tropics

A long-term experiment was carried out on a Vertisol from 1986 to 1992 to examine the combined effects of NPK fertilizers on yield using sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench cv. CSH 5) and short-duration pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L. Millsp. cv. ICPL 87). The fertilizer treatments were as follows: 0 (no fertilization), N (150 kg N ha^-1 ), P (65.5 kg P₂O₅ ha^-1), K (124.5 kg K₂O ha^-1), and all possible combinations (NP, NK, PK, and NPK). In this study we continued this experiment during the period 1993 to 1994 and analyzed the crop yield response to fertilizers and the N balance. The amount of N derived from the atmosphere and fertilizer was estimated by the ¹⁵N natural abundance method and ^l5N isotope dilution method, respectively. A combined application of Nand P fertilizers gave the highest grain yield for the two crops under the 8th and 9th continuous croppings, unlike the application of K fertilizer. The values of total N for the two crops were significantly higher in the NP and NPK plots. These crops took up N mainly from soil. There was a significant positive relationship between the uptake of N_dff and N_dfs by each crop. Pigeonpea or sorghum took up more N from the soil in the N fertilizer plots than in the plots without N, suggesting that soil N fertility was enhanced and the amount of N supplied from soil increased in the plots with consecutive application of N fertilizer for 7 y. Even pigeonpea, which fixes atmospheric N inherently, needed N fertilizer to achieve high grain yield, suggesting that N fixation by the nodules was not always sufficient to meet the N requirements of the crop under these conditions. Although fertilizer N exerted a beneficial effect on plant growth and yield in the two crops, the values of fertilizer N recovery (FNR) by the two crops were considerably low. Therefore, it is suggested that the development of N fertilizer management which could maximize FNR of each crop should be promoted.     

Diallel Analysis of Wheat Parents and Their F2 Progenies under Medium and Low Level of Available N in Soil

ABSTRACT

Due to high production cost and prevention of environmental pollution, it is important to reduce the amount of nitrogen (N) fertilizer used on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The aim of this study was to evaluate N use of 6 × 6 diallel wheat F₂ progenies and parental lines at low (N0, no N fertilizer) and high (N+, 160 kg N ha^{? 1}) N levels. Significant differences were found between N+ and N0 application in grain N content, grain N yield, N use efficiency for grain N yield (NUEgn), and N use efficiency for grain yield (NUEgy). The cultivar ‘84ÇZT04’ showed positive and high general combining ability (GCA) effects for all traits at low N level. Also, it was the best combiner for all traits at both N levels. The cultivar ‘Genç 99’ was the best parent for GCA effects for grain yield and NUEgy. Hybrids ‘Genç 99 × 84ÇZT04’ and ‘84ÇZT04 × Weaver’ showed positive specific combining ability (SCA) effects for all investigated traits at low and high N levels. Variety ‘84ÇZT04 × Apogee’ had the best SCA effects for all traits at low N level. Overall, the data suggest that it is probable to select promising lines suitable for low N conditions by the crossing of high N use efficient parents.     

Biomass production and N fixation of five Mucuna pruriens varieties and their effect on maize yields in the forest zone of Cameroon

Mucuna has been tested intensively in past years as green manure for intensive maize production in West Africa. However, information is missing about the yield effect of different existing mucuna varieties. Five Mucuna pruriens varieties were grown for 40 weeks followed by sole maize (Zea mays L.) in order to determine differences in biomass production, nitrogen fixation, and effects on maize yield. Mucuna varieties differed in length of growing period, total biomass production (5.9—8.8 Mg ha^—1), seed production (0.65—1.3 Mg ha^—1), nitrogen (N) uptake (147—222 kg ha^—1), N fixation (87—171 kg ha^—1), and the amount of N retained in residues (138—218 kg ha^—1). The grain yield of maize grown immediately after the short mucuna fallow was significantly higher after mucuna vars. jaspaeda (4.60 Mg ha^—1), utilis (3.49 Mg ha^—1), and cochinchinensis (3.44 Mg ha^—1), compared with a non‐fertilized control (1.93 Mg ha^—1) which had a maize crop and vegetation regrowth before. After mucuna vars. ghana and veracruz, 2.90 and 2.65 Mg ha^—1 of maize grain were produced, respectively. No significant correlation between mucuna biomass and its N uptake and maize grain yield was found, whereas maize stover yield showed a significant positive correlation. Application of 30, 60, and 90 kg ha^—1 N as <?tw=98%>urea on sub‐plots of the control yielded 2.20, 3.19, and 3.46 Mg ha^—1 <?tw>of maize grain in the first year. Only the difference between 0 and 90 kg ha^—1 N was significant. Fertilizer N equivalent values for mucuna varieties ranged from 41 to 148 kg ha^—1. The yield advantage of vars. jaspaeda, utilis, and cochinchinensis versus the control without N fertilizer application was confirmed in the following year, with no significant difference in maize grain yield between mucuna and the control with N fertilizer application.<?show $6#>     

