Effects of 41 Years of Application of Inorganic Fertilizers and Farm Yard Manure on Crop Yields,Soil Quality,and Sustainable Yield Index under a Rice-Wheat Cropping System on Mollisols of North India

The present investigation was carried out to evaluate the effect of integrated nutrient management (INM) on crop yield sustainability and soil quality in a long-term trial initiated during the wet season of 1971 under a humid subtropical climate. Over 41 years of study, 100% nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) + farm yard manure (FYM) at 15 t ha^?1 recorded the most sustainable grain yields. Optimal and superoptimal NPK fertilizers gave quite similar crop yields to that of 100% NPK + FYM at 15 t ha^–1 up to two decades but thereafter yields declined sharply due to emergence of zinc (Zn) deficiency. The sustainable yield index (SYI) values indicated that wheat yields were more sustainable than rice. Soil organic carbon and available N, P, K, and Zn in the control plot decreased the most, whereas 100% NPK + FYM at 15 t ha^–1 improved available N, P and K, maintained soil organic carbon, and decreased Zn over initial levels. Grain yield and SYI were more significantly correlated with Soil Organic Carbon (SOC). Continuous application of FYM contributed the maximum Soil Quality Index (SQI) (0.94), followed by Zn.     

Influence of integrated nutrient management (INM) on nutrient use efficiency,soil fertility and productivity of hybrid rice

A field experiment was conducted during the two consecutive kharif seasons of 2011 and 2012 on sandy-loam lateritic soil of Indian subtropics to investigate the impact of integrated nutrient management (INM) on crop productivity, nutrient use efficiency of applied nutrients and soil fertility in restoring sustainability with hybrid rice cultivation. Application of 50% recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) + 50% recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN) through mustard oil cake (MOC) or 75% RDF + 25% RDN through MOC + biofertilizer recorded significantly higher grain and biomass yields, greater NPK removal and higher partial factor productivity of applied nutrient (PFPN) than those of the crop having 100% RDF, 100% RDN through MOC and 25% RDF + 75% RDN through MOC, which showed very poor performance. The former treatments also improved organic carbon and available NPK contents in soil in spite of greater removal of NPK by the crop. Results of study suggested integrated use of 50% RDF + 50% RDN through MOC or 75% RDF + 25% RDN through MOC + biofertilizer for increasing hybrid rice productivity, PFPN and improving soil fertility for sustainability.     

长期不同施肥对黄潮土区冬小麦产量及土壤养分的影响

【目的】分析长期施肥方式下小麦产量的变化规律,以探明黄潮土区小麦产量稳定性对不同施肥方式的响应机制,为黄潮土区合理施肥的管理及其土壤生态系统的改善提供依据。【方法】以 35 年长期定位试验为研究平台,设 5 种施肥方式:不施肥 (CK)、单施氮肥 (N)、氮磷钾配施 (NPK)、单施有机肥 (M)、有机无机配施 (MNPK),测定小麦的平均产量及土壤养分状况。【结果】小麦产量和肥料贡献率以有机无机配施 (MNPK) 最高,平均产量为 6393 kg/hm2;其次为 NPK 处理,与当年不施肥处理相比,产量提高了 374.2%;单施有机肥增产幅度位居第三;单施氮肥处理增产效果最低。单施氮肥处理小麦产量变异系数 (CV) 偏高 (26.72%～38.72%)、可持续性产量指数 (SYI) 偏低 (0.32～0.51),产量稳定性最低,MNPK 处理的CV 最低 (4.86%～7.76%)、SYI 最高 (0.79～0.89),产量稳定性最高,而单施有机肥处理 (CV = 5.44%～15.87%,SYI = 0.60～0.87) 的产量稳定性和生产可持续性不及 NPK 处理 (CV = 5.72%～9.67%,SYI = 0.75～0.83)。施用有机肥显著提高土壤有机质、全氮、有效磷和速效钾含量,其中 MNPK 处理 35 年土壤有机质、全氮、有效磷、速效钾平均含量分别较 CK 处理提高 1.20、1.18、16.13、0.95 倍,增加幅度最为显著。通过相关分析可得,小麦产量与土壤有机质、全氮、有效磷和速效钾含量呈极显著正相关关系 (P < 0.01)。【结论】施肥处理均可有效提高黄潮土区小麦产量,以有机无机配施增产效果最佳,最有利于促进小麦产量稳定性、提高产量可持续性指数,提升土壤有机质、全氮、有效磷、速效钾含量。因此,有机无机配施的施肥方式最为合理,有利于保持黄潮土养分均衡,促进农田生产力稳定。     

