EFFECT OF DIFFERENT PHOSPHORUS SOURCES ON THE GROWTH,YIELD, ENERGY CONTENT AND PHOSPHORUS UTILIZATION EFFICIENCY IN MAIZE AT RAWALAKOT AZAD JAMMU AND KASHMIR,PAKISTAN

Effect of poultry manure (PM) and four inorganic phosphorus (P) fertilizers sources, i.e., diammonium phosphate (DAP), single super phosphate (SSP), nitrophos (NP) and triple super phosphate (TSP) on crop production and P utilization efficiency (PUE) of maize was studied. Both inorganic P fertilizers and PM applied alone or combined in 50:50 proportions at equivalent rate of 90 kg P₂O₅ ha^?1. Results indicated that inorganic P sources with PM significantly increased plant height, leaf area and chlorophyll content. Average values showed that combined application of inorganic P with PM increased grain yield by 19 and 41% over inorganic P and PM alone, respectively. Similarly, increase in P-uptake due to the combined application of inorganic P + PM was 17% compared to sole inorganic P. Phosphorus utilization efficiency of inorganic P was increased with PM and the highest PUE was recorded in DAP + PM. Generally, combination of DAP + PM proved superior over the remaining P fertilizers.     

DRY BEAN GENOTYPES EVALUATION FOR GROWTH,YIELD COMPONENTS AND PHOSPHORUS USE EFFICIENCY

Dry bean along with rice is a staple food for the population of South America. In this tropical region beans are grown on Oxisols and phosphorus (P) is one of the most yield limiting factors for dry bean production on these soils. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate P use efficiency in 20 elite dry bean genotypes grown at deficient (25 mg P kg^?1 soil) and sufficient (200 mg P kg^?1) levels of soil P. Grain yields and yield components were significantly increased with P fertilization and, interspecific genotype differences were observed for yield and yield components. The grain yield efficiency index (GYEI) was having highly significant quadratic association with grain yield. Based on GYEI most P use efficient genotypes were CNFP 8000, CNFP 10035, CNFP10104, CNFC 10410, CNFC 9461, CNFC 10467, CNFP 10109 and CNFP 10076 and most inefficient genotypes were CNFC 10438, CNFP 10120, CNFP 10103, and CNFC 10444. Shoot dry weight, number of pods per plant, 100-grain weights and number of seeds per pod was having significant positive association with grain yield. Hence, grain yield of dry bean can be improved with the improvement of these plant traits by adopting appropriate management practices. Soil pH, extractable P and calcium (Ca) saturation were significantly influenced by P treatments. Based on regression equation, optimum pH value in water was 6.6, optimum P in Mehlich 1 extraction solution was 36 mg kg^?1 and optimum Ca saturation value was 37% for dry maximum bean yield.     

INTERACTIVE EFFECT OF SULFUR AND PHOSPHORUS ON NODULATION,NITROGEN FIXATION,AND NUTRIENT UPTAKE BY CHICKPEA GROWN ON CALCAREOUS SOILS IN PAKISTAN

Field experiments were conducted at two different locations under rainfed conditions of Punjab, Pakistan to assess nodulation, nitrogen fixation and nutrient uptake by chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in response to application of three rates [0, 40, and 80 kg phosphorus pentoxide (P₂O₅ ha^?1)] of phosphorus and three rates (0, 15 and 30 kg S ha^?1) of sulfur in different combinations. Effect of phosphorus application was nonsignificant while that of sulfur was significant on percent nitrogen derived from atmosphere. Both phosphorus and sulfur application resulted in increase in nitrogen fixation up to 38% and 33% over control, respectively. Nutrient uptake [nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S)] increased significantly with the application of phosphorus and sulfur and correlated positively with nitrogen fixation. There is direct involvement of sulfur in the process of nitrogen fixation whereas effect of phosphorus on nitrogen fixation is indirect mainly through enhanced growth and dry matter production.     

INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT RATES OF PHOSPHORUS ON GROWTH,YIELD AND PHOSPHORUS USE EFFICIENCY IN TWO WHEAT CULTIVARS

To study the influence of different rates of phosphorus (P) on growth and yield of wheat, experiments were conducted at NIAB, Faisalabad, Pakistan under natural conditions. Results indicated that the P requirement of wheat at early growth was higher and adequate available P in the growth medium helped to attain relatively higher growth rate and resulted in higher grain yield. The two wheat cultivars when subjected to different rates of P application showed that the cultivar ‘MH-97’ was more responsive than ‘Pasban-90’ that attributed to its higher P translocation efficiency from roots to tops. The two cultivars also showed differential yield response when grown under field condition. At optimum nitrogen (N): P ratio of 1.5:1, the cultivar ‘MH-97’ gave 31.5% while cultivar ‘Pasban-90’ gave a maximum response of 25.9% over their respective N alone application. Contrarily, at the wider NP ratio of 3:1, yield response of cultivar ‘MH-97’ was 26.5% while that of cultivar ‘Pasban-90’ was only to the extent of 2.2%, thereby indicating a much wider difference in their yield response pattern. Thus, choosing an appropriate cultivar for a particular rate of fertilizer application would be more rewarding in terms of yield and profitability.     

华北潮土长期试验中的作物产量、氮肥利用率及其环境效应

在河南封丘潮土上进行了小麦、玉米轮作的长期肥料试验，对该长期试验的作物产量、氮利用率及其环境效应进行了分析。结果表明，在施氮量为150kg hm^-2季^-1的情况下，化肥N、P、K配合施用（NPK），小麦和玉米产量最高，且年际之间变化小，14a平均产量分别为5261kg hm^-2和7633kg hm^-2。在等N、P、K的情况下，1／2氮用有机肥（1／20M），作物产量略低于NPK；全部氮用有机肥（OM），平均产量分别降低22％和16％，产量年际变化大，但表现出随时间而提高的趋势。小麦和玉米氮肥平均利用率NPK分别为60％和61％、1／20M为51％和56％，OM为33、6％和42．5％。上述处理的表层土壤（0～20cm）全氮含量均显著增加，增加幅度依次递增；作物吸收和表层土壤残留氮合计占氮肥施用量的69％、75％和69％，均未发现NO3^-盐向土壤剖面深层的移动，N2O的排放系数〈0．24％。不施P肥的处理（NK），作物产量极低，氮肥利用率几乎为零，且有大量的NO3^-向剖面深层迁移，在0～100cm范围内，NO；含量随着深度的增加而提高，但N2O排放系数小于上述3处理。由此可以得出，在该土壤上采用小麦、玉米轮作，年氮施用量300kg hm^-2，如果配合P、K肥，可以持续保持较高的产量，且不造成NO3^-盐淋移和大量N2O排放。     

施肥深度对大豆氮磷钾吸收及产量的影响

采用分层施肥和15N示踪方法,研究施肥深度对大豆氮磷钾吸收及产量的影响,为大豆合理施肥深度的确定提供理论依据。研究表明,施肥深度对大豆前、中期植株干物质、氮磷钾的积累影响较大,而对植株成熟期影响较小;大豆苗期(V3)与种子同层施肥处理植株干物质和氮磷钾的积累量最大;盛花期(R2)以种下6cm处理效果最明显。施肥深度对大豆产量的影响也表现为种下6cm处理最高,但与种子同层施肥、种下12、18和24cm施肥处理差异不显著;施于种子同层至种下6cm最有利于大豆苗期氮肥吸收,表层施肥、种下24cm施肥处理氮肥吸收效果不好。     

封丘地区粮食生产水分利用效率历史演变及其潜力分析

通过对封丘县历年粮食产量、降水量、引黄灌溉水量、地下水补给量等资料计算 ,初步估算出封丘地区粮食生产水分利用效率。研究表明 ,几十年来由于技术进步 ,本地区粮食生产水分利用效率由 2 2 5逐步上升到 9 0 0kghm- 2 mm- 1 左右。兴修水利、土壤改良、新品种的推广 ,尤其是N、P化肥用量的增加 ,对水分利用效率的增加起了决定性的作用。作者认为提高肥料用量 (特别在秋粮生产上 ) ,对进一步提高水分利用率仍有一定作用。随着社会经济技术水平的提高 ,覆膜、滴灌等先进技术应稳步地示范推广。     