High proportion of diploid hybrids produced by interspecific diploid × tetraploid <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sorghum</Emphasis> hybridization

A perennial version of grain sorghum [S. bicolor (L.) Moench] would create opportunities for greatly reducing tillage and preventing soil degradation. Efforts to select for perenniality and grain production among progeny of hybrids between S. bicolor (2n = 20) and the weedy tetraploid perennial S. halepense (L.) Pers. (2n = 40) are complicated in that F₁ hybrids produced by diploid × tetraploid sorghum crosses are usually tetraploid. In 2013, a set of random pollinations between 19 diploid cytoplasmic male-sterile inbred lines and 43 tetraploid perennial plants produced 165 F₁ hybrid plants, more than 75% of which had highly atypical plant, panicle, and seed phenotypes. Phenotypic segregation in F₂ populations derived from atypical hybrids was also anomalous. Examination of mitotic metaphase cells in F₁ or F₂ root tips revealed that 129 of the 165 hybrids were diploid. Parentage of the diploid progenies was confirmed using simple-sequence repeat analysis. The mechanism by which diploid hybrids arise from diploid × tetraploid crosses is unknown, but it may involve either production of monohaploid (n = 10) pollen by the tetraploid parent or chromosome elimination during early cell divisions following formation of the triploid zygote. The ability to produce diploid germplasm segregating for S. bicolor and S. halepense alleles could have great utility, both for the development of perennial sorghum and for the improvement of conventional grain sorghum.     

Effect of pH on nitrogen mineralization in crop-residue-treated soils

Summary This study compares N mineralization in soils treated with crop residues [corn (Zea mays L.), soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), sorghum (Sorghum vulgare Pers.)] or alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) at three adjusted soil pH values (4, 6, and 8); pH was adjusted with dilute H₂SO₄ or KOH. A sample of soil (20 g) was treated with 0.448 g plant material (equivalent to 50t ha^–1), mixed with 20 g silica sand adjusted to the pH of the soil, and packed in a leaching tube. The soil-sand mixture was leached with 100 ml 5 mM CaCl₂ adjusted to the same pH as that of the treated soil to remove the initial mineral N, and incubated at 30°C. The leaching procedure was repeated every 2 weeks for 20 weeks. Results from three soils showed that N mineralization increased as the soil pH increased. In one soil (Lester soil), significant amounts of NH ₄ ⁺ -N accumulated at pH 4 during the first 12 weeks. Treatment with corn and soybean residues resulted in a marked reduction in N mineralization, especially at pH 4. The percentage of organic N mineralized from sorghum residue and alfalfa added to soils increased as the soil pH increased; the values ranged from 7.7% to 37.0% for sorghum and from 17.2% to 30.1% for alfalfa.     