Productivity,Nutrient Balance,Soil Quality,and Sustainability of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) under Organic and Conventional Production Systems

A field experiment was conducted for 5 years (2004–2005 to 2009–2010) covering 10 crop seasons [five wet (WS; Kharif) and five dry (DS; Rabi)] at the Directorate of Rice Research farm, Hyderabad, India, to compare the influence of organic and conventional farming systems on productivity of fine grain rice varieties, cumulative partial nutrient balance, and soil health/quality in terms of nutrient availability, physical and biological properties, and sustainability index. Two main plot treatments were with and without plant protection measures, and four subplot treatments were (1) control (CON), (2) inorganic fertilizers (CF), (3) organics (OF), and (4) inorganics + organics (integrated nutrient management, INM). During wet season, grain yields with CF and INM were near stable (5.0 to 5.5 t ha^?1) and superior to organics by 15–20% during the first 2 years, which improved with OF (4.8 to 5.4 t ha^?1) in the later years to comparable levels with CF and INM. However, during DS, CF and INM were superior to OF for 4 consecutive years and OF recorded yields on par with CF and INM in the fifth year. The partial nutrient balance over 10 crop seasons for N and P was positive and greater with OF and INM over CF and for K it was positive with OF alone and negative with CF and INM. There were increases in SOC and available N, P, and K by 50–58%, 3–10%, 10–30%, and 8–25% respectively, with OF, over CF at the end of 5 years. The sustainability index (SI) of the soil system was maximum with organics (1.63) and CF recorded 1.33, which was just above the minimum sustainability index of 1.30 after 5 years. Thus, organic farming needs more than 2 years to stabilize rice productivity and bring about perceptible improvement in soil quality and sustainability in irrigated rice.     

冬季作物-双季稻轮作种植模式氮、磷、钾养分循环与产量可持续性特征

研究分析农业生态系统NPK养分循环和产量的可持续性,对实现养分资源优化管理和农业可持续发展具有重要意义。基于长期冬季作物-双季稻轮作种植定位试验,分析了2004—2017年冬闲-双季稻、马铃薯-双季稻、紫云英-双季稻、黑麦草-双季稻、油菜-双季稻等轮作种植模式早、晚稻产量的可持续性与稳定性;采用投入产出法（Input-Output Analysis）分析不同轮作种植模式NPK养分循环与平衡状况。结果表明：1）黑麦草-双季稻模式早稻产量变异系数与可持续性指数分别为0.09和0.81,说明稻田冬种黑麦草有利于促进早稻产量稳定性和可持续性的提高;油菜-双季稻模式晚稻产量变异系数与可持续性指数分别为0.07和0.82,说明稻田冬种油菜有益于晚稻产量稳定性和可持续性的提高;2）长期冬季作物-双季稻轮作种植未影响水稻产量和糙米NPK养分含量（P>0.05）;3）在稻田轮作种植周年内目前的NPK投入水平下,黑麦草-双季稻、紫云英-双季稻、油菜-双季稻、马铃薯-双季稻等模式均存在严重的K亏缺现象,K亏缺量分别为375.70 kg（K）·hm^-2、279.98 kg（K）·hm^-2、363.71 kg（K）·hm^-2、93.74 kg（K）·hm^-2;黑麦草-双季稻、紫云英-双季稻、油菜-双季稻等模式均在冬季作物种植季存在严重的K亏缺现象,K亏缺量分别为240.07 kg（K）·hm^-2、89.57 kg（K）·hm^-2、140.08 kg（K）·hm^-2,但马铃薯-双季稻模式在马铃薯种植季K盈余为255.21 kg（K）·hm^-2;同时黑麦草-双季稻模式和紫云英-双季稻模式均存在冬季作物种植季存在N亏缺,N亏缺量分别为59.47 kg（N）·hm^-2和89.17 kg（N）·hm^-2;油菜-双季稻模式和马铃薯-双季稻模式在晚稻种植季均存在严重的K亏缺现象,K亏缺量分别为45.93 kg（K）·hm^-2、124.33 kg（K）·hm^-2。冬季作物-双季稻轮作种植模式的养分循环是冬季作物和外部投入的NPK肥料共同驱动的养分循环,建议科学管理冬季作物和3季的NPK养分投入。     

