Effects of Lead Forms and Organic Acids on the Growth and Uptake of Lead in Hydroponically Grown Wheat

This study investigated the effects of lead (Pb) form (free or complexed) and type and concentration of chelants [citric acid and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)] on the growth and ability of wheat to accumulate Pb. Wheat variety Auqab-2000 was exposed to four levels of EDTA and citric acid (0, 500, 1000, and 1500 μM) in the presence of Pb (1000 μM). Both the free Pb (1000 μM) and high concentration (1500 μM) of EDTA and citric acid reduced the plant biomass. Without the addition of chelants, only a little Pb was accumulated by wheat shoots. This demonstrates that organic acids used in enhanced phytoextraction applications do not merely serve to increase metal mobility and plant availability but also can help to increase translocation rates of metals absorbed by the plant roots. Greater translocation of Pb from roots to shoots was observed with EDTA than that with citric acid.     

Comparison of glycine uptake by pak choi in organic and conventional soil under different glycine concentrations: A pot study

Many studies have shown that plants can utilize organic N in the form of amino acids. However, it is unclear whether the glycine‐uptake capability responds differently to various farm management systems, and whether the interaction of farm management type with soil glycine concentrations affects the glycine uptake by plants. A pot experiment was conducted in which pak choi (Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis Makino var. communis Tsen et Lee) was grown in soil from organic and conventional agricultural systems for 15 d prior to labeling with 2‐¹³C, ¹⁵N‐glycine in a range of Gly concentrations (0, 0.005, 0.05, 0.5, 5, and 15 μg N g^?1 dry soil). The glycine uptake rate increased with increasing applied N concentrations, whereas the glycine recovery increased initially and then decreased. Regardless of glycine concentration, the glycine uptake rates of whole plants were moderate, but not significantly higher in organic than in conventional soil. The plant glycine recovery in organic soil was significantly higher than in conventional soil. Therefore, we suggest that pak choi glycine uptake differs under organic and conventional management systems. More research efforts should focus on the nutritional function of organic N in organic systems.     

凋落物及氮添加对针阔叶林土壤氮和水解氨基酸的影响

为探究凋落物对森林土壤氮的影响及氮沉降的调节,本研究以亚热带天然阔叶林(罗浮栲林)和人工针叶林(杉木林)2种林型土壤和凋落物为对象,分别设置土壤(对照)、土壤+凋落物(3倍添加)、土壤+氮(120 mg/kg)、土壤+凋落物(3倍添加)+氮(120 mg/kg) 4种处理,每种处理设置3个重复,进行为期一年的室内模拟淋溶试验,分析土壤可溶性氮和物理分级后各粒径土壤水解氨基酸变化。结果表明：与对照比较,阔叶林土壤添加凋落物处理增加土壤铵态氮和游离氨基酸,而降低硝态氮含量;氮添加降低针叶林土壤氨态氮,增加硝态氮含量,但是增加阔叶林土壤铵态氮和游离氨基酸;凋落物添加的情况下,氮添加显著增加阔叶林土壤硝态氮含量。土壤的各粒径组分分布比例差异显著,氮添加倾向于降低针叶林土壤大粒径、增加小粒径分配比例,而阔叶林相反。针叶林土壤添加凋落物显著增加土壤粒径组分2 000～250μm、20～2μm、<2μm水解氨基酸含量;氮添加增加针叶林全土、2 000～250μm和20～2μm粒径水解氨基酸含量;在凋落物添加或氮添加情况下,氮添加或凋落物显著降低全土、250～53μm、53～20μm粒径水解氨基...     

Nitrogen use Rationalization and Boosting Wheat Productivity by Applying Packages ‎of Humic,Amino Acids,and Microorganisms

ABSTRACT

Integrated management of soil organic matter and nutritional status of crop plants is essential to sustain the production of organic farming systems. Thus, a 2–year field experiment was conducted to examine the effects of soil additions (192 kg N ha^–1, humic+192 kg N ha^–1, humic+144 kg N ha^–1 and humic+96 kg N ha^–1) and foliar applications (amino acids, Azotobacter+yeast, and amino acids plus Azotobacter+yeast) as various fertilizer resources on growth and yield of wheat. Results showed that humic+192 kg N ha^–1 × amino acids plus Azotobacter+yeast were the effective combination for producing the highest values of flag leaf area, total dry weight, tiller number m^–2, spike weight m^–2, and grain yield ha^–1. Under foliar application of amino acids plus Azotobacter+yeast, reducing N supply from recommended rate (192 kg N ha^–1) to 144 kg N ha^–1+ humic achieved higher values of all yield traits, with a saving of 25% of applied mineral nitrogen as well as enhancing nitrogen use efficiency.     