Developing nitrogen management strategies under drip fertigation for wheat and maize production in the North China Plain based on a 3‐year field experiment

The intensive winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)–summer maize (Zea mays L.) cropping systems in the North China Plain (NCP) rely on the heavy use of mineral nitrogen (N) fertilizers. As the fertigated area of wheat and maize in the NCP has grown rapidly during recent years, developing N management strategies is required for sustainable wheat and maize production. Field experiments were conducted in Hebei Province during three consecutive growth seasons in 2012–2015 to assess the influence of different N fertigation rates on N uptake, yield, and nitrogen use efficiency [NUE: recovery efficiency (RE_N) and agronomic efficiency (AE_N)]. Five levels of N application, 0 (FN₀), 40 (FN_40%), 70 (FN_70%), 100 (FN_100%), and 130% (FN_130%) of the farmer practice rate (FP: 250 kg N ha^?1 and 205.5 kg N ha^?1 for wheat and maize, respectively), corresponding to 0, 182.2, 318.9, 455.5, and 592.2 kg N ha^?1 y^?1, respectively, were tested. Nitrogen in the form of urea was dissolved in irrigation water and split into six and four applications for wheat and maize, respectively. In addition, the treatment “drip irrigation + 100% N conventional broadcasting” (DN_100%) was also conducted. All treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The results revealed the significant influence of both N fertigation rate and N application method on grain yield and NUE. Compared to DN_100%, FN_100% significantly increased the 3‐year averaged N recovery efficiency (RE_N) by 0.09 kg kg^?1 and 0.04 kg kg^?1, and the 3‐year averaged N agronomic efficiency (AE_N) by 2.43 kg kg^?1 and 1.62 kg kg^?1 for wheat and maize, respectively. Among N fertigation rates, there was no significant increase in grain yield in response to N applied at a greater rate than 70% of FP due to excess N accumulation in vegetative tissues. Compared to FN_70%, FN_100%, and FN_130%, FN_40% increased the RE_N by 0.17–0.57 kg kg^?1 and 0.03–0.34 kg kg^?1and the AE_N by 4.60–27.56 kg kg^?1 and 2.40–10.62 kg kg^?1 for wheat and maize, respectively. Based on a linear‐response relationship between the N fertigation rate and grain yield over three rotational periods it can be concluded that recommended N rates under drip fertigation with optimum split applications can be reduced to 46% (114.6 kg N ha^?1) and 58% (116.6 kg N ha^?1) of FP for wheat and maize, respectively, without negatively affecting grain yield, thereby increasing NUE.     

Evaluation of Nebraska Waxy Sorghum Hybrids for Ethanol Production

To evaluate the ethanol production performance of waxy sorghum hybrids and the effects of location and harvest year on ethanol yield, samples of four waxy sorghum hybrids collected from two Nebraska locations (Mead and Lincoln) in both 2009 and 2010 were tested for ethanol production in a dry‐grind process. No significant difference (P = 0.216) in starch contents was observed among the four hybrids, but starch contents of the hybrids were significantly affected by growth location (P = 0.0001) and harvest year (P = 0.0258). Location, hybrid, and harvest year all had significant effects on ethanol fermentation efficiency in the dry‐grind process. Lincoln sorghum samples showed higher (P = 0.022) ethanol fermentation efficiency (90.4%) than did Mead sorghum samples (90.0%). Sorghums harvested in 2010 had higher (P < 0.001) ethanol fermentation efficiency (91.1%) than those harvested in 2009 (89.3%). The 2009 sorghum flours had more amylose‐lipid complexes than the 2010 samples did, and amylose‐lipid complexes as previously reported had adverse effects on ethanol fermentation. Residual starch contents in distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) were significantly affected by hybrid and harvest year (P < 0.0001), but we observed no difference in protein content in DDGS from the four hybrids.     

Adaptive values of wild × cultivated sorghum (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Sorghum bicolor</Emphasis> (L.) Moench) hybrids in generations F<Subscript>1</Subscript>, F<Subscript>2</Subscript>, and F<Subscript>3</Subscript>

Gene flow between cultivated and their wild relatives is one of the main ecological concerns associated with the introduction genetically modified (GM) cultivars. GM sorghum cultivar has been developed and its commercial production may be possible in the near future. The rate of gene flow depends on the fitness of wild × cultivated sorghum hybrids. The study aimed at estimating adaptive values of wild × cultivated sorghum hybrids in generations F₁, F₂, and F₃ compared to their parents. Artificial crosses of four wild sorghums, five cultivated sorghums, and two male sterile lines were made to produce the F₁ generation, which were advanced to F₂ and F₃. Each hybrid generation and their respective parents were evaluated for their adaptive value at two sites in a randomised complete block design with seven replicates. The resulting progenies did not show serious fitness penalties. Some hybrids were as fit as their respective wild parents and no consistent differences exist between the three generations studied. Thus, the resultant wild × cultivated hybrids may act as avenue for introgression.     