System productivity,nutrient use efficiency and apparent nutrient balance in rice-based cropping systems

A 2-year field experiment was conducted to assess system productivity, nutrient use efficiency and apparent balances of phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) in diversified rice-based cropping systems at Gazipur, Bangladesh. Four cropping systems: wheat–fallow–rice, maize–fallow–rice, potato–fallow–rice and mustard–fallow–rice in main plots and four nutrient combinations: NPK, NK, NP and PK in sub-plots were arranged in a split-plot design with three replications. Receiving the NPK treatment, all the component crops gave the highest yield, and omission of N from fertilizer package gave the lowest yield. The maize–rice system removed the highest amount of N (217 kg ha^?1), P (41 kg ha^?1) and K (227 kg ha^?1) followed by wheat–rice, potato–rice and the least in mustard–rice system. The wheat–rice and maize–rice system showed negative K balance of –35.5 and –60.4 kg ha^?1 in NPK treatment, while potato–rice system showed a positive K balance of 31.0 kg ha^–1 with NPK treatment. The N, P and K uptake and apparent recovery by the test crops may be used for site-specific nutrient management. The K rates for fertilizer recommendation in wheat and maize in Indo-Gangetic plain need to be revised to take account for the negative K balance in soil.     

基于长期定位试验的典型稻麦轮作区作物产量稳定性研究

为探讨长期施肥条件下作物持续稳产和高产的途径,利用始于1980年的江苏太湖典型稻麦轮作区水稻土长期定位试验,分析水稻和小麦不同年份产量数据和土壤养分数据,研究了长期不同施肥方式对作物产量稳定性的影响,以及作物产量波动和土壤养分变化相关性。结果表明：各处理试验小区水稻和小麦的平均产量均呈锯齿状波动,受气候和其他因素影响不同年份间的产量变动差异较大。数十年期间,各施肥处理包括对照的水稻和小麦产量均有增长趋势,水稻增产趋势较小麦明显,小麦产量年际间的波动较大。有机肥与化肥配施和秸秆还田较单施化肥或有机肥有更明显的增产效果。水稻产量的稳定性高于小麦,各处理水稻产量的变异系数（CV）较小麦低,而稳定性系数（SYI）较高。其中MPK（有机肥+化肥磷钾）处理的产量稳定性最高,而MNPK（有机肥+化肥氮磷钾）的稳定性最低。施化肥尤其是氮肥可能是造成产量稳定性降低的一个因素。氮肥是增产的主要因素,也可能是引起稻田生态系统稳定性降低的因素。水稻和小麦产量与土壤氮素之间的相关性较显著、相比旱季,在稻季条件下,水稻产量稳定性更高,且增产趋势更明显,说明稻田土壤生态系统可能稳定性较高,并且随着耕作年限的延长其稳定性有提高趋势。     

Effect of Integrated Nutrient Management on Rice Yield,Soil Nutrient Profile,and Cyanobacterial Nitrogenase Activity under Rice–Wheat Cropping System