肥力梯度红壤上不同形态氮库对玉米吸氮量的贡献

不同形态的土壤氮素是作物吸收氮素的主要来源,而土壤肥力不仅影响氮素的含量,也影响氮素的有效性,进而影响作物对氮素的吸收利用。明确不同肥力红壤中各形态氮素的变化及其对作物吸氮量的贡献,可为阐明氮素循环机制和沃土培肥提供理论依据。2019年5月在湖南祁阳红壤实验站选取低肥力、中肥力和高肥力红壤进行田间微区试验,设置不施氮（N0）和常规施氮（N1）两个处理。分析了2020年玉米（该试验的第三季作物）种植前和收获后土壤矿质氮（MN）、固定态铵（FN）、微生物生物量氮（MBN）和可溶性有机氮（SON）含量的变化及其与玉米地上部吸氮量的关系,并通过结构方程模型（SEM）建立了各形态氮库与吸氮量的关系模型。结果发现,N0条件下高肥力土壤的籽粒产量约为中肥力土壤的4.6倍,但在N1条件下,高肥力土壤的玉米产量和生物量与中肥力土壤无显著差异,但其吸氮量显著高于中肥力土壤。与种植前相比,N0条件下,收获后中肥力土壤FN含量显著提高了63%,低肥力和高肥力土壤分别增加了47%和11%。与其相反,土壤MN、MBN和SON含量均有所降低。土壤MN含量降低了0.4~4 mg?kg-1;MBN降低了18%~44%且土壤肥力间无显著差异;SON减少了55%~84%。N1条件下,土壤MN含量降低了约22~38 mg?kg-1; MBN降低了32%~72%;而SON的减少量在高肥力土壤中可达99 mg?kg-1,分别为中肥力土壤和低肥力土壤的2.0倍和9.3倍。相关分析结果表明,地上部吸氮量与MBN、SON和NH4+-N减少量存在显著正相关关系。结构方程模型结果进一步表明,SON和NH4+-N直接影响吸氮量,MBN通过影响SON和MN间接影响玉米地上部吸氮量。总体而言,SON和MBN可直接或间接影响玉米对氮素的吸收利用,是土壤中重要的氮素存在形态,应进一步加强对其形态转化的机制研究,可促进红壤培肥和氮素高效利用。     

外源有机酸对美人蕉耐性和Cr吸收、迁移的影响

采用营养液培养试验,研究外源有机酸(柠檬酸、草酸和酒石酸)对Cr污染水体中美人蕉(Canna indicaL.)的耐性、对Cr的吸收和迁移能力的影响。结果表明,各有机酸均不同程度地增强了美人蕉的耐性,促进Cr吸收和向地上部迁移。不同有机酸和同种有机酸不同浓度(4,8,16 mmol/L)的影响效果不尽相同。就耐性特征而言,16 mmol/L的草酸能够明显提高美人蕉生物量和促进根系生长,其影响效果要大于柠檬酸和酒石酸;就Cr吸收和迁移特性而言,影响大小为柠檬酸>酒石酸>草酸,尤以16 mmol/L的柠檬酸效果最为显著,而酒石酸和草酸分别在8 mmol/L,16 mmol/L时最利于Cr的吸收和迁移。因此,在本试验条件下16 mmol/L的柠檬酸较适合Cr污染水体的植物修复。     