不同水分条件下冬小麦的水分利用效率、产量和可溶性糖含量

以我国北方12个冬小麦品种(系)和美国德州3个冬小麦品种(系)为材料,在甘肃陇东黄土高原旱作和拔节期有限补灌条件下,研究了不同基因型小麦之间产量、水分利用效率(WUE)和灌浆期穗下节可溶性糖含量的差异。结果表明:不论旱作还是有限补灌,不同基因型冬小麦之间产量、WUE、穗下节可溶性糖含量均存在明显差异,随着灌浆过程的进行穗下节可溶性糖含量呈先升高后降低的变化趋势,灌浆中后期达到最大。小麦穗下节可溶性糖含量在旱作条件下高于有限补灌。在2008年9月至2009年6月生育期降雨较常年减少1/3,属于严重干旱年份,小麦灌浆初期和中期穗下节可溶性糖含量与籽粒产量和水分利用效率无明显相关性,但到灌浆中后期和后期却达到显著相关;小麦拔节期补灌100mm水分后,不同基因型小麦表现出明显的水分补偿或超补偿效应,并且灌浆期穗下节可溶性糖含量与产量、WUE均呈显著正相关,并在灌浆中后期和后期达到极显著相关。因此,旱地冬小麦灌浆中后期和后期穗下节可溶性糖含量可作为筛选高效用水品种的参考指标之一。     

COMPARATIVE EFFICACY OF UREA FERTILIZATION VIA SUPERGRANULES VERSUS PRILLS ON NITROGEN DISTRIBUTION,YIELD RESPONSE AND NITROGEN USE EFFICIENCY OF SPRING WHEAT

The impact of urea prills (1–2 mm) versus urea supergranules (USGs, ～10 mm), placed at different depths, on the growth and nitrogen (N) use efficiency of spring wheat was investigated under greenhouse conditions. The amount of fertilizer ¹⁵N derived from either form was 50% greater in the top soil than at lower depths. The comparatively slower release and distribution of USG-N resulted in enhanced dry matter production and fertilizer-N uptake during the later growth stages that were also associated with a higher translocation of fertilizer-¹⁵N into the grain (34.9% versus 28.7% for the prills). Deeper placements of USGs (5.0–7.5 cm) resulted in greater fertilizer-N recovery in the crop (70.5–78.0%) compared to the use of prills (56.6%). Our results strongly suggest that the proper application of USGs can increase yields and fertilizer-N utilization of wheat and simultaneously decrease N losses compared to equivalent use of prills, and therefore presents important agronomic advantages.     

基肥(~(15)N)施用时间对烤烟产量、产值及氮素利用率的影响

采用15N同位素示踪微区试验与田间试验,在湖北襄樊2个不同海拔的植烟生态区(赵家山和老湾)研究了不同基肥施用时间(提前0、15和30d)条件下,施用氮肥对烤烟产量、产值及氮素吸收、利用和分配的影响。结果表明,施用氮肥显著增加烤烟产量和产值,增幅分别为13%～40%(低海拔赵家山地点)和14%～35%(高海拔老湾地点)。与移栽当天施用基肥相比,提前施用基肥15～30d有利烤烟产值的提高,其中高海拔试验点增幅为10%～30%,达到显著水平(P0.05)。与移栽当天或者提前15d相比,提前30d施用基肥还提高2个海拔地区烤烟对氮素的吸收累积量8%～26%。提前基肥施用时间对低海拔地区氮肥利用率的影响不显著,但显著提高高海拔地区烤烟生育中后期氮肥利用率3%～6%。结果说明,在光、温条件较差的高海拔地区,适当提前施用基肥(15d),有利于提高肥料利用率,从而提高烤烟产量产值。