We assessed the cyanobacterial inoculation, green manure (GM) application, and chemical nitrogen (N) fertilization on grain/straw yield, nutrient balance, and nitrogenase activity under individual and integrated nutrient management mode in a rice–wheat cropping sequence. Individual and integrated application of cyanobacterial biofertilizer (CB) and GM with chemical fertilizer improved the soil health and production of rice crop. Integration of cyanobacterial and green manure resulted in a savings of 50 kg N ha^?1. Functional relationships (R2, –83.5 to 95.7%) between the different sources of nutrients revealed that the maximum positive contribution of cyanobacteria was on final available N (45.2%) and available phosphorus (P, 18.5%). Green manure had the greatest contribution to total N, total P, zinc, iron, and manganese (Mn). However, cyanobacteria had a negative relationship with Mn and sodium (Na, –30.19%). A negative relationship with Na indicates the possibility of using cyanobacteria as an ameliorating agent for salt-affected soil.     

Cumulative Effect of Organic and Inorganic Sources of Nutrients on Yield,Nutrients Uptake and Economics by Rice–Wheat Cropping System in Indo-Gangetic Plains of India

ABSTRACT

Field experiments were conducted for 2 years in sandy loam soil, to study the direct effect of organic manures i.e. sewage sludge (SS), vermicompost (VC) and sesbania (SB) and chemical fertilizers on rice (Oryza sativa) and their residual effect on wheat (Triticum aestivum) grown in sequence in winter (Rabi) and summer (Kharif) season during 2015–2016 to 2016–2017 at Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh. Residual effect of organic sources of nutrients as SS, VC and SB were monitored up to fourth crop (II wheat) in sequence applied in conjunction with 75% recommended dose of fertilize (RDF). Among the nutrient sources, the maximum grain yield in I rice (4.89 t ha^?1), II rice (4.95 t ha^?1), was recorded in treatment T₃ (100% RDF with S, Zn, B) whereas in I wheat (4.68 t ha^?1) and II wheat (4.59 t ha^?1), it was recorded in T₄ (customized fertilizer). The maximum straw yield during all four crops was recorded in T₃ (100% RDF with S, Zn, B) in rice and T₄ (customized fertilizer) in wheat crop, which showed 25, 32, 23 and 28% increase over 100% RDF (T₂). Application of 100% RDF along with S, Zn, B and customized fertilizer increased the total uptake of N, P, K, S and B and also in net returns and B:C ratio followed by organic treatments.     

Assessment of bio-inoculants-mediated nutrient management in terms of productivity,profitability and nutrient harvest index of pigeon pea–wheat cropping system in India

Abstract

Imbalanced and indiscriminate use of chemical fertilizers has been adversely influencing the quality of soil, environment, biodiversity and nutrient status in soil. Conjoint application of bio-inoculants (BI) with organic or inorganic sources of nutrients tweaks nutrient synchrony in soil and improves plant nutrition. With this backdrop an experiment was conducted at Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi during 2016–2018. The objectives were to identify the suitable combinations of BI-mediated nutrient sources for higher productivity and profitability in pigeon pea–wheat cropping system (PWCS). The nine pigeon pea treatments; four sole applications viz., recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF), vermicompost (VC), farm yard manure (FYM), leaf compost (LC) and four conjoint applications viz., RDF?+?BI, VC?+?BI, FYM?+?BI and LC?+?BI and one control were replicated thrice under randomized block design (RBD). However, in succeeding wheat, each of the treatments applied to pigeon pea was further allocated to two levels (50% and 100%) in factorial RBD. Findings exhibit that FYM?+?BI could result into higher equivalent-system grain productivity (10.4 and 10.8?t?ha^?1 during 1st and 2nd year, respectively) of PWCS. However, profitability parameters of PWCS were higher with the RDF?+?BI. Uptake of nutrients (NPK) was significantly higher with FYM?+?BI in pigeon pea and RDF?+?BI in wheat. Nutrient harvest index (NHI) did not vary significantly in both the crops. Conclusively, bio-inoculation is more productive and beneficial in general, while, over the various combinations, recommendation of FYM?+?BI combination could be more productive and sustainable.     