ASI法速测土壤指标与植物N吸收的相关性研究

本研究选用ASI法对山西褐土41个、河南潮土73个、辽宁棕壤43个、黑龙江黑土69个土样进行了土壤硝态N(ASI-NO3--N)、铵态N(ASI-NH4+-N)、碱溶有机质(ASI-OM)的测定,同时用常规方法测定了碱解N和有机质。并对测定值进行了相关性分析。同时选取土壤进行盆栽试验以验证ASI法测定值与植物吸N量的相关性。结果表明:四类土壤ASI-NO3--N与碱解N测定结果达到了极显著相关(褐土r=0.89**,潮土r=0.79**,棕壤r=0.90**,r=0.47**),四类土壤ASI-OM与常规方法有机质测定结果均达到了极显著正相关(褐土r=0.92**,潮土r=0.88**,棕壤r=0.93**,黑土r=0.96**),ASI-NH4+-N与碱解N测定结果也均达到了极显著正相关(褐土r=0.76**,潮土r=0.64**,棕壤r=0.97**,黑土r=0.61**)。褐土、棕壤土壤ASI-NO3--N含量与植物吸N量呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),潮土、黑土土壤ASI-NO3--N含量与植物吸N量呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。褐土、棕壤土壤ASI-NH4+-N含量与植物吸N量呈显著正相关(P<0.05),潮土、黑土土壤ASI-NH4+-N含量与植物吸N量相关性不显著(P>0.05)。除褐土土壤ASI-OM含量与植物吸N量呈显著正相关外(P<0.05),潮土、棕壤、黑土土壤ASI-OM含量与植物吸N量相关性不显著(P>0.05)。     

Response of Mycorrhiza-Inoculated Pepper and Amino Acids to Salt Treatment at Different Ratios

Mycorrhiza has attracted interest as one of the microorganisms that increase a crop’s salt stress tolerance. This study was conducted to determine the impacts of mycorrhiza inoculation and applying salt at different ratios on the yield of peppers and amino acid concentrations. The study was conducted in greenhouse conditions on loamy soils with four salt treatments, two mycorrhiza inoculations and a control in a complete randomized block design. The present study indicated that salt treatment alone was significantly correlated with crop stem and root amino acid concentrations, RWC% and leaf sizes, whereas applying mycorrhiza showed a positive relationship to stem height, stem and root wet weight, and root amino acids but led to a decloine in root serine and glutamine, and stem amino acid and glutamine. In conclusion, inoculating with mycorrhiza was observed to make a positive contribution to salt stress tolerance at different levels in almost all the parameters examined.     

水稻氮高效基因型根系分泌物中有机酸和氨基酸的变化特征

采用溶液培养试验,研究水稻氮高效基因型在不同供氮水平下,根系分泌物中有机酸和氨基酸种类及含量的变化情况,并探讨其与氮素利用效率之间的关系。结果表明: 1）水稻氮高效基因型氮积累量随着供氮水平的降低明显下降,而氮素利用效率显著提高; 在供氮水平为20 mg/L时,高效基因型具有较高的氮积累量,且氮素利用效率较低效基因型高42.9%（分蘖期）和21.4%（拔节期）。 2）草酸为高效基因型根系分泌的主要有机酸种类,其分泌量占有机酸总量的80%以上,其次是乙酸和柠檬酸; 有机酸分泌总量和草酸分泌量在分蘖期和拔节期随供氮水平的降低而降低,乙酸和柠檬酸分泌量在拔节期也呈相同趋势; 相同供氮水平下,高效基因型有机酸分泌总量均显著低于低效基因型,且在20 mg/L时差异明显。 3）丙氨酸为高效基因型根系分泌的主要氨基酸种类,其分泌量占氨基酸总量的50%以上,其次是丝氨酸、 谷氨酸、 天冬氨酸、 苯丙氨酸、 甘氨酸和苏氨酸,且氨基酸分泌总量和各组分氨基酸分泌量均随供氮水平的降低而降低; 在低氮水平（10 mg/L和20 mg/L）下,高效基因型氨基酸分泌总量均显著低于低效基因型。4）在分蘖期和拔节期,水稻根系分泌有机酸和氨基酸总量与氮素利用效率均呈显著或极显著负相关,有机酸分泌组分中的草酸和氨基酸分泌组分的天冬氨酸分泌量与氮素利用效率也呈显著或极显著负相关。以上结果表明,低氮条件下水稻氮高效基因型氮效率优势明显,高效基因型氮素利用效率高,有利于体内同化物质的合理分配。     

Differential Utilization of Dissolved Organic and Inorganic Nitrogen by Wheat (Triticum Aestivum L.)