不同株高类型杂交高粱产量、养分吸收及品质对氮肥的响应

  【目的】  生产中我国杂交高粱品种株型差异较大。研究不同株高类型高粱产量、品质和养分利用效率对氮肥的响应,为高粱优质高效生产提供理论依据。  【方法】  采用田间试验方法,供试作物为我国不同生态区具有代表性的不同年代育成的40个杂交高粱品种。根据株高将40个杂交高粱品种分为矮秆 (<1.3 m)、中秆 (1.3～1.6 m) 和高秆 (>1.6 m),每个品种均设置不施氮 (N0) 和施N 150 kg/hm2 (N150) 两个处理。高粱成熟期调查地上部生物量、产量及产量构成,分析高粱地上部氮磷钾养分吸收量、氮吸收与利用效率,测定籽粒淀粉、蛋白质及单宁含量。  【结果】  随株高增加,高粱地上部干物质累积量和籽粒产量明显增加,但对收获指数没有显著影响。施氮显著提高了中秆和高秆高粱品种的产量和穗粒数,但降低了千粒重,而施氮对矮秆品种的产量及其构成没有显著影响。同一氮处理条件下,高秆和中秆品种的籽粒产量、穗粒数及地上部氮累积量没有显著差异。高秆品种的磷、钾累积量最高,矮秆最低,施氮提高了3个株高品种的磷钾累积量,特别是矮秆品种的磷钾累积量。3个株高品种的氮吸收效率相当,为25.5%～30.4%,但高秆和中秆品种籽粒氮利用效率显著高于矮秆品种。株高与高粱籽粒淀粉含量呈正相关,与蛋白质含量呈负相关,与单宁含量无显著相关性。相同氮处理下,高秆和中秆品种籽粒淀粉、蛋白质和单宁含量相当。施氮降低了所有品种籽粒淀粉含量,提高了蛋白质含量,且对矮秆品种的影响大于中秆和高秆品种。  【结论】  不同株高类型杂交高粱品种的收获指数和氮吸收效率没有明显差别,高秆和中秆高粱品种具有较高的穗粒数、籽粒产量、淀粉含量及氮利用效率,中秆品种的氮磷钾养分需求量低于高秆品种。施氮降低了籽粒淀粉含量,提高了中秆和高秆品种的穗粒数进而提高产量,但矮秆高粱产量及其构成对氮不敏感。综合考虑产量、肥料利用效率和满足高粱机械化收获对株高的要求,建议生产中优先考虑株高为1.3～1.6 m的杂交高粱品种。     

Influence of Organic Residue Recycling on Crop Yield,Nutrient Uptake,and Microbial and Nutrient Status of rabi Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) under Dryland Condition

The field experiment was conducted on black soil (Vertic Ustropept) at Zonal Agricultural Research Station farm, Solapur, for successive 30 years from 1987–1988 to 2016–2017 under dryland condition in a randomized block design with 10 treatments and 3 replications. The pooled results of seven years (2010–2011 to 2016–2017) revealed that the application of 25 kg N ha^?1 through crop residue (CR, byre waste) along with 25 kg N ha^-1 through Leucaena lopping (Leucaena leucocephala) to rabi sorghum gave significantly higher grain and stover yield and Sustainable Yield Index (14.61 and 36.11 q ha^?1 and 0.47, respectively) which was on par with T₇, where 25 kg N ha^?1 through farmyard manure (FYM) + 25 kg N ha^?1 through urea was applied for grain and stover yield (13.95 and 34.46 q ha^?1 and 0.44, respectively). The gross and net monetary returns and benefit–cost ratio were also influenced significantly due to integrated nitrogen management (Rs. 59,796, Rs. 47,353 ha^?1, and 3.13, respectively). This was also reflected in residual soil fertility status of soil after harvest of rabi sorghum. The organic carbon content and available nitrogen content of soil, as well as nitrogen uptake and moisture use efficiency for grain, were also increased. The total microbial count of bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes was more where FYM or CR addition was done. The count of N fixers and P solubilizers was more under Leucaena application either alone or with CR or urea. Application of CR at 4.8 t ha^?1 (25 kg N ha^?1) along with Leucaena lopping at 3.5 t ha^?1 (25 kg N ha^?1) as green leaf manure is the best alternative organic source for fertilizer urea (50 kg N ha^?1) to increase the production of dryland rabi sorghum.     