长期不同施肥模式下赤红壤旱地花生–甘薯轮作体系产量稳定性研究

  【目的】  研究不同施肥模式下赤红壤旱地花生–甘薯轮作体系中两种作物产量的稳定性,以优化作物养分管理。  【方法】  化肥定位试验和化肥配施有机肥定位试验在闽东南典型赤红壤旱地分别连续进行了15和13年,种植制度均为花生–甘薯轮作。化肥定位试验处理包括农民习惯施肥、推荐施肥以及在推荐施肥基础上不施氮、磷、钾的处理,以不施肥为对照;化肥有机肥定位试验处理包括农民习惯施肥、推荐施肥以及以商品有机肥、猪粪和稻草替代1/3推荐施氮量处理,以不施肥为对照。根据历年花生和甘薯产量,计算了产量的可持续性指数和变异系数,构建一元灰色线性模型,计算了不同施肥模式的长期趋势产量。  【结果】  长期化肥定位试验中,推荐施肥处理的花生和甘薯产量均值显著高于其它5个处理;在长期有机无机肥配合试验中,3个有机无机肥配施处理的产量均高于推荐施肥处理。花生和甘薯化肥推荐施肥的产量可持续指数 (SYI) 分别为0.729 ± 0.019和0.501 ± 0.028,化肥配施猪粪花生的SYI为0.689 ± 0.013,显著高于推荐施肥和化肥配施稻草处理,与配施商品有机肥处理差异不显著;化肥配施稻草甘薯的SYI为0.514 ± 0.029,显著高于推荐施肥处理和化肥配施商品有机肥处理,与化肥配施猪粪处理的差异不显著。一元灰色线性模型显示,推荐施肥处理的花生和甘薯趋势产量均值分别为3780和19408 kg/hm2,均显著高于其他化肥处理。化肥配施猪粪的花生趋势产量均值为3492 kg/hm2,在95%置信区间,显著高于推荐施肥和其余两个有机无机肥配施处理;化肥配施稻草处理甘薯的趋势产量均值为17567 kg/hm2,显著高于推荐施肥处理和化肥配施商品有机肥处理,与化肥配施猪粪处理没有显著差异。产量可持续性指数较变异系数可更加有效地区分不同处理之间的产量波动差异,与产量的绝对高低没有关系。  【结论】  化肥推荐施肥有利于提高赤红壤旱地轮作体系中花生和甘薯的产量;猪粪或商品有机肥替代1/3的化肥氮均可提高花生产量的稳定性和增产潜力,而稻草或猪粪替代1/3的化肥氮对甘薯产量及其稳定性最为有利。     

减量施肥下小麦产量、肥料利用率和土壤养分平衡

【目的】我国化肥过量施用现象普遍,不利于生态环境保护和农业可持续生产。研究化肥减量施用对小麦产量、籽粒灌浆和肥料利用率的影响,可以为我国化肥高效施用和零增长目标提供理论依据。【方法】在四川盆地进行了两个大田试验,以习惯施肥 (N、P₂O₅、K₂O 分别为 180、120、45 kg/hm2) 为对照,设置减量施肥 (N、P₂O₅、K₂O 分别为 96、60、45 kg/hm2) 处理,测定了小麦产量及构成、籽粒灌浆、花后干物质转运、旗叶叶绿素含量、养分平衡和肥料利用率。【结果】与习惯施肥相比,减量施肥下小麦产量、穗数、穗粒数没有显著变化,小麦–玉米轮作田块小麦千粒重显著提高 5.8%。根据 Logistics 方程拟合结果,减量施肥显著提高了小麦–玉米轮作田块小麦理论最大千粒重,渐增期、缓增期籽粒净增重,对其他灌浆参数影响不显著。减量施肥下小麦干物质转运量、转运率及其对籽粒灌浆的贡献率增加 28.5%、17.5% 和 20.7%,但花后旗叶叶绿素含量下降速度加快。习惯施肥和减量施肥土壤氮素盈余分别为 22.6 和 –30.2 kg/hm2,土壤磷盈余分别为 80.4 和 22.8 kg/hm2。减量施肥后氮肥偏生产力、农学效率和表观回收率比习惯施肥提高 79.2%、69.1% 和 27.9%,磷肥偏生产力、农学效率和表观回收率提高 91.1%、72.7% 和 68.5%。【结论】本试验的两年时间内,减量施肥可以维持小麦产量,促进小麦干物质转运及其对籽粒灌浆的贡献,但花后功能叶衰退加速。减量施肥下肥料利用率提高,土壤磷素盈余降低,土壤氮素亏缺,需要在确保维持小麦产量、土壤肥力和养分平衡的基础上,继续优化减氮量。     