A study was conducted under greenhouse conditions on wheat to investigate the utilization of dissolved organic nitrogen (N) in comparison with conventionally applied inorganic N sources (INS). Nitrogen was applied at a rate of 90 kg N ha^?1 in an inorganic form, an organic high molecular weight (MW) form (casein, haemoglobin, albumin), and an organic low MW amino acid form (glycine, alanine, valine). Inorganic N sources recorded the maximum response (126% to 150%) in total dry matter (DM) production while dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) sources showed 61% to 116% increase in comparison to the control treatment. Glycine gave the maximum DM production, which was comparable with both INS treatments. In hydroponics, greater utilization occurred and the shoots had a higher N content in comparison to those grown in soil. The concentration of DON and NO₃^? in soil after wheat harvest was similar in all the treatments.     

橘小实蝇蛋白饵剂中氨基酸的HPLC分析及生物测定

采用生物测定的方法比较Prima蛋白饵剂和自行研制蛋白饵剂的引诱效果。结果表明,两者对橘小实蝇(Bactrocera dorsalis(Hendel))引诱效果相当,但水解后的同种蛋白饵剂引诱效果高于水解前。采用柱前衍生高效液相色谱法(Acc Q·Tag法)测定以上两种蛋白饵剂中氨基酸的种类和含量,结果表明,这两种蛋白饵剂中均含有游离氨基酸17种,总氨基酸18种。其中Prima蛋白饵剂总氨基酸含量为52.847 6mg/m L,游离氨基酸含量为5.736 4 mg/m L,多肽含量为4.711 12 mg/m L;自行研制的橘小实蝇蛋白饵剂总氨基酸含量为65.624 3 mg/m L,游离氨基酸含量为6.301 0 mg/m L,多肽含量为59.323 3 mg/m L。通过比较两者氨基酸的差别,为蛋白饵剂的工业化生产质量监控提供方法依据。     

小麦植株对重金属铬吸收累积的研究

为研究重金属Cr在小麦植株吸收、积累规律,为Cr污染修复与防治提供一定的依据。试验以矮抗58为供试品种,采用大田种植和盆栽试验,测定小麦不同生育期、不同部位的Cr含量,研究小麦植株中Cr吸收和累积的动态变化。结果表明,小麦植株中Cr含量较多的部位为根,而籽粒中含量较低。Cr的吸收速率以灌浆中末期最快,其次是返青一拔节期,出苗期至分蘖期最慢。并通过测定土壤Cr含量、成熟期籽粒Cr含量等建立回归方程,以此预测籽粒中Cr的含量。     

灌溉与施氮对留茬免耕春小麦氮素吸收和氮肥损失的影响

在甘肃省石羊河流域绿洲灌区,采用裂区设计大田试验,研究不同灌溉量（常规灌溉（327 mm）、节水20%灌溉（261 mm）、节水40%灌溉（196 mm））和施氮量（0,140,221,300 kg/hm^2）对留茬免耕春小麦植株吸氮量、收获期土壤硝态氮（NO3^--N）含量和氮肥损失的影响。结果表明,在留茬免耕农田中,灌溉量从196 mm增加到327 mm,小麦籽粒含氮量从1.55%增加到1.71%,植株吸氮量从134 kg/hm^2增加到190kg/hm^2。当施氮量超过221 kg/hm^2时,籽粒含氮量、秸秆含氮量、植株吸氮量不再显著增加。施氮300,221,140 kg/hm^2处理的植株吸氮量比不施氮处理的分别提高47%,37%和18%;在春小麦收获期,土壤表层（0-60 cm）NO3^--N含量随灌溉量增加而减少,随施氮量增加而增加,灌溉和施氮对60 cm以下土壤NO3^--N含量影响不明显。与不施氮处理相比,施氮300,221,140 kg/hm^2的氮肥损失分别为186,137,94 kg/hm^2。     