Corn (Zea mays L.) Grain and Stover Yield as Affected by Soil Residual Mineral Nitrogen

Evaluation of nitrogen (N) dynamic in soil using regression equations is important for proper determination of N fertilization. A 3-year field experiment was conducted to (1) develop the best-fitted regression model relating corn grain and stover yield to soil residual ammonium (NH₄)-N and nitrate (NO₃)-N for corn yield prediction and (2) evaluate how such a model can be beneficial to the health of ecosystem by predicting the appropriate rates of N fertilization for corn production. Soil NH₄-N and NO₃-N were determined at corn harvest at the depths of 0–30 and 30–60 cm. Nitrogen fertilizer rates and soil mineral N accounted for a maximum of 93% variation in corn grain yield. Soil mineral N enhanced corn yield more than N fertilizer. Totals of 63.1 and 14.1 kg/ha of soil residual NO₃-N and NH₄-N were found in the 0- to 60-cm depth, indicating the importance of performing soil N tests.     

Nitrogen for no‐tillage corn in Virginia: Sources and time of application

Abstract

No‐tillage corn (Zea mays L.) culture normally entails the placement of N fertilizer on the soil surface without mechanical incorporation. This field investigation was conducted to compare the N fertilizers that are most widely used in Virginia, when applied in this manner, for their effectiveness in producing notillage corn. Comparisons of the time of applying NH₄NO₃ were also made. Grain and stover yields, in addition to N removed in the crop, were used to draw conclusions. The experiments were conducted on both fertile and infertile soils in 1972 and 1973, both of which were relatively wet years. The fertilizers tested, urea, NH₄NO₃, and N solutions, were equally effective, per unit of N applied. Split applications of NH₄NO₃ showed no statistically significant advantage over all applied at planting but slightly trended to do so. N deficiency reduced grain yields relatively more than stover yields.     

Impact of in-season split application of nitrogen on intra-panicle grain dynamics,grain quality,and vegetative indices that govern nitrogen use efficiency in sorghum

Background

The correct rate and timing of nitrogen (N) has the potential to improve sorghum productivity through modified grain yield components and quality. The impacts of in-season split application of N have little documentation.

Aim

An experiment was conducted to determine the optimum rate and timing of N to relate vegetative indices that govern nitrogen use efficiency and to maximize grain yield and quality under different soil types.

Methods

Pioneer 86P20 was grown in three environments on two different soil types following a completely randomized block design with nine N application treatments. Treatments included differing N rates applied at critical developmental stages of sorghum (planting, panicle initiation, and booting), accompanied with high temporal aerial phenotyping.

Results

Opportunities to increase grain protein content while using split N applications were observed, with panicle initiation identified as a critical developmental stage. In-season split application of N enhances grain yield under low soil mineral N. Split application of 31 kg N ha⁻¹ each at the time of planting, panicle initiation, and booting emerged as optimum N treatment to increase protein content in sorghum. Vegetative indices, that is, normalized difference vegetation index and normalized difference red edge index are capable of predicting grain yield and protein content, respectively. Intra-panicle grain numbers and weights were altered significantly at different portions within panicles, with an opportunity to enhance yield potential at the bottom portion. The strong stay-green trait in this hybrid locked a large proportion of nitrogen in the leaves, which warrants the need for balancing stay-green and senescence in sorghum improvement programs.

Conclusions

Findings highlight that in grain sorghum remobilization of residual leaf N into grain is a target to increase yield and grain quality. An optimized stay-green trait balanced with senescence is recommended for enhancing sorghum yield potential.