Enhancing nutrient translocation,yields and water productivity of wheat under rice–wheat cropping system through zinc nutrition and residual effect of green manuring

Abstract

Efficient nutrient and water use are two important considerations to obtain good harvests of wheat. This necessitates the development of an effective nutrient management technique that not only increases yield, but simultaneously can save nutrient and water use. In this context, a field experiment was conducted at Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India to evaluate the residual effect of sesbania and rice bean (in-situ), subabul (ex-situ) green manuring and Zinc (Zn) fertilization, using chelated Zn-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (Zn-EDTA) on nutrient use, yields and water productivity of wheat under rice–wheat cropping system. Among residual effects of green manure crops and Zn fertilization, sesbania and foliar spray of 0.5% chelated Zn-EDTA at 20, 40, 60 and 80 days after sowing (DAS) recorded significantly higher nutrient content and uptake and yields than other green manure crops and Zn treatments. Residual effect of sesbania saved about 46.5?×?10³ and 30.5?×?10³ L irrigation water per tonne of wheat over subabul and rice bean, respectively. Foliar spray of 0.5% chelated Zn-EDTA at 20, 40, 60 and 80 DAS saved about 55.5?×?10³, 47?×?10³ and 13?×?10³ L irrigation water per tonne wheat over residual effect of 5?kg Zn ha^?1 through chelated Zn-EDTA as soil application, 2.5?kg Zn ha^?1 through chelated Zn-EDTA as soil application + 1 foliar spray of 0.5% chelated Zn-EDTA at flowering and foliar spray of 0.5% chelated Zn-EDTA at active tillering?+?flowering?+?grain filling, respectively. Correlation analysis showed positive correlation between Zn uptake and grain yield.     

Bio-active compost from pea plant enriched with chicken manure and oilseed rape cake and its effect on yields and nutrient recovery efficiencies of wheat and rice

Two factorial pot experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of biodecomposer (BD) and nutrient supplemented compost of pea residue on wheat and rice. Compost was prepared with green pea plant residue (PP), in the presence or absence of BD, without or with dried chicken manure (CM) and/or oilseed rape cake (RC). We assessed the effect of compost on yields and nutrient recovery efficiencies of both crops. Results revealed that BD reduced composting duration and enriched compost with N, P and K. Composts with CM and CM plus RC increased grain yields of wheat and rice. The composts increased grains of wheat and rice nearly 5 and 1.6 times, respectively, above the control. Nitrogen, P and K recovery efficiencies were positively correlated with yields, suggesting that supplementation in composting with CM or CM plus RC enabled effective accumulation of the nutrients, resulting in higher yield. Moreover, BD increased 9.4% of wheat and 6.9% of rice grains. So, composting of PP, in the presence of BD, with CM or CM plus RC is recommend for a pea-wheat-rice cropping system to improve soil fertility and effectiveness of pea on the system.     