Phosphorus (P) Uptake mechanisms of crops grown in soils with low P status

In our previous studies, pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L.), groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.), and rice (Oryza sativa L.) were found to have a higher ability to take up Fe- or Al-bound phosphorus (P) than soybean (Glycine max L.) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.). Phosphorus absorption characteristics like I _max, K _m, C _min, and Fe^III reduction activity of roots, and root exudates in various crops were examined with a view to analyzing the mechanisms of P uptake. Phosphorus uptake ability was largely unrelated to variations in I _max, K _m, C _min, and Fe^III reduction activity of roots. Phosphorus-solubilizing activity in anionic fractions of root exudates was detected in pigeonpea but not in rice or groundnut. Malonic acid was the major component followed by oxalic and piscidic acid. These organic acids were able to release P from FePO₄ and A1PO₄. The higher P uptake ability of pigeonpea in soils with low P fertility presumably depends on the secretion of such organic acids from roots.     

水氮互作对冬小麦氮素吸收分配及土壤硝态氮积累的影响

试验采用完全随机裂区设计,研究不同灌水和施氮处理对田间冬小麦氮素吸收转运分配以及成熟期土壤剖面硝态氮分布积累的影响.结果表明:冬小麦氮素吸收速率在拔节-开花期达到最大;阶段氮素吸收量、籽粒氮素积累量和氮收获指数均随灌水量的增加而增加,表现为W1500＞W1200＞W900＞W0;施氮量超过150 kg/hm2时,籽粒氮素积累量、氮收获指数,拔节-成熟期的氮素吸收量不再显著增加;灌水和施氮均能增加冬小麦营养器官氮素转移量,氮素转运率随施氮量增加而增加,氮素转运贡献率随灌水量的增加而降低;冬小麦成熟期表层(0-20 cm)土壤硝态氮含量随着灌水量增加而降低,表现为W0＞W900＞W1200＞W1500;相同灌水处理下,各土层硝态氮含量随施氮量的增加而增加,施氮处理能显著增加0-120 cm土层硝态氮含量,当施氮量超过150 kg/hm2时,随灌水量增加,土壤剖面中的硝态氮由上层向下层移动.     

Nitrogen Application in Winter Wheat Grown in Mediterranean Conditions: Effects on Nitrogen Uptake,Utilization Efficiency,and Soil Nitrogen Deficit

ABSTRACT

Nitrogen (N) is one of the most growth restricting nutrients in cereal grain and represents one of the highest input costs in agricultural systems; therefore, environmental and economic considerations require the effective use of N fertilizer in plant production. This study was conducted for three years to better understand wheat plant response to optimize N fertilizer and how to reduce the risk of ground water pollution.

Two of the most important durum wheat cultivars in Southern Italy and four N fertilization levels (0, 60, 120, and 180 kg N ha^{? 1}, indicated as N0, N60, N120, and N180, respectively) were compared in this experiment. During plant growth, fresh and dry matter, plant nutritional state (SPAD readings and stem nitrate content), and N uptake were determined. At harvest, plant N content, N uptake, grain yield, yield components and quality were determined, allowing the calculation of the pre- and postanthesis N uptake and the N utilization efficiency indices. Furthermore, at the beginning and at the end of each year, soil mineral N was measured to calculate mineral N deficit in the soil.

The results indicated that the treatment with 120 kg N ha^{? 1} of fertilizer ensures a good balance between yield and N utilization. In fact, N180 and N120 showed similar yield (3.01 and 3.07 t ha^{? 1}, respectively) and protein content (13.7 and 13.5 %). Meanwhile, throughout the three-year experiment, N180 presented the highest final mineral N content in the soil at the end of the cropping cycles, increasing the amount of N available for leaching. The N120 treatment showed the same values of N utilization indices as compared to N180, indicating that further doses of N fertilizer did not increase wheat N utilization. Plant N status shows that it is possible to modify the N fertilization to reach its optimum level during plant growth, in accordance with variable weather conditions, and consequently the plants requirements. The mean treatments of the preanthesis N uptake were about 67.5% of the total N uptake, and it was significantly and positively correlated with wheat yield. On the contrary, the postanthesis N uptake showed positive correlation with grain protein content, confirming the importance of late N supply in grains quality. The variation of weather conditions affected winter wheat yield, quality, N utilization and plant N status, but any difference throughout years was found between N180 and N120, confirming that higher N rate did not influence wheat growth, yield, and N uptake.     