长期不同施肥措施下黑土作物产量与养分平衡特征

为了明确长期不同施肥措施下黑土作物产量及养分平衡特征,利用开始于1979年的哈尔滨黑土肥力长期定位试验,以小麦-大豆-玉米轮作(3a)为一个周期,选取对照(不施肥,记作CK)、常量氮磷钾化肥配施(小麦施N、P2O5量分别为150、75 kg/hm2,大豆施N、P2O5量分别为75、150 kg/hm2,玉米施N、P2O5量分别为150、75 kg/hm2,K2O共施75 kg/hm2,记作NPK)、常量有机肥(施肥18 600 kg/hm2,记作M)、常量化肥有机肥配施(化肥施量同NPK,有机肥施量同M,记作MNPK)和二倍量氮磷化肥有机肥配施(小麦施N、P2O5量分别为300、150 kg/hm2,大豆施N、P2O5量分别为150、300 kg/hm2,、玉米施N、P2O5量分别为300、150 kg/hm2,有机肥共37 200 kg/hm2,记作M2N2P2)5个处理,研究了不同作物的平均产量、产量年际变化和土壤养分表观平衡。结果表明:1)较CK,长期平衡施用化肥或化肥配施有机肥提高了作物产量,多年平均增产率分别在82.5%~91.6%(小麦)和35.6%~40.9%(玉米)之间。长期不同施肥措施增产效果表现为M2N2P2MNPKNPKM,有机无机肥配施与单施化肥处理间作物产量差异不显著。2)长期不施肥处理小麦和玉米产量随试验年限推移呈下降趋势,降幅分别为13.93和42.61 kg/(hm2·a),大豆则以7.409 kg/(hm2·a)的速率增加。施肥处理小麦、大豆和玉米产量随试验年限的增加呈总体上升的趋势。3)在该试验条件下,长期施用常量化肥处理(NPK)和常量化肥有机肥配施处理(MNPK)土壤氮亏缺量分别为29.7和17.5 kg/hm2,磷盈余量分别为33.4和61.2 kg/hm2。各处理土壤中钾素均表现为亏缺,亏缺量在30.4~73.0 kg/hm2之间。MNPK处理氮、钾供应状况有所改善,较NPK处理分别增加12.2和27.6 kg/hm2。4)作物产量与土壤有机质、碱解氮、有效磷、降雨量、生育期日平均气温呈显著正相关关系(P0.05)。5)在黑土小麦-大豆-玉米典型轮作制度下,基于土壤养分平衡特征提出"稳氮、减磷和增钾"的施肥策略。该研究为评价和建立长期施肥模式、促进粮食持续生产提供依据。     

Biomass and nutrient accumulation rates of rice cultivars differing in their growth duration when grown in fertile and low-fertile soils

Abstract

The lack of water availability led scientists to breed short duration rice varieties despite their lower yield potential than the long duration rice varieties to ensure sustainability in lowland rice fields. It is not yet clear whether this reduction in yield is due to the reduced crop duration and/or is associated with the reduction in biomass and nutrient accumulation rates. Field experiments were conducted at low-fertile and fertile sites using 22 rice varieties differing in their duration (short, medium, and long), and yield potential (low and high). Straw and grain dry weights (DW), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) concentrations were measured. For rice varieties grown in the low-fertility site, straw and grain DWs, biomass accumulation rate (g plant^?1?day^?1), and N, P, and K accumulation rates (mg plant^?1?day^?1) were reduced by 63, 61, 56, 44, 79, and 43%, respectively, than those observed in the fertile site. At the low-fertile site, short duration rice varieties had only 64% straw and 76% grain DWs, 67% biomass accumulation rate, and 87% N, 82% P, and 64% K accumulation rates than those observed in medium and long duration rice varieties. The differences were less pronounced at the fertile site. Reduced biomass, N, P, and K accumulation rates, apart from the reduced crop duration, hindered grain yield and thereby the sustainability of short duration rice varieties, particularly at low-fertile sites. Thus, rice breeding programs for low-fertile soils and short duration varieties should specifically be designed.     

翻压等量紫云英条件下不同化肥用量对土壤养分有效性及水稻产量的影响

在翻压等量紫云英条件下,研究了不同化肥用量对土壤养分有效性及水稻产量的影响.结果表明,早稻田翻压紫云英22500 kg/hm2后配施化肥,与施用100％化肥(MF100)相比,施用60％～80％化肥,土壤中碱解N、速效钾含量均有增加,增幅为10％～59％;施用40％化肥,土壤中有效磷含量显著增加25％ ～ 80％.翻压...     