红三叶草丛枝菌根对有机磷的吸收

The capacities of two arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, Glomus mosseae and Glomus versderme, tomineralize added organic P were studied in a sterilized calcareous soil. Mycorrhizal (inoculated with either of the AM fungi) and non-mycorrhizal red clover (Trghlium pmtense L.) plants were grown for eight weeksin pots with upper root, central hyphal and lower soil compartments. The hyphal and soil compartmentsreceived either organic P (as Na-phytate) or inorganic P (as KH₂PO₄) at tbe rate of 50 mg P kg^-1. No P wasadded to the root compartments. Control pots received no added P. Yields were higher in mycorrhizal than innon-mycorrhizal clover. Mycorrhizal inoculation doubled shoot P concentration and more than doubled total P uptake of plaflts in P-amended soil, irrespective of the form of applied P. The mycorrhizal contributionto inorganic P uptake was 80% or 76% in plants inoculated with G. mosseae or G. verefforme, respectively. Corresponding values were 74% and 82% when Na-phytate was applied. In the root compartments of the mycorrhizal treatments, the proportion of root length infected, hyphal length density and phosphatase activity were all higher when organic P was applied than when inorganic P was added.     

Extraction of Soil Organic Nitrogen by Organic Acids and Role in Mineralization of Nitrogen in Soil

The solubilization of organic nitrogen (Norg) in soil was examined by using organic acids often present in root exudates. The organic acids tested were classified into two groups depending on their solubilizing ability for Norg in a soil sample. Oxalate, malonate, tartarate, citrate and malate could dissolve Norg by increasing their concentrations, while succinate and glutarate could not dissolve Norg even when their concentrations were increased. The amount of organic N extracted with oxalate, malonate, tartarate, citrate and malate showed a strong correlation with the sum of the amounts of Al and Fe in the extracts. Therefore, it was assumed that the solubilizing ability may be attributed to the structure of these organic acids that can form stable chelate compounds with Al and Fe (oxalate, malonate, tartarate, citrate and malate). Furthermore, the amount of 20 mM cit-rate-extractable Norg (CEON), which was the highest among the organic acids tested, showed a strong correlation with both that of 67 mM phosphate buffer, which is now being widely used as an index for estimating soil N availability in Japan, and N mineralized using an incubation method in 46 soil samples belonging to different soil types. These results suggested that CEON might be an important constituent of mineralizable Norg in soil. Therefore, organic acids secreted by crops play a role in the solubilization of available Norg surrounding the crop rhizosphere.     

酵母硒和枣粉饲粮对鸡肉宰后氧化及氨基酸的影响研究

为研究酵母硒和枣粉饲粮对白羽肉鸡鸡胸肉成熟过程中蛋白质氧化及氨基酸含量变化的影响,本试验采用不同浓度酵母硒和枣粉饲喂白羽肉鸡42 d,根据酵母硒和枣粉添加量分为6个处理组,分别为CK(基础日粮)、J组(基础日粮+8％枣粉替换8％玉米)、0.3S(基础日粮+0.3 mg·kg-1酵母硒)、0.6S(基础日粮+0.6 mg...     

4种草本植物对酸性黄壤中铅的吸收特性研究

研究4种草本植物（黑麦草、狗牙根、早熟禾、翦股颖）对重金属铅的吸收积累规律,为生态环境建设提供科学依据。采用盆栽试验,分别测定地上部与根部铅含量,计算地上部铅含量/根系铅含量（S/R）,根系耐性指数,富集系数4个指标。4种植物地上部和根系中的铅含量与土壤中铅含量呈显著的正相关,相关系数都大于0.90;综合4个指标,对铅的抗性相对顺序为翦股颖〉黑麦草〉早熟禾〉狗牙根。在较高铅离子浓度处理下,4种植物外观没有表现出明显的胁迫现象,特别是黑麦草和翦股颖在重金属Pb含量高达3000 mg/kg的污染土壤上,能够忍耐并正常生长,更适合于Pb污染土壤的修复。