长期不同施肥下杂交稻与常规稻的产量与土壤养分平衡

肥料长期定位试验设在浙江金华市农业科学研究所和金华市石门农场。试验设6个肥料处理和2个品种对比处理。结果表明,水稻产量与土壤养分供应能力和养分吸收量紧密相关;缺肥处理的土壤养分为负值,其它各处理N和P都有积累。随着连续种植水稻,缺肥区土壤所缺养分的耗损速度与试验前土壤该种养分状况和种植水稻品种有关;杂交稻的总产量平均比常规稻增加10.8%,氮、磷、钾总量分别平均比常规稻增加5.2%、8.8%、12.8%,对土壤中养分消耗比常规稻强。在种植水稻的养分管理中,必须考虑种植前的土壤养分状况以及施肥和种植不同水稻品种对土壤养分平衡的中长期效应。     

黄土高原旱地长期施肥对小麦养分吸收和土壤肥力的影响

通过定位试验研究了长期施肥对小麦子粒、秸杆养分吸收和土壤肥力变化的影响。结果表明,合理施用化肥不但增产幅度大,还在一定程度上增加了小麦N、P、K养分浓度。单施氮、单施磷肥能增加小麦子粒和秸杆的N、P、K吸收量,氮磷肥配施增加效果显著,其子粒吸收N、P、K增加了153.2%、157.1%和162.4%。施有机肥能补充土壤中的N、P、K含量,增加小麦子粒中的养分含量,使品质有大幅度的提高。单施磷肥的土壤有机质、全P、速效P含量增加,土壤全N、速效N含量减少,N素亏缺。氮磷肥配施加剧了土壤K的亏缺。有机肥培肥作用显著,有机肥和氮、磷肥配施的土壤有机质、全N、全P、速效N、速效P和速效K分别增加了69.0%5、7.5%、54.8%、73.1%、830.5%和119.1%。     

栽培方式与施磷量对水稻养分累积、分配及磷素平衡的影响

针对宁夏引黄灌区水稻磷肥施用不合理的问题,探索水稻增产与养分高效的磷肥供应与相应的栽培模式之间的关系,以指导该地区水稻生产。通过在宁夏引黄灌区进行的田间试验,研究插秧和直播两种栽培模式下不同供磷水平(P2O50、45、90、135、180 kg/hm2)对水稻产量、不同器官氮磷钾养分含量、累积量及其分配比例、水稻磷肥利用效率及磷素平衡的影响。结果表明:插秧栽培较直播栽培水稻实粒增产15.6%,瘪粒产量降低184.0%。两种栽培方式下,水稻产量随着施磷量增加而增加,插秧栽培增产幅度为64.6%~68.7%,直播栽培增产幅度为24.2%~42.6%。施磷量和水稻籽粒产量之间有极显著的二次曲线关系,插秧水稻最高产量施磷量为158.5 kg/hm2,最佳经济产量施磷量为146.7 kg/hm2,比直播处理降低11.42%、8.9%。与直播处理相比,插秧处理实粒、地上部的氮素累积量分别提高12.3%、12.01%,磷素累积量降低6.39%、2.61%,钾素累积量提高了11.67%、17.87%。直播处理100 kg籽粒氮磷钾消耗比例为1∶0.35∶0.6,插秧处理为1∶0.30∶0.64。插秧处理水稻磷肥利用效率、偏生产力、农学利用效率、生理利用效率较直播处理分别提高了17.4%、8.6%、38.4%、4.6%,两种栽培方式下,当施磷量超过135 kg/hm2后水稻磷素携出量开始下降,施磷处理磷肥表观平衡均表现为盈余。综合考虑提高水稻产量、效益、磷肥当季回收率及维持土壤磷素平衡等因素,在本试验条件下,插秧处理最佳施磷范围为P2O5146.7~158.5 kg/hm2,直播处理为P2O5159.8~176.6 kg/hm2较为适